1. Travel Pattern repositioning
Secondary Cities
future vision of secondary cities
in Tai Lake Region by comparative study with the Randstad
Liang Wei
1st Mentor:Verena Balz
2nd Mentor: Dominic Stead
2. My Background
intent to Understand the Development of regions in the Netherlands
and Yangtze River Delta
the Netherlands
Yangtze River Delta
4. My Focus
Secondary Cities
Low Density Proxmity to Nature Family City Local Identity
(spatially/ temporally)
Economical Mixed Regional Local+Global
Specialization Functions Identity
5. My Methology:
make use of the concept “Polycentritity” to compare the roles of
Secondary Cities in Tai Lake Region and the Randstad, in order to conclude
Similarities and Differences in the way how Secondary Cities contribute
to the Synergy of Polycentric Urban Region.
My Result:
Review of planning vison of Tai Lake Region by means of an alternative
spatial vision for this region
7. Tai Lake Region -Context of Yangtze River Delta
-Focus on Tai Lake Region
Problem State-
Bohai Economic Rim
Yangtze River Delta
Pearl River Delta
8. Context of YRD
Location
Originally Yangtze River Delta contains
eight cities in the south of Jiangsu
Province, six cities in the north of
Zhejiang Province and Shanghai as
direct-controlled municipality.
In 2008, Yangtze River Delta was
extented, which covered two entire Original YRD Region
provinces and Shanghai.
The original YRD region with 16
cities will play as core area for the new Administritive Border
regional planning.
Tai Lake Region
Tai Lake Region locates in the center of
YRD, which is cross the border between
two province. It contains a cluster of
cities around Tai Lake including five
prefecture level cities.
Extension of YRD Region
9. Context of YRD
Regional Planning Concept
Ecology, Service
and High-tech
Ecology, Tourism,
Textile Appliances,
Ecological Agriculture
development core
Shanghai-Nanjing zone
Shanghai-Hangzhou zone
10. Nantong: High-tech Industry
Changzhou: Wuxi: Suzhou:
Context of YRD Shanghai: Global Scale
New Material
Biological Medicine
Economy Specialisation Jiaxing:
Electronic Industry
Hangzhou:
Software Industry
Ningbo: Textile Industry
Garment Industry
Shaoxing: Financial Econ
Light Manufacure
Service Indust
Machinery Industry
Legend Catering Servi
Nanjing: Tourism
Traditional Industry
Logistics
Heavy Industry
Yangzhou: Transport Equipment
Automotive Parts
Nantong: Financial Economy
High-tech Indu
Changzhou: Wuxi: Suzhou: Service Industry
Financial Economy
Catering Service Material
New
Service Industry
Nanjing: Shanghai: Global Scale Tourism Service
Catering Biological Med
Logistics
Nanjing: Tourism
Yangzhou:
Electronic Indu
Jiaxing: Logistics
Hangzhou:
Yangzhou: Software Indu
Nantong: High-tech Industry
Changzhou: Wuxi: Suzhou:
Nantong:
Ningbo: New MaterialTextile Industr
High-tech Industry
Changzhou: Wuxi: Suzhou:
Shanghai: Global Scale
Biological Medicine
New Material
Garment Indu
Shanghai: Global Scale
Biological Medicine
Electronic Industry
Shaoxing:
Jiaxing:
Hangzhou: Light Manufac
ElectronicIndustry
Software Industry
Jiaxing:
Hangzhou:
Ningbo: Machinery Ind
Textile Industry
Software Industry
Ningbo: Garment Industry
Textile Industry
Shaoxing:
Garment Industry
Light Manufacure
Shaoxing:
Machinery Industry
Light Manufacure
Traditional Ind
Machinery Industry
11. Context of YRD
High-speed Train & Airpot
11 Million 3 Million
25 Million
32 Million
15 Million
4 Million
12. Focus on TLR
Tai Lake Region& SWC Region
1. Historical Value
2. Linkage between Two
Provinces
Nanjing SWC
3. Ecological Perspective
Changzhou Region
Wuxi
Tai Lake Suzhou
Region
Shanghai
Huzhou
Jiaxing
Illustration 2: Tai Lake Hangzhou
Region in the context of
YRD
14. Problem Statement -Spatial Problems
-Institutional Problems
-Research Aim
15. Spatial Problems
1. Rapid Urban Expansion
TheDisparity betweenbuilt-upand South Taihu area
2. expansion of the North area in the
3. Unhealthy Competition between Cities
1986 1996 2004
Expansion of Buiding Area in Tai Lake Region (Source on: Wu, 2008)
Regional Planning of Yangtze River Delta 2009-2020
16. Institutional Problems
1. Decentralization of decision making
2. Establishment of housing and land markets
3. Increased number of actors
4. Conflicts of interests
5. Different Government System in different Province
216
Progress in Planning
1. Sectoral Dominance to Localization
FIG. 12. The changing urban process from sectoral dominance to localization
17. Conclusion of Problems
The Role and development Vision of different cities are not clear, so regional
advantages need to be promoted to participate global competition.
