2. The Words… STRUCTURE: the shape, organization, and/or chemical makeup of an object FUNCTION: what something does, its role STRUCTURE always leads to FUNCTION!
3. Familiar Examples… Eating Utensils: Fork, Spoon, & Knife These have distinct shapes that determine their use
7. The Plasma (cell) Membrane Structure: Made up of a lipidbilayer, proteins, & cholesterol
8. Plasma Membrane Functions: Forms the principle barrier between the inside of the cell and its environment Protect the cell Regulate traffic into and out of the cell Support the creation of multiple concentration gradients and an electrostatic gradient between the inside and outside of the cell Maintain the overall integrity of the cell, particularly in cold temperatures
10. Chemical Structure The chemical makeup of a phospholipid causes multiple phospholipids to naturally align themselves in a characteristic bilayer shape (structure). This is due to the chemical properties of the phospholipid: the polar,hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail Function: hydrophilic region allows the plasma membrane to associate with water, other polar molecules, & hydrophilic proteins on the inside and outside of the cell Function: hydrophobic region creates a hydrophobic barrier to keep out large and/or polar/hydrophilic molecules
11. The Polar Head Structure: The “head” has a positively charged nitrogen atom and a negatively charged oxygen Function: The polarity of the head allows the membrane to associate easily with other polar molecules, such as H2O
12. Cholesterol Functions Function 1: Easily inserts into the plasma membrane between the tails of different phospholipids, thus filling in the gaps between phospholipids and helping to keep out other small molecules Function 2: Pay attention… it stiffens the membrane at “normal” temperatures, but keeps the membrane fluid at cold temperatures
13. Membrane Proteins Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to associate with the plasma membrane in a variety of ways Come in all different shapes and thus, perform many different functions Specifically, help regulate traffic across the plasma membrane
14. Types of Transport There are 2 main categories of transport: Passive Active
15. PASSIVE TRANSPORT Does NOT require Energy Gradient = “change in the value of a quantity (as temperature, pressure,or concentration) with change in a given variable and especially per unit on a linear scale”
16. Facilitated Diffusion A form of Passive Transport… Facilitated: to help or allow Channel proteins, Along their concentration gradient
17. Active Transport Necessary when transporting a particle against (up) its concentration gradient REQUIRES ENERGY ATP
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19. 5 levels of organization 1.) Protoplasmic organization Unicellular organisms: protozoa 2.) Cellular Organization Sponges Cells that are functionally differentiated and exhibit a division of labor 3.) Tissue Level Cells organized into layers which form tissue
20. 4.) Organs Composed of one or more tissues. Have more specialized funtion than tissue Flatworms: reproductive organs, eyespots, feeding structures 5.) System level Organs work together to form systems: circulatory, digestive, reproductive, respiratory
21. Types of tissue Tissue: a group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function
22. Epithelial tissue Epithelial Absorb: lining of small intestine Transport: kidney tubules Excrete: sweat glands Protect: skin Contain nerve cells for sensory info Tastebuds The structure relates to their function.
23. Connective tissue Connective Support and bind Distributed throughout an extracellular matrix Loose connective tissue Elastic Binds skin to muscle Fibrous connective tissue Tendons (muscle to bone or other muscle) Ligaments (bones to bones) Adipose tissue: Store lipids Form fat
24. Muscle tissue Muscle Tissue Allows movement Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
26. Organs Functional units of the body that are made up of more than one tissue Heart Lungs Liver Spleen kidney
27. Organ Systems Group of organs that complete a function Work together Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Reproductive
