1. Trends in European VET
Christian Lettmayr
Acting Director
LINQ 2013, Rome 16 May 2013
LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 1
2. At the interface of education and labour market
LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 2
3. LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 3
-2%
-13%
-3%
9%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
TOTAL LOW MEDIUM HIGH
The impact of the crisis on the European labour market
Employment growth (%) by education (2008-2011)
6. LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 6
-20 0 20 40 60 80
Low qualification
Medium qualification
High qualification
All qualifications
Low qualification
Medium qualification
High qualification
All qualifications
Millions
Expansion
demand
Replacement
demand
7. Upper secondary still the main LM component...
26%
59%
15%
Youth
Low Medium High
19%
48%
33%
Adult
Employment by level of education (EU-27 2012)
8. LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 8
Mismatch
Adjustment lags of education and training system
Lack of mobility
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY
Adjustment lags in labour demand
Recruitment frictions
Inadequate job design
Wage rigidities
Ineffective intermediaries
Skill supply
Active population
Participation rates
Skills heterogeneity within qualifications
groups
Imperfect career councelling and guidance of
students
Country-specific factors
Demographics
Level of economic development
Economic structure
Technology
Institutions
Skill demand
Employment by sector/occupation/education
Job vacancies
Job-task skill requirements
Outcomes
Loss of productivity & growth
Structural unemployment
Earnings inequality
Social exclusion
9. LINQ 2013
C. Lettmayr
2020 forecasts: high demand for VET graduates
Jobs for medium level qualified people almost 51%
Jobs for highly qualified people more than 34%
Jobs for those with low qualifications around 15%
Past and likely future sectoral employment change
Source: Cedefop country workbooks 2012
Future job opportunities by occupation
10. LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 10
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
SYSTEM
Planning and delivery of teaching
and learning processes
LABOUR MARKET
Identification of demand for
skills and competences
Formulation of knowledge, skills and
competence requirements
Assessment and
certification of knowledge, skills
and competence
11. Validation and recognition of learning
• Council recommendation adopted in September 2012
– Establishes a national system by 2015 leading to full or
partial qualifications
– Defines elements to be included and principles to be
respected
– Ensures the involvement of LM stakeholders
– Promotes coordination between education, training,
employment and youth services and policies
12. Validation and recognition of learning
Validation: the confirmation by an authorised body that a learner has achieved
outcomes according to an agreed standard.
- Key to adult and lifelong learning and to skill strategies
- Diversity of use across Europe – countries are progressing
High development
High take up
Medium –high
development
Medium-low Low
Finland
France
The Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Denmark
Germany
Romania
Spain
Sweden
UK
Austria,
Belgium
Czech Republic
Estonia
Iceland
Italy
Ireland
Lithuania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Greece
Hungary
Latvia
Malta
Poland
Turkey
13. WBL – actions by countries
STD5a Work-based learning, including apprenticeships
Number of countries
Apprenticeship or similar programmes
Guidelines providing for work based learning in VET
Work-based learning elements in school based IVET programmes
Strategy to foster VET-Enterprises cooperation to ensure quality and relevance
Incentives for enterprises to provide training or employment
Learning methods in VET including simulated or real business experience
Campaigns encouraging enterprises to provide or invest in VET
Services that assist in finding training places for VET learners in enterprises
in place by 2010 and not changed in place by 2010 and adjusted since put in place since 2010 preparing for implementation no action
Source: Cedefop
STD5b Cooperation between VET institutions and enterprises
Number of countries
Training VET teachers/trainers to help learners acquire entrepreneurship skills
Guidelines for VET teacher development including enterprise traineeships
Services that assist VET institutions in finding partners in the business world
Guidelines encouraging staff exchange between enterprises and VET providers
Services that assist in finding training places for VET teachers in enterprises
in place by 2010 and not changed in place by 2010 and adjusted since put in place since 2010 preparing for implementation no action
Source: Cedefop
Provisional information – not validated at national government level – not for circulation
LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 13
14. STD16 Maximising the contribution of VET in combating early leaving from education
Number of EU + countries Candidate
countries
Guidance and mentoring for learners in IVET programmes
Apprenticeship or similar programmes
Work-based learning elements in school based IVET programmes
LLL or VET strategy supporting early school leavers and those at risk
Opportunity to obtain missed qualifications in VET
Modularised IVET programmes
Incentives for learners and their families to remain in VET
Incentives for enterprises to provide training or employment
Opportunity to acquire underdeveloped key competences in VET
Opportunity for those with migrant background to learn the host country language
Psychological and social support to learners in IVET programmes
Regulations easing access to VET
Alternative routes within mainstream VET
Training for VET teachers and/or trainers to support disadvantaged learners
Incentives for VET institutions to prevent drop outs
in place by 2010 and not changed in place by 2010 and adjusted since put in place since 2010 preparing for implementation no action reported on
Source: Cedefop (based on ReferNet ) and ETF
Work-based learning to
help different types of learners succeed
16. Adult learning is underdeveloped
Financial resources are
limited
Reluctance to invest in HC
Lack of awareness of training
and skills development needs
and benefits
Overreliance on (fresh)
labour supply to provide
necessary skills
Overconfidence in market
mechanism
Different adult learning
cultures
LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 16
17. LLL is ill-distributed
Skills begets skills
The older
you get,
the less
you train
18%
15%
7%
6%
Participation in adult learning by
occupations - EU-27 average 2005-10
Skilled
non Manual
High Skilled
Manual
Low skilled
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18. LINQ 2013 C. Lettmayr 18
Table 1. State of play and progress towards STD18
STD18 Using ICT to maximise access to training and to promote active learning
Number of EU+ countries Candidate countries
ICT strategy or ‘digital agenda’ considering ‘at-risk’
groups
Development of ICT based learning tools/methods to
help ‘at-risk’ groups learn
LLL or VET strategy which promotes using ICT for ‘at-
risk’ groups
Training VET teachers and/or trainers to help ‘at-risk’
groups in using ICT
Incentives helping at risk groups to cover ICT and
internet costs
VET platforms or web portals tailored to the needs of
‘at-risk’ groups
in place by 2010 and not changed in place by 2010 and adjusted since
put in place since 2010 preparing for implementation no action reported on
Source: Cedefop based on ReferNet and ETF.