Source:Aim of Tai Lake Region Derived from YRD 2009-2020
18. Research Aim
Understand the current role of secondary cities and their potentials to
contribute to the synergy of regional development of Tai Lake Region.
19. Theoretical -Polycentric Urban Region
Framework: -Secondary City
Polycentricity -Relation with the project
Problem State-
20. Concept of Polycentric Urban Region
Kloosterman and Musterd (2001): Instead of one leading city, PUR contains a small number of
large cities and a large number of small cities, all of are proximately located but spatially and
politically distinct. The difference between large and small cities are related to settlement
size and economic importance.
Parr (2010): PUR is consist of a cluster of similarly sized centres which are separated by
open land (agriculture or simply vacant) with highly intensive interaction (especially
economic interaction) and economic specialisation.
Davoudi (2010): two important dimensions of the concept of PUR:
analytical dimension to explain an existing or emerging polycentric urban system;
normative dimension to use PUR as a planning strategy referring to active
encouragement of polycentric development as a policy objective.
21. Synergy in Polycentric Urban Region
1 + 1 > 2 : The word ‘synergy’ comes from the Greek (syn+ergos) and refers to a situation
in which the effect of two or more co-operating or combined bodies or functions is larger
than the sum of the effects each body or function alone can achieve. -
horizontal synergy Vertical synergy
Co-operation Complementarity
22. What is a Secondary City
Two main element: size, function
Size: Population (Hardoy and Satterthwaite, 1988; Rondinelli, 1983a; Van der Merwe,1992)
Employment (Anderson and Bogart, 2001)
Function: the most useful way of defining secondary cities (Van der Merwe, 1992)
23. Zhangjiagang
Jiangyin
Chang
Jintan
zhou Changshu
Wuxi
Linyang Taicang
Yixing Kunshan
Suzhou
Wujiang
Changxing
Huzhou
Jiashan
Population Rank 1:
3-4million Anji Jiaxing
Pinghu
Population
Deqing
Tongxiang
Population Rank 2:
1-2 million Haiyan
Haining
Rank
Jiangyin
Population Rank 3:
<1 million) Chang Zhangjiagang
zhou
Changshu
Zhangjiagang Jintan Wuxi
Jiangyin
Changshu
Jintan Changzhou Wuxi Linyang Taicang
Yixing
Suzhou Kunshan
Linyang Taicang
Yixing Kunshan
Suzhou
Wujiang Wujiang
Changxing
Jiashan Changxing
Rank 1:
Huzhou
Prefecture Level City Anji
Jiaxing Pinghu Primary Cities Huzhou
Deqing Jiashan
Tongxiang
Rnak 2:
Administrition
County Level City Haining Haiyan
Anji Jiaxing
Rank 3: Secondary Cities Pinghu
Rank
County Deqing
Tongxiang
Haiyan
Thirdary Cities Haining
Jiangyin
Chang Zhangjiagang
zhou
Changshu
Jintan Wuxi
Primary Cities and Secondary Cities
Linyang Taicang
Yixing
Suzhou Kunshan
Wujiang
in Tai Lake Region
GDP Rank 1:
200-300 billion yuan
Changxing
GDP Rank 2: Huzhou
Jiashan
100-200 billion yuan
Anji Jiaxing
GDP Rank 3: Deqing
Pinghu
GDP 2010
50-100 billion yuan Tongxiang
Haiyan
GDP Rank 4: Haining
<50 billion yuan
Rank
24. Relation with the Project
The Role of Secondary Cities in PUR
Analytical Dimension Normative Dimension
Morphology Function Value Norms
1. PUR, MUR, DUS 1. Economic Activities 1. Regional Competitiveness 1. Co-operation & Complementarity
2. Alternative Development 2. Measure Interaction 2. Identity and Vitality 2. Regional Organization Capacity
3. Rank-Size Distribution - “Three S-dimensions” 3. Balanced Regional Development 3. Intra-regional Accessibility
4. Spatial Diversity and Quality of
Open Space
Existing Role Desirable Role
Current Condition Future Development
of Secondary Cities of Secondary Cities
Graduation Project
