5 DNA RNA Protein Synthesis

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Importance and Structure of DNA: Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 16.2a The Hershey-Chase experiment: phages

Figure 16.2b The Hershey-Chase experiment

Figure 16.1 Transformation of bacteria – Griffith (and later Avery, McCarty and MacLeod)

The Structure of DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Structure of DNA cont’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Beginning of the 1950’s several labs were studying the structure of DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 16.4 Rosalind Franklin and her X-ray diffraction photo of DNA

April 1953 – Classical one page paper in Nature by Watson and Crick ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Internal Structure of DNA: Purine and pyridimine? REMEMBER X-RAY DATA

Confirms Erwin Chargaff’s Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Information storage in DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Replication/Duplication of DNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 16.7 A model for DNA replication: the basic concept (Layer 1)

Figure 16.8 Three alternative models of DNA replication

Figure 16.9 The Meselson-Stahl experiment tested three models of DNA replication (Layer 1)

There are a series of enzymes that control DNA replication – enzymes which: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 16.10 Origins of replication in eukaryotes

Figure 16.11 Incorporation of a nucleotide into a DNA strand

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Antiparallel Arrangement of Double Strands

Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Definitions Cont’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 16.13 Synthesis of leading and lagging strands during DNA replication

Figure 16.14 Priming DNA synthesis with RNA

Figure 16.15 The main proteins of DNA replication and their functions

Figure 16.16 A summary of DNA replication

Figure 16.17 Nucleotide excision repair of DNA damage

A PROBLEM! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Prokaryotes have circular DNA – no problem at ends (there aren’t ANY! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 16.19a Telomeres and telomerase: Telomeres of mouse chromosomes

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Synthesis of RNA - transcription ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 1)

Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 1)

Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: elongation

Three types of RNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Protein Synthesis = Translation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ribosomes bring mRNA together with amino acid bearing tRNA’s ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 17.15 Translation – the basic concept

Preparation of Eukaryotic mRNA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 17.17 The initiation of translation

Figure 17.18 The elongation cycle of translation

Protein Synthesis (cont’) Initiation – elongation - termination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 17.4 The dictionary of the genetic code

tRNA complexes with its amino acid in the cytoplasm using ATP – activated tRNA ,[object Object],[object Object]

The first tRNA and its amino acid now occupy the P site of the large ribosomal subunit ,[object Object],[object Object]

Protein Synthesis (continued) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Translocation – the ribosome moves the tRNA into the A site, and its attached peptide to the P site, as the previous tRNA from the P site moves to the E (Exit) site and leaves the ribosome ,[object Object]

Yet More Protein Synthesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Answer! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

FINALLY - SUMMARY ,[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 17.19 The termination of translation

Table 17.1 Types of RNA in a Eukaryotic Cell

Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation

Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair insertion or deletion

Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair substitution

Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell

Figure 18.19 Regulation of a metabolic pathway

Control of Protein Synthesis Regulation of Gene Expression ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Regions of the Operon (DNA) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Figure 18.20a The trp operon: REPRESSIBLE

Figure 18.21a The lac operon: INDUCIBLE

Figure 19.7 Opportunities for the control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells

5 DNA RNA Protein Synthesis

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