Pinapost po ni Sir. Cabic.. =D

1. Geologic Time
A presentation by
the Group 5
/andrea

2. • Fossils
– Types of Fossils
– Classification of Organisms
• Principles in Relative Dating
• Dendrochronology
• Geologic Time Scale

3. FOSSILS
Fossils are the preserved
remains or traces of animals,
plants, and other organisms
from the remote past.
The study of fossils across
geological time is one of the
most important functions of the
science of paleontology.

4. TYPES OF FOSSILS
1. Bones- the hard connective tissue
forming the substance of the skeleton
of most vertebrates.
2. Imprints- produced when
pressure is exerted to the surface
leaving a mark.

5. 3. Burrow- A hole or tunnel dug in
the ground by a small animal, such
as a rabbit or mole, for habitation
or refuge.
4. Coprolites- Fossilized excrement.

6. 5. Gastrolith- A small stone found in the
stomach of some reptiles, fish, and birds
that aids in digestion by helping grind
ingested food material.
6. Molds- Any of various fungi that
often cause disintegration of organic
matter.

7. 7. Amber- a pale yellow, sometimes
reddish or brownish, fossil resin of
vegetable origin, translucent, brittle, and
capable of gaining a negative electrical
charge by friction
8. Petrified Wood- stoned of frozen
wood.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
• Archaeobacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

9. ARCHAEOBACTERIA
 “Ancient” bacteria.
 Archaeobacteria are,
like bacteria,
prokaryotes and
therefore have no cell
nucleus or any other
organelles within their
cells.

10. EUBACTERIA
 “True” Bacteria.
Typically a few
micrometres in
length, bacteria have
a wide range of
shapes, ranging from
spheres to rods and
spirals.

11. PROTISTA
 They are a diverse
group of eukaryotic
microorganisms.

12. FUNGI
 adopted from the Latin
fungus, meaning
"mushroom.”
 referring to the macroscopic
structures and morphology
of some mushrooms and
molds

13. PLANTAE
 include familiar
organisms such as
trees, herbs,
bushes, grasses,
vines, ferns,
mosses, and green
algae

14. ANIMALIA
 including the type of
coelom, symmetry, body
plan, and presence of
segmentation.

15. PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVE DATING
• Uniformitarianism
• Superposition
• Horizontality
• Continuity
• Cross – cutting Relations
• Inclusions
• Baked Contacts

16. UNIFORMITARIANISM
 The processes that
happened in the
past is still
happening in the
present
 “The present is
the key to the
past.”

17. SUPERPOSITION
 The rock layers below are relatively older than the
layers above.

18. HORIZONTALITY
 The rock layers
are deposited in
a horizontal
manner.

19. CONTINUITY
 The rock layers are deposited in continuous
sheets

20. CROSS CUTTING RELATIONS
 Faults are always younger than the rock layers that
they cut.

21. INCLUSIONS
 Fragments found in an
igneous layer.

22. BAKED CONTACTS
 When an igneous
intrusion “bakes”
surrounding rock,
the rock that has
been baked must be
older than the
intrusion.

23. DENDROCHRONOLOGY
 analyzes tree
rings to
determine the
geologic age of
features.

24. EON
 The largest time unit on the geologic time scale, next
in order of magnitude above era
ERA
• A major division on the geologic calendar
• Still divided into shorter units called periods

25. PERIOD
 The basic unit of the geologic calendar that is the
subdivision of an era
 Can still be divided into smaller units called epochs.
EPOCH
• A unit of the geologic calendar that is a
subdivision of a period.

