Ch 10 Cultural Geography

1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10:
Political
Geographies
Chapter 10 Lecture
Katie Pratt
Macalester College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
Figure: Chapter 10 Opener - Palestinians
celebrating their bid for United Nations
statehood recognition.

3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Political Geography
• Long-established subfield of geography
• Geopolitics
• Ratzel
• Territory
Figure 10.2 Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula.
Figure 10.3 Boundary between rural
and urban places.

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Political Geography (cont'd)
Figure 10.1 The changing map of Europe.

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Boundaries and Frontiers
Figure 10.4a The U.S. –Mexico border.
Figure 10.4bThe U.S. –Canada border.
Apply your knowledge: Using Google Earth or aerial photographs, compare
and contrast the international boundaries between the U.S. and Canada and
between the U.S. and Mexico. How do they differ? How are they similar? Why
do these differences and similarities exist?

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Frontier Regions
Figure 10.5 The last frontier, Antarctica.
Apply your knowledge: Examine a map of the Gobi Desert. Identify which
countries are part of it. How might this frontier region have strategic political
significance for those countries? How does the desert terrain contribute to
that strategic significance?

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Politics at the Poles
• Politics on land versus water
• Antarctica: Politics on frozen land
• Arctic versus Antarctica
Figure 10.B Studying the frozen
sea.
Figure 10.A McMurdo Station.
Apply your knowledge: The Inuit Circumpolar Council calls for a new notion of
sovereignty that recognized the ways in which livelihoods cross between land and
water. How might this notion be taken up by low-lying island states whose land territory
is threatened by sea level rise?

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Boundary Formation
Figure 10.6 Democratic Republic of
Congo’s access to the sea.
Figure 10.7 Nested hierarchy of de jure
territories.

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Geopolitics and the World Order
• Nation-state
– State
– Nation
• Sovereignty
• Government
• Governance
• Citizenship
Figure 10.9 Independence for Tibet.
Figure 10.8 English Defense League, 2011.
Apply your knowledge: What is the
difference between being a subject and
being a citizen? How does the “imagined
community” relate to being a citizen?

10. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• Multinational states
• Nationalism
• Federal state
• Unitary state
• Confederation
Figure 10.10 Independent states of the
former Soviet Union.
Figure 10.11 Celebrating
Kosovo’s independence.

11. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• State Theory
– Althusser
– Foucault
• Discourse
– Deleuze
– Biopolitics
Apply your knowledge: What is the state according to Althusser, Foucault,
and Deleuze? Compare and contrast each theorist’s contribution by reflecting
on what they say about power and the role of institutions.

12. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Arab Spring and Its Aftermath
Figure 10.C Arab Spring 2010–2011.
Apply your knowledge: Why are there different types of protests and different
responses by the various governments to them among the many countries that
participated in the Arab Spring?

13. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• Imperialism and colonialism
• Authoritative control
• Effects of colonialism
Figure 10.15 Curry restaurants, Brick
Lane, London.
Figure 10.12 Principle steps in the
process of exploration.

14. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
Figure 10.14 Colonization and
independence in South America and
the Caribbean 1800–1850.
Figure 10.13 European colonies in
Africa, 1496–1912.

15. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• Orientalism
• Postcolonial studies
Figure 10.16 Refugees returning to
Rwanda.
Apply your knowledge: Find recent news articles about political issues in the
Middle East. Consider the articles from the perspective of Orientalism. How
do the articles depict the West and the Middle East? Is the West depicted as
being culturally superior to the Middle East?

16. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• North/South divide
• Decolonization
• International organization
• Neocolonialism
Figure 10.17 Countries participating in the
League of Nations.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
Figure 10.18 Independence in Asia and the South Pacific, before and after 1960.

18. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• Heartland theory
Figure 10.19 The heartland.

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Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• East/West divide
• Cold War
Figure 10.20 U.S. tourists in Cuba.

20. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• China and the East/West divide
Figure 10.21 Organizational chart of the Chinese Communist Party.

21. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geopolitics and the World Order (cont’d)
• Domino theory
Figure 10.22 Domino theory.

22. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global Military Spending
Figure 10.1.1 2013 U.S. military spending as a portion of the Federal budget.

23. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global Military Spending (cont’d)
Figure 10.2.3 2013 military spending as a portion of GDP.

24. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The New World Order and Terrorism
• Faith-based terrorism
Figure 10.23 The Oklahoma City Bombing
memorial. Figure 10.24 The assault on the World
Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
Apply your knowledge: What do you think is the correlation between the
top military spending nations and their economic status? What do you think
is the link between security and military spending, or is there one?

25. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global Corruption
• Petty, grand, and systemic corruption
Figure 10.D Global corruption percentage.

26. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The War on Terror in Iraq
Figure 10.25 Cost of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.

27. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The War on Terror in Iraq (cont’d)
Figure 10.26 The Caliphate of the Islamic State.
Apply your knowledge: How has the Iraq War affected your city and state?
How many soldiers from your area have been killed? In economic terms,
how much has the war cost your city and state?

28. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
New Regimes of Global Governance
• Transnational political
integration
• Supranational organization
• Superpowers declining?
• International regime
Figure 10.28 Membership in the EU.
Apply your knowledge: What are some examples of how global geopolitics is
changing the flow of political and economic power? How has the role of the
state changed over time?

29. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
New Regimes of Global Governance (cont’d)
Figure 10.27 The United Nations.

30. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
New Regimes of Global Governance (cont’d)
Figure 10.29 Members of the World Trade Organization, 2014.

31. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
New Regimes of Global Governance (cont’d)
• Human rights
• Children's rights
• Global civil society
Figure 10.30 International Declaration of Human Rights.
Apply your knowledge: Research
arguments made by the United
States about why it has not ratified
the UN Convention on the Rights of
the Child or joined the International
Criminal Court. Do you find the
arguments compelling?

32. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Politics of Geography
Figure 10.33 Kurdistan.
Figure 10.34 The 1860 Presidential election.

33. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Politics of Geography (cont’d)
Figure 10.31 Changing geography of Israel and Palestine, 1923–2014.

34. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geographical Systems of Representation
• Democratic rule
• Territorial
organization
• Electoral college
• Reapportionment
• Redistricting
• Gerrymandering
Figure 10.37 North Carolina’s 12th congressional district.
Figure 10.35 U.S. geographical basis of representation.

35. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geographical Systems of Representation
(cont'd)
Figure 10.36 The U.S. Electoral College.
Apply your knowledge: Use the
internet to forge a basic
understanding of how U.S.
electoral college works. Identify
advantages and disadvantages of
the system. Establish a position on
whether the United States should
retain the current system or
change it and defend this position,
making sure you address the
geographical issues involved.

36. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Future Geographies
• Multipolar world
• Increasing ethnic conflict
• Bioterrorism
Figure 10.38 Global Peace Index.