25. Methodology: -Definition
Comparative -Formulation of sub-questions
Research -why two regions comparable
-Indicators
-Data Access
26. Definition of Comparative Research
Comparative research is a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make
comparisons across different countries or cultures
Attentions:
1. definite research areas - why they are comparable
2. Theoritical Support: clear and specific research topics and theory
3. Method: the Definition of indicators, Equivalence of indicators, Hypotheses required to
link indicators to constructs
4. Data access and Comparability
( C.S. Yadav, 1968, Comparative Urban Search)
27. Three Steps of Comparative Research
Research Field Sub - Questions Main Question
Existing Role of
Secondary Cities
How do they
The Randstad contribute to the Region
Why Two Regions How to Transfer into Futher Vision of
are Comparable different Context Secondary Cities
Tai Lake Region Existing Role of
Secondary Cities
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
28. Sub-Questions
1. Why are Tai Lake Region and the Randstad-comparable?
2. What are the differences and similarities of secondary cities in
Tai Lake Region and the Randstad?
2.1 What is the role of secondary cities in the polycentric
configuration of the Randstad?
2.2 How do secondary cities contribute to the synergy of the
Randstad?
Het kabinet kiest
2.3 What is the role of secondary cities in Tai Lake Region?
- Veiligheid tegen overstromingen
- Van Groene Hart naar Groenblauwe Delta
waterrijker, aantrekkelijker, groter
- Inzet op internationale, economische krachten in de Randstad
metropolitane positie Amsterdam, specifieke krachten Rotterdam,
Den Haag en Utrecht, havens, lucht haven, greenports, kennisclusters,
aansluiting op internationaal vervoersnetwerk
- Bruisende steden in een aantrekkelijke omgeving
verdichting, hoogbouw, uitbreiding van Almere, kansen voor OV,
3. How can secondary cities be developed to contribute to more
metropolitane parken en groenblauwe woon-werkmilieus
synergy in the network of Tai Lake Region by transferring from
the Randstad?
29. Step 1: Why two regions are Comparable
Scale Comparison
SWC/
SWC/ Tai Lake
Randstad Tai LakeRegion
Randstad Nanjing
Region
Nanjing Shangha
London Shanghai
London Rhine-
Rhine- Ruhr Hangzhou
Ruhr
Flemish Hangzhou
FlemishDiamond
Diamond
Paris
Paris
West Europe New Yangtze River Delta
30. Step 1:Why two regions are Comparable
Scale Comparison
Nanjing
Randstad
Shanghai
SWC/Tai Lake
Region
Hangzhou
the Netherlands Original YRD
31. Step1: Why two regions are Comparable
Scale Comparison
Changzhou Wuxi
Amsterdam
Suzhou
the Hauge Green Tai
Heart Lake Shanghai
Utrecht
Rotterdam
the Randstad Tai Lake Region
32. Step1: Why two regions are Comparable Tai Lake Region
Economic Position & Population Density
Area Land Area Population GDP GDP per Capita
(10,000 km2) (millions) (billions of yuan) (yuan)
Tai Lake Region 2.74(24.8%) 20.4(24.8%) 6948.0(30.5%) 34,060 (122.8%)
Original YRD 10.96(100%) 82.1(100%) 2,278.0(100%) 27,740 (100%)
GDP: year of 2003
the Randstad 0.83 (20%) 7.1(41,5%) 2712 (51%) 381,971 (122.9%)
the Netherlands 4.15 (100%) 16.8(100%) 5317 (100%) 310,798 (100%)
The Randstad
33. Step1:Why two regions are Comparable Aim of Tai Lake Region Derived
Regional Planning Aims from YRD 2009-2020
1. Important international gateway to the Asia-Pacific region
2. International Modern Service Industry and Advance Manufac-
turing Center
3. Urban Region with Global Competitiveness
-network urban system with mega-city and large cities as main
cores together with medium or small sized towns
4. Ecology, Tourism, Ecological Argiculture
