We have developed generic and replicable tools to assess hydrological, carbon, biodiversity and hydrological functions of a landscape. The Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) identifies and reconciles local, public/policymakers and scientist perspectives on hydrological issues in a landscape. Using a parsimonious hydrological model we can assess the current hydrological situation and prospect impact of possible land cover change on hydrological function. The Rapid Carbon Stocks Appraisal (RACSA) assesses landscape ability to store carbon. The tool entails measuring plot-level carbon stocks for forest and tree based systems, and performing land cover/land cover change analysis to produce landscape carbon/carbon loss map. Further integration with land use profitability data and a land change model, we can perform trade-off analysis on carbon versus livelihood for various plausible development pathways. The Quick Biodiversity Survey (QBS) provides an initial estimate of the biodiversity value of a landscape. Using indicator animal groups and plants, the approach surveyed a 1-km long transects in which the layout and frequency of sample points are determined by the animal groups being surveyed. The survey uses local guide who is knowledgeable about local plants and animals. Species identifications are carried out in consultation with experts. The outcome of three appraisal tools can further be used as the basis for PES schemes development. We had applied these tools in various regions in Southeast Asia. The tools potentially can be applied in other regions as well.

1. Appraisal tools for assessing landscape
functions
Betha Lusiana
ECOLOGICAL MODELLING UNIT – ICRAF SouthEastAsia Regional Office
Tree cover transitions and investment in multi-colored economy
March 13th 2013

2. CRP 6.3 Landscape management for environmental
services, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods
Key Research Themes
6.3.1. Understanding drivers of forest transition as a prerequisite
for their management
6.3.2. Understanding the consequences of forest transition
for environmental goods and services and livelihoods
6.3.3. Enhancing response and policy options to sustain and
maximize environmental and social benefit from
multifunctional landscape

3. Appraisal tools for landscape functions
PaLA: Participatory Landscape Appraisal
RHA: Rapid Hydrological Appraisal
RACSA: RApid Carbon Stocks Appraisal
RABA: Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal – using QBS (Quick agro-
Biodiversity Survey)

4. RHA Framework: Integrating stakeholders’ knowledge
To clarify:
What watershed function is being
provided
How the watershed function is
provided
Who provides this service
How it is being impacted land
cover change

5. 1. Land cover/land cover change analysis
Information on distribution of land cover, historical use
Land Cover Proportion Forest
in Singkarak Basin Pine
Mix garden
13% 15% Mix garden (coconut)
Agricultural fields
1%
11% Ricefield
12% Shrub
8% Grass
5%
2% Settlement
1% Water body
15%
17% No data (cloud and shadow)

6. 2. Stakeholder analysis
Who is involved, who is affected by the watershed
Stakeholder groups in Nagari Paninggahan, Singkarak
Stakeholder Male farmers Female farmers Local government Non-government
Composition From jorong From jorong Head of Jorong, Bundo Kanduang,
(village) (village) Koto Planning Agency: Majelis Ulama
Subarang, Baru, Kampuang BPN (Badan Nagari, Karapatan
Parumahan, Tangah. Perencanaan Antar Nagari.
Gando. Nagari), PLTA (HEP,
Hydro Electric
Power), BP-DAS
Province

7. 3. Local and Policy-maker knowledge survey
What are perceived watershed issues and solution.
Factors influencing water availability Factors influencing flooding
Crop Banio, Surian, Riparian Area Open Rainy
Bayua, Madang land season
Pines
(Natural Forest)
Grass
Cutting Fire Needles
hazard. leaf Deep root
Big leaf
Water quantity
River Erosion of river
Used for fire flow
wood and hut.
Land
coverage
Meandering River
Type of Soil Tree sediment
density Lake
Soil sediment
Clay
evaporation
Groundwater
Limestone
Dry Outflow Water holding
capacity on lake
Season
Rainy
Dry
Water Source Lake water
Rainy surface
Water
tunnel
Flooding
Flooding of
rice field

8. 0.85
Performance H
0.8
4. Modelling landscape hydrology
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
What is the effect of land cover? Rainfall?
0.55
0.5
on Landscape water balance? Hydro electric power performance?
Paningahan
Degrad. _
Degrad. _ all
Sev.Degrad.
Sev.Degrad.
Current LU
Lakeside
_ Lakeside
Degrad. _
mix
_
LU
1
0.9
0.8
Performance HEPP
0.7
0.6
Best year
0.5
Mean
0.4
Worst year
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
50% less 25% less Default 25% more 50% more
rain rain rainfall rain rain

9. 5. Integrating and reconciling local, policy-maker and scientific
knowledge
Perceived watershed issues and solution
Declining water quality due to Sedimentation and erosion
Declining water qualitybilih’to
erosion reducedqualitydue to
water ‘ikan due Sedimentation and erosion
threatened PLTA
Climatic variation influences the
erosion reduced ‘ikan bilih’
reduced ‘ikan bilih’ threatened PLTA
performance of PLTA caused by
Flooding more than land Intensive agriculture &
use change
Flooding caused by Intensive agriculture &
deforestation deforestation caused
deforestation deforestation of water yield for
insufficiency caused insufficiency
of water yield for PLTA
PLTA Reduction of water quality will
Reforestation to reduce erosion and increase water availability of
also influence the performance
Reforestation toofreduce erosion and increase water availability
Disappearance ‘ikan bilih’ due to PLTA (euthrophication)
decreasing water quality and overfishing

10. 5. Integrating and reconciling local, policy-maker and scientific
knowledge
Reforestation to reduce erosion and increase water availability
Reforestation of ‘critical land ‘
will not be enough to increase
water yield & may actually
reduce water yield due to
increase in evapotranspiration

11. Implication of RHA oucomes?
Before RHA:
Reward scheme focused on HEPP as buyer and
reforestation as the main activity to increase
water availability
After RHA:
Rewad schemes are multi-scales. Target buyer
becomes wider and the objectives of
watershed management are maintaining water
flow as well as water quality

12. Reward scheme activities in Singkarak - multiscales
Watershed Scale :
12 Nagari around Lake Singkarak (Selingkar Danau) form a grup and
commited to manage watershed functions & to develop
management plan with provincial environmental department for
submisiion to the Ministry of Environment
Nagari
Paninggahan

13. Reward scheme activities in Singkarak - multiscales
Nagari/District Scale:
1. Ecocertification of organic coffee
2. Voluntary Carbon Mechanism – small scale

14. Where have we applied the carbon, agro-biodiversity
and hydrological appraisal tools?
Potentially in other region as well ..