Lezione 5.5.16

A South East
Asian
Approach
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
IN THE FIGHT AGAINST
HT AND SOM
Luca Cricenti 5/5/2016

 3.5 million refugees in the Asia-Pacific region
(30% of the total amount), 63% of them live outside
of camps.
SOUTH EAST ASIA
 1.9 million Internally Displaced People (IDP’s), over 400.000
in Myanmar.
 Only 3 countries (Philippines, Cambodia, Timor-Leste) have acceded
to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol.
 1.6 million migrant workers (unskilled and unqualified) per year,
30% inside South East Asia.

 10 countries: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia,
Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS
 625 million: ASEAN’s total population is higher than EU’s one.
 ASEAN Charter (2008) and AICHR (2012)  born of a community
and human rights approach: art.2(1) principle of non-discrimination
«extended» (unity in diversity).
 Other basic principles:
- Primacy of UN Charter and international humanitarian law;
- Non-interference in the internal affairs of ASEAN Member States.

- Investigation about
immigration policy and
citizenship laws in order
to identify HT and Migration
Root Causes
COUNTRY NARRATIVES
N.B. These are countries involved, directly or indirectly,
in Rohingya Human Trafficking.
 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 Thailand
 Myanmar
 Australia  Objectives

AUSTRALIA 1/2
A culture of inhospitality: national security justification

HT
Domestic legislation:
AUSTRALIA 2/2
 Migration Act 1958, Racial
Discrimination Act 1975
and CPA
 Migration Act Reforms of 90’s
 «Pacific Solution» v. «Malaysian
Solution»
 «White Australia Policy» 1901  Penal Code reforms
1995-1999-2005
 Visa protection system
Regional actions:
 National Action Plan
to Eradicate TIP 2004
 Asia Regional TIP Project
2006
 Bali Process and AAPTIP
Immigration laws:

Malaysia
Asylum seeker claims:
Indonesia
Asylum seeker claims:
BUTTERFLY EFFECT OF AUSTRALIAN
LEGISLATION
A Transit and an Origin (Muslim) Country
During 2008-2013 more than 2.000 fatalities.
 2008-2013 from 20.000
to 60.000
 2014-2015
more than 100.000
Refugees:
Today 152.000
(45.000 Rohingya)
 2008-2013 from hundreds
to more than 10.000
 2014-2015 7.900
Refugees:
Today 5.200
(hundreds of Rohingya)

2007 anti-trafficking law:
INDONESIA (TIER 2)
Art.1(1) “…the recruitment, transportation, harbouring, sending, transfer,
or receipt of a person by means of threat or use of force, abduction,
incarceration, fraud, deception, the abuse of power or a position
of vulnerability, debt bondage or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits
to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, whether
committed within the country or cross-border, for the purpose of exploitation
or which causes the exploitation of a person”.
 1992 immigration law
 2011 reform and 2013
regulations
 Criminal innovation
 Weak victim’s protection

 1959 Immigration law  92.3% of Indonesian
trafficked people are led
and exploited
in Malaysia.
MALAYSIA (TIER 2 WATCH LIST)
2009 Trafficking Protocol2010 Anti-TIP and Anti-SOM Act,
innovations:
- Definition of trafficking and Smuggled Migrant
- 5th alleged crime of HT: Transit in Malaysia with a trafficked person
- 4 hypothesis of SOM: S(26B)Exploitation of Smuggled Migrant
– Section 15 “No Visa for ASEAN
migrants”
– Section 55 “SOM”
 1997-2002 reforms:
deterioration of illegal
migrants conditions.
 2004 UNCTOC2007 Anti-TIP
Act:
– S(15) Profit
of the exploitation
(1 of the 4 forms of HT)

 An History of Woman Exploitation: From R&R Camps to the
“Sexual Tourism”
THAILAND (TIER 3)
Parallelism between Prostitution and HT:
– 1908 Contagious Disease Act 1928 Traffic in Women
and Girls Act
– 1960 Prostitution Prevention and Suppression Act (+ 1959
Citizenship Act and 1965 Nationality Act) Negative effects
– 1996 Prostitution Act 1997 Measures in Prevention
and Suppression of Trafficking in Women and Children Act
(HR Approach)
– 2008 Anti-TIP Act - All Forms of HT
- Any person
- Organized group as an aggravating factor

MYANMAR (TIER 2 WATCH LIST) 1/2

 An Origin Country for Trafficked Women in Thailand (90s):
- 1947 Burma immigration Act and 1951 Detention Rules
against migrants return/repatriation
- 1962 military coup and 1982 Citizenship Act
- 1989 prohibition for women free movement
MYANMAR (TIER 2 WATCH LIST) 2/2
 2004 UNCTOC  2005 Anti TIP Law = Trafficking Protocol
 2011: 1st country on the Child Soldiers Prevention Act
 2011-2016 National Plan to Eradicate TIP in concert with U.S.
Government, notwithstanding TVPA standards