1. Strengthen international competitive position
2. Boosting the economy
3. Increasing strength and dynamics of the cities
4. Developing unusual qualities of the Green Heart
The Randstad 2040
34. Step1:Why twoProgress in Planning are Comparable
190 regions Yangtze River Delta
Planning System Planning System
Province Level
Prefecture Level
County Level
Township Level
National Level
FIG. 4. The changing urban planning system in China
Province Level
2.2.4. Approval of plans
City Level
Article 21 stipulates the level of authorities in examining and approving plans. The
master plans of municipalities that are under the direct jurisdiction of the State
Council should be submitted by the municipal government to the State Council for
examination and approval. The master plans of provincial capitals and cities with a
population of over one million or speci®ed by the State Council should ®rst be exam-
ined by the corresponding provincial government or the autonomous region and then
http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/netherlands/index_e.htmlxv
submitted to the State Council for examination and approval. The master plans of
other designated cities and cities of county level should be examined and approved The Randstad
by the provincial government, autonomous region government, or cities under the
direct jurisdiction of the State Council. The cities of county level, that is, under the
35. Step 2: Indicators
Support by Theoretical Framework
Comparative Institution of
Spatial Interaction
Research Spatial Planning
Indicators: Indicators:
1. Travel Pattern 3. Inter-city Cooperation
2. Urban Form The Role of Secondary Cities in PURPrivate Actors
4.
Analytical Dimension Normative Dimension
Morphology Function Value Norms
1. PUR, MUR, DUS 1. Economic Activities 1. Regional Competitiveness 1. Co-operation & Complementarity
2. Alternative Development 2. Measure Interaction 2. Identity and Vitality 2. Regional Organization Capacity
3. Rank-Size Distribution - “Three S-dimensions” 3. Balanced Regional Development 3. Intra-regional Accessibility
4. Spatial Diversity and Quality of
Open Space
Existing Role Desirable Role
36. Travel Pattern&Urban Form:
Measuring Interaction
Travel Pattern
Journey to Work Pattern for Leisure
Travel Distance, Time, Frequency, Model Choice
Activity of Location, Density, Intensity, Mixing use
Geography Geography
Demography Accessibility of Economic Acitivity of Leisure Activity
Settlements Attractions
the Orgin the Desintation
Urban Form
37. Step 2: Indicators
Accessibility by Time
BAN FORM AND JOB ACCESS: DISPARATE REALITIES IN THE RANDSTAD 241
The Randstad Tai Lake Region
ure 3. Jobs within reach, 30 minutes.
rce: LISA 1997 (in co-operation with VROM).
t locations). From most of the postal code steep. Because for many employees, working in
as in the Randstad, workers with a com- the Randstad and living elsewhere would imply
38. but also promotional partnership. the CUE Forum as member cities by cities outside the delta region
should be carefully considered by existing members, for example,
Step 2: Indicators
Partner selection and actors in partnership formation Maanshan’s application. In addition, partner selection is also af-
fected by the kinds of resources in a city. For example, Huangshan
Inter-city Cooperation
Partners (member cities) selection is a complex process, because
building and sustaining partnership among cities depend on not
city was included in the tourist partnership. In other words, part-
nerships for various purposes may decide who should be partners
only governing resources, but also member cities’ political, eco- in a given coalition.