27. HADEAN EON
( part of the eon, not the epoch.. I
ran out of space)

28. hadean eon
• It started at Earth's formation about 4.6
Ga and ended roughly 3.8 billion years ago.
• The name "Hadean" derives from Hades,
Greek for "Underworld", referring to the
conditions on Earth at the time.
• The magma ocean formed (ultramafic)
• There is no sign of life.
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29. ARCHEAN EON
 During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough
that rocks and continental plates began to form
 Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized
deep-water sediments
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30. PROTEROZOIC EON
 The transition to an oxygenated atmosphere during
the Mesoproterozoic.
 Several glaciations, including the hypothesized
Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period in the
late Neoproterozoic.
 The Ediacaran Period (635 to 542 Ma) which is
characterized by the evolution of abundant soft-
bodied multicellular organisms.
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31. PALEOZOIC ERA
 starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent
called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age
 Toward the end of the era, the continents gathered
together into a supercontinent called Pangaea,
which included most of the Earth's land area.
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32. CAMBRIAN PERIOD
 Cambrian continents are thought to have
resulted from the breakup of a
Neoproterozoic supercontinent called
Pannotia
 The waters of the Cambrian period appear to
have been widespread and shallow.
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33. ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
 started at a major extinction event called the
Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events.
 Invertebrates diversify into many new types. Early
corals, articulate brachiopods, bivalves, nautiloids,
trilobites, ostracods, bryozoa, many types of
echinoderms, branched graptolites, and other taxa all
common. Conodonts appear. First green plants and
fungi on land.
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34. SILURIAN PERIOD
 During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow
southward drift to high southern latitudes.
 First Vascular plants , first millipedes and
arthropleurids on land. First jawed fishes populate
the seas. Brachiopods, and crinoids all abundant.
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35. DEVONIAN PERIOD
 the first fish evolved legs and started to walk on
land as tetrapods.
 The first seed-bearing plants spread across dry
land, forming huge forests. In the oceans,
primitive sharks became more numerous than in
the Silurian and the late Ordovician. The first
ammonite mollusks appeared, and trilobites, the
mollusc-like brachiopods.
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36. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD -
MISSISSIPIAN
 The rock beds that define the Mississippian are
well identified.
 Large primitive trees, first land vertebrates, and
amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coal-forming
coastal swamps. Lobe-finned rhizodonts are
dominant big fresh-water predators. In the
oceans, early sharks are common and quite
diverse; echinoderms abundant.
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37. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD -
PENNYSYLVANIAN
 The Pennsylvanian is named after the state of
Pennsylvania, where rocks from this epoch are
widespread.
 Amphibians common and diverse. First reptiles
and coal forests. Highest-ever atmospheric
oxygen levels. Goniatites, brachiopods, bryozoa,
bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and
oceans.
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38. PERMIAN PERIOD
 The Permian period was named after the kingdom
of Permia, Russia by Scottish geologist Roderick
Murchison in 1841.
 Landmasses unite into supercontinent Pangaea. In
the mid-Permian, coal-age flora are replaced by
cone-bearing gymnosperms and by the first true
mosses. Permian-Triassic extinction event occurs
251 mya: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct.
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39. MESOZOIC ERA
 Mesozoic means 'middle animals’. It is often called
the 'Age of the Reptiles.’
 The Mesozoic was a time of tectonic, climatic and
evolutionary activity. The continents gradually
shifted from a state of connectedness into their
present configuration. The climate was exceptionally
warm throughout the period.
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40. TRIASSIC PERIOD
 Both the start and end of the Triassic are marked
by major extinction events.
 Corals of the hexacorallia group made their first
appearance.
 Archosaurs dominant on land as dinosaurs.
Cynodonts become smaller and more mammal-
like, while first mammals and crocodilia appear.
Dicrodium flora common on land.
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41. JURRASIC PERIOD
 The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the
Mesozoic era, also known as the "Age of Reptiles"
 The start of the period is marked by the major
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.
 Gymnosperms and ferns common. Many types of
dinosaurs. Mammals common but small. First birds
and lizards.
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42. CRETACEOUS PERIOD
 The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm
climate and high eustatic sea level.
 The oceans and seas were populated with now
extinct sea reptiles, ammonites and rudists. At the
same time, new groups of mammals and birds as
well as flowering plants appeared.
 Flowering plants proliferate. Many new types of
dinosaurs evolve on land.
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43. CENOZOIC ERA
 meaning "new life"
 The most recent of the three classic geological eras
and covers the period from 65.5 million years ago to
the present. It is marked by the Cretaceous–Tertiary
extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous that
saw the demise of the last non-avian dinosaurs and
the end of the Mesozoic Era.
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44. TERTIARY PERIOD
 The Tertiary is a an out-of-date term for a geologic
period 65 million to 1.8 million years ago.
 The Tertiary covered the time span between the
superseded Secondary period and an out-of-date
definition of the Quaternary period.
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45. PALEOGENE PERIOD
 most notable as being the time in which it is
theorized that mammals evolved from relatively
small, simple forms into a plethora of diverse animals
in the wake of the mass extinction that ended the
preceding Cretaceous Period.
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46. PALEOCENE EPOCH
 Climate tropical. Modern plants appear; Mammals
diversify into a number of primitive lineages
following the extinction of the dinosaurs. First large
mammals.
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47. EOCENE EPOCH
 Moderate, cooling climate. Archaic mammals flourish
and continue to develop during the epoch. First
grasses. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of
its ice cap and the Icehouse Earth climate that would
follow it to this day, from the settlement and decay
of seafloor algae drawing in massive amounts of
atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.
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48. OLIGOCENE EPOCH
 Warm but cooling climate, moving towards
Icehouse; Rapid evolution and diversification of
fauna, especially mammals. Major evolution and
dispersal of modern types of flowering plants.
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49. NEOGENE PERIOD
 The Neogene covers roughly 23 million years.
 During the Neogene, mammals and birds evolved
considerably.
 Some continental motion took place. Climates
cooled somewhat over the duration of the Neogene
culminating in continental glaciations in the
Quaternary period that follows.
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50. MIOCENE EPOCH
 Moderate Icehouse climate, puncuated by ice ages.
 Modern mammal and bird families became
recognizable. Horses and mastodons diverse. Grasses
become ubiquitous. First apes appear.
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51. PLIOCENE EPOCH
 Intensification of present Icehouse conditions,
Present ice age begins roughly 2.58 MYA; cool and
dry climate. Australopithecines, many of the existing
genera of mammals, and recent mollusks appear.
Homo habilis appears.
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52. QUARTERNARY PERIOD
 The Quaternary Period is the geologic time period
after the Neogene Period 1.805 +/- 0.005 million
years ago to the present.
 The Quaternary includes two geologic epochs: the
Pleistocene and the Holocene Epoch.
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53. PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
 Flourishing and then extinction of many large
mammals .
 Evolution of anatomically modern humans.
 Dawn of human stone-age cultures.
 Lake Toba supervolcano erupts 75,000 years before
present, causing a volcanic winter and pushes
humanity to the brink of extinction.
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54. HOLOCENE EPOCH
 The last glacial period ends and rise of human
civilization. Quaternary Ice Age recedes.
 Cultures continue to grow in complexity and
technical advancement through the Iron Age.
 Mount Tambora erupts in 1815, causing the Year
Without a Summer in Europe and North America
from a volcanic winter.
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/andrea