 ASEAN:
- 1997 Declaration on Transnational Crime (Manila)
ACOT
- 1998 Ha Noi Declaration 6years Plan of Action
- 2004 Declaration Against Trafficking In Persons
Particularly Women And Children (Vientiane
Declaration) Victims HR Approach  Persuasive: after
Declaration many countries ratified Trafficking Protocol
- 2015 ACTIP
i) HR Approach and establishment of a monitoring body
(SOMTC) as COE Trafficking Convention
ii) UNCTOC + Trafficking Protocol provisions
iii) Art.4 “Protection of Sovereignty”
iv) Ratified by 2 countries (4 ratification left)
v) Lack of a judicial body (as UNCTOC)
ANTI-TIP REGIONAL ACTIONS 1/2

 Australia
- 2002 Bali Process International official forum
(48 members) on SOM, HT and Transnational Crimes
- 2013 AAPTIP Focused on traffickers persecution
in ASEAN countries (5years action program)
ANTI-TIP REGIONAL ACTIONS 2/2
 Greater Mekong Sub-region
- 2004 COMMIT MoU 3P’s Approach (specific protection
of trafficked victims against arbitrary detention)
 Soft Law
- 2006 Proposed Guidelines for the Protection of the Rights of
Trafficked Children in Southeast Asia (by ASIA ACT) 
Complete child trafficking definition (child soldier, sham
adoption, forced marriage; domestic HT)

 1999 Bangkok Declaration on Irregular Migration
- ASEAN Countries, Japan and Australia: common policies
in the irregular migration area.
- Art.9 “Poverty first push factor” (65% of the pauper global
population in the Asia-Pacific region)
REGIONAL ACTIONS AGAINST IRREGULAR
MIGRATION
 2007 ASEAN Declaration On The Protection And Promotion
Of The Rights Of Migrant Workers
Deal with root causes of migration in origin and destination countries
 2015 ASEAN Summit on Migrant Emergency
ASEAN renounce to protect ASEAN citizens (“push-back policy”)
Results: Tight border controls will not work unless other factors are addressed
simultaneously Countries should adopt the burden-sharing policy.

MYANMAR
AND
THE
PLIGHT
OF
ROHINGYA

1948-1961
 4 January 1948
Independence
1962-2015
 1962 Coupe d'état
ROHINGYA STATUS IN MYANMAR
 1948 Union Citizenship Act
and Union Citizenship
(Election) Act NRC
 1961 Project of a new
Citizenship Act 144
minorities
 1962 Reforms of 1948
citizenship laws NRC’s
collection
 1982 Citizenship Act
 1995 «White Card»
 2015 «Green Card»

 1978 Operation Na Gamin (King Dragon)
– 252.000 Rohingya left Burma (143.000 for the junta)
– 187.250 repatriated from Bangladesh (1979)
HISTORY OF DISCRIMINATION
AND ROOT CAUSES
 1982 Citizenship Act
– 135 ethnic minorities (Rohingya called Bengalese)
– 3 kinds of nationality: full, associate, naturalized
 1992 NaSaKa establishment
– killings, rapes and razed villages
– more than 250.000 Rohingya run off to Bangladesh
– 236.000 repatriated (1994)
 2012 Riots
– 2010 reforms 969 movement violence >140.000 IDP’s
– From 9.000 Rohingya migrants in 2011 to 120.000 in 2015

 Transnational  peculiarity and overlapping with SOM
- IDP and IDC used by traffickers to pray victims (more than
200.000 Rohingya in IDP in Myanmar, UNHCR 2015)
- Authorities connivance and corruption in Myanmar
and Thailand Repatriation or «Option Two»
- October-December 2013 more than 2.000 Rohingya
disappeared 27 mass graves in the “Holding Bayes”
new form of exploitation
ROHINGYA HT
 Domestic  HT of children
- Lack of data
- Forced labour in mines and construction industries beside
China and Thailand boundaries
- Conscription in Burmese Army

 Acts of Genocide:
1) Killing
2) Serious bodily or mental
harm
3) Conditions of life
calculated to physical
destruction
4) Measures to prevent births
5) Forcibly transferring
children
- Protected group: Rohingyas are an ethnic, protected group
- Intent to destroy: difficulties to prove it
 SPDC acts:
1) NaSaKa
2) NaSaKa/Operation Na
Gamin
3) NaSaKa/1982 Citizenship
Act
4) 1994 wedding permit
and 2005 birth restrictions
(two-child policy)
5) Domestic HT
SLOW-BURNING GENOCIDE THEORY

Transnational
 UNCTOC No
International Court that
could apply sanctions
Domestic
 UN Inquiry Commission
in Myanmar
LEGAL RESPONSES TO ROHINGYA HT
N.B. March 2016: Thai Court process against human traffickers.
 ICC Art.7 crimes against
humanity:
– Myanmar declaration
(no State party)
– Bengalese traffickers or HT
to Bangladesh
– U.N. Security Council
 ICC
– Myanmar declaration under
art.12(3)
– U.N. Security Council
 Domestic Court NLD
new government

Special
Thanks to
Professor
Ugi Zvekic
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

Lezione 5.5.16

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (10)

Ähnlich wie Lezione 5.5.16

Ähnlich wie Lezione 5.5.16 (20)

Lezione 5.5.16