nomic and social statuses. First, partnership building and mainte- The Netherlands
Second, partner selection also depends on the status of member
nance is a matter of pooling resources. ‘‘More members of cities. Cities with the same political, economic and social status
• The Comprehensive Model. This comprises elected metropolitan authorities with comprehensive powers for strategic planning and
a coalition might mean a larger institutional base of resource tend to compete with each other. It is difficult to form partnerships
implementation. It usually requires the reorganization of existing local administrative arrangements (e.g. Landeshaupstadt Hanover); SWC Planning. The
generation, which in turn increases the chances of accomplishing among them. This is evidenced by the failure of
• The Core Power Model. This comprises elected or appointed authorities that have the power to undertake strategic planning of a specified range
the designated task. The opposite also is true; having fewer SWC region is conceived as a polycentric city-region, in which the
members means fewer resources’’ (DiGaetano & Klemanski, 1999: three main cities, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou are competing
of issues (e.g. Verband Region Stuttgart);
22). Perhaps for this reason, Taizhou (ZJ) was included in the CUE intensively with each other, partly due to lack of a leading city.
• The Agency/Voluntary Model. This comprises appointed cause
Forum as a member city. However, ‘‘grand’’ partnerships may metropolitan agencies or joint bodies with strategic planning responsibilities and
Therefore, it is difficult to coordinate cities and form cooperative
adviser implementation functions (e.g. the Öresund Committee). partners
instability (Ricker & Ordeshook, 1973), because more relations. Of course, other reasons discussed in this paper also
Table 3 YRD
A typology of partnerships in thematic cooperation
Type Mechanism Mobilization Aims Partners Actions Examples
Development Spontaneous Local Joint development Local authorities, Joint agreement Tourism cooperation
for mutual benefit private sectors, academic
elites
Promotional Spontaneous Local Joint place Local authorities Joint promotional Tourism promotion,
marketing, joint brochures and promotion of investment
promotion of growth promotional meetings
and investment, image-
building
Coordination Hierarchical/ Local or Improving service NGOs-sponsored, Joint agreement, Transportation cooperation,
hybrid regional provision and accessibilities authority-led infrastructure infrastructure coordination
(both city governments and coordination, streamlining
provincial governments) relevant policies, etc.
Resource-based Spontaneous/ Regional or Resource sharing Authorities Joint agreement Education cooperation,
hybrid local (both human and natural human resource, port
resources) cooperation
Strategic Hierarchical/ Local and Strengthening competitiveness Authorities Formulating broad Common market,
spontaneous regional and alleviating inter-city strategies and cooperation standardizing policies of
competition intention investment
Note: Local refers to cities within a province and regional refers to provinces and city under the administration of central government (Zhixiashi).
39. Data Access
List of Indicators: Data Aavaiblity
The Randstad TLR
1. Travel Pattern
1.1. Travel Pattern by Purpose of economic activity and Leisure ?
1.2. Model Choice of Orgin and Desitination (car and public transport)
1.3. Travel Distance of Origins and Desitination ?
1.4. Travel Frequency of Origins and Desitination ?
2. Urban Form
2.1. Demography
2.2. Ecomomic Acitivity
2.3. Leisure Activity
2.4. Accessibility
3. Inter-city Cooperation
4. Private Actors Involvement ?
40. Result 1. Mapping of Activities & Interaction
2. Review of Current Vision
Analysis 3. A Vision Proposal of TLR and
Strategic Projects
Phasing
41. 1. Mapping of Activities & Interaction
2. Review of Current Vision
3. A Vision Proposal of TLR and 1. Demography
Strategic Projects 1. Population Density
2. Employment Ratio
3. Income (low, medium, high)
4. Amount of People per Householder
5. Car Ownership
5. Spider Map
4. Accessibility
3. Geography
1. Accessibility by
of Economic Acitivity
Different Transport 1. Empolyment Density
2. Accessibility for 2. Economic Specialisation
Economic Activity 3. Interrelation between head
3. Accessibility for Leisure 2. Geography company and branches
Activity of Leisure Activity
1. Tourists Density
2. Leisure Specialisation
3. Journey Tour
4. Network of Travel
Agency
42. 1. Mapping of Activities & Interaction
2. Review of Current Vision
3. A Vision Proposal of TLR and
Strategic Projects
43. Overview
Spatial Institutional Pat-
tern
Travel Pattern Intercity
Question&Aim
Comparative Cooperation
Research
Urban Form Private Actors Result
1. Mapping of Activities
& Interaction
2. Review of Current
Vision
Polycentricity 3. A Vision Proposal
of TLR and Strategic
Projects
1. Travel Pat-
tern
