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Kristian Graham

October 14, 2011

4th period

Mrs. Corbett

Senior Project

                                     Title IX Women’s Sports

       Title IX stated that “No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from

participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational

program or activity receiving federal aid” (“About Title IX”). Before this law, women were not

entitled to the same facilities, equipment, scholarships or opportunities as men. Although it took

many years to achieve this, because of Title IX, women now have a chance to dream bigger and

achieve more.

       Before Title IX, women struggled to be equal and to have the same rights as men.

Women understood that they would have to take a stand to make a difference. Edith Green, a

representative from Oregon, began this change and introduced the idea of Title IX stating that

educational institutions that receive federal funds had to provide equal opportunities in all

activities for girls and boys (“Gender Bias”). If it was not for Green’s realization that women

were treated unfairly, women might not have received the same opportunities that they have been

given. In the 60s and 70s, most women would not dare to dream about playing sports at an

advanced level; therefore, with Green’s courageous stand against society, the cards began to turn

and impact women in a positive way that they would have never imagined. In 1975, after three

years of provisions and reasoning, Title IX fulfilled the requirements to be signed into law (“Title

IX”). Women’s equal rights were finally beginning to look up because they were beginning to
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have their fair share in athletics. Women realized that they were now getting the chance to prove

themselves athletically and show everyone they were capable of impacting sports in a positive

way. Although Title IX was called into action, there were certain aspects to keep in mind.

       Once Title IX came into effect, its focus was to give women a fair chance to prove and

further themselves in education and athletics. Therefore, even though Title IX applies to a variety

of programs, “it has received the most attention for its impact on athletics, especially at the

collegiate level” (“Title IX”). These changes have given women the opportunity to play sports in

college by requiring schools to offer them access to supplies, equipment, scholarships, and other

things that were previously reserved for men only. Allowing women to have a fair chance of

playing sports in college gave them a chance to advance themselves in ways such as receiving

scholarships or playing professionally. Furthermore, Title IX supplied a major boost to women’s

opportunities to participate in sports across the nation and resulted in the expansion of women’s

professional sports (“Gender Prejudice”). Before the introduction of Title IX, the idea of women

playing professional sports would sound completely absurd. However, Title IX proved that

anything is possible. The 1979 Policy Interpretation stated that “Title IX regulation for athletics

requires compliance in financial assistance, accommodation of interest and abilities, and other

program areas; the Policy Interpretation may also apply to club, intramural, and inter-scholastic

athletic programs” (Kwon). As previously stated, Title IX has made a huge impact on women's

college sports; however, Title IX took that action a step further. Not only did women have a

chance to be successful with their sport, but they also had the same right as men do to leisurely

participate in athletic activities. NOW, also known as the National Organization for Women,

stated that “athletic scholarships for women were virtually non-existent prior to Title IX, but by

2003, there was more than $1 million in scholarships for women at Division I schools”
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(“Education and Title IX”). Creating Title IX brought hope to women all across the United

States by allowing them to participate and be successful in playing a sport that they loved.

Allowing women to be eligible for scholarship money allowed many women to fulfill their

dreams and ambitions. Along with the equal opportunities that women now enjoy, rules and

regulations were set to hold schools responsible for following the basis of Title IX.

       After enacting Title IX, legislatures had to develop a way to hold schools accountable. To

validate if a school’s athletic department was in compliance with gender equity laws, the

Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, also known as the OCR, developed a three-

prong approach (Holdsworth). This approach insured that schools follow the rules set forth by

Title IX. If the schools did not meet at least one of the criteria, they were not in agreement with

the stated law. The first prong stated that “to satisfy the first prong of the gender equity test, a

school must show that the athletic participation rates by gender are within five percent of the

enrollment rate for that gender” (Holdsworth). This means that schools must monitor whether or

not the athletic participation was in sync with enrollment rates for a particular gender. If this was

not in place, it would be difficult for girls to gain equal footing in an area such as athletics. In

addition to the first prong, “schools may also be in compliance if they satisfy the second prong—

providing evidence that the schools has a history and current practice of program expansion for

girls” (Holdsworth). Schools must prove that they were doing everything in their power to insure

that girls had the same privileges as the boys at that particular school. Also, because of this, girls

were receiving more opportunities to explore their talents and pursue post secondary options.

The third prong stated that “the school must demonstrate that it offers an athletic opportunity for

girls if there is a sufficient interest and ability in a particular sport” (Holdsworth). This means

that if there were more boys’ teams than girls’ teams at a school, and girls would like to create
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another sports team, then the school must be willing to accept their request. Therefore, schools

should show just as much respect to the girls and their wishes as they would the wishes of the

boys. However, enforcing all of these rules for women and their equality has brought much

controversy into society.

       Despite the many successes of Title IX, standing up for women's rights and equal

opportunities has brought forth many problems over the years. It was obvious that Title IX “has

played an important but controversial role in expanding athletic opportunities for women and

girls” (Kwon). Throughout history, men have felt superior to women. In more recent times, men

felt that women could not be successful in athletics, and they have not understood why women

were given equal opportunities to play competitively. People have argued that the three-part test

for assessing Title IX compliance has created intense disagreement about the intent and purpose

of Title IX, and that it presented limitations that discriminate against males and cause budget

deficits for male athletics (Kwon). Men have strongly expressed that they did not agree with Title

IX and its regulations because Title IX negatively impacted men and their sports programs.

However, men might be letting their outrage get in the way of their rational thinking, and if they

could step back and look at the big picture, they could realize that they were not being penalized

by Title IX's rules and regulations; women were only being brought to the same level as men.

Other people argued that “since females are inherently less interested in playing sports than

males, the test embodies a misinterpretation of Title IX” (Kwon). In reality, most people did not

take women's sports as seriously as they did men's. Therefore, people felt that women should not

have the same privileges and opportunities that men did in athletics. Even after thirty years, Title

IX stirred up quarrels and legal wrangling, and USA Wrestling’s Garry Abbott expressed that

“it’s the slaughter season” during the spring (Maher). Once springtime came around, it was time
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to hand out new scholarships, and since women had to have their fair share, men complained that

their programs were suffering. With an uproar of bickering and complaining, many feuds were

present between many coaches and players for both men and women athletics because of their

feelings against Title IX. Crawford, a track coach for men’s and women’s track at California

Polytechnic State University, stated that “Title IX has pitted men and women against one another

and has created hard feelings among sports people; with Title IX, they righted a wrong with

another wrong” (Maher). Title IX was created in order to improve women's sports programs and

had no intentions of penalizing men and their athletics. However, men saw this law as a negative

impact on society and believed that what was meant to benefit females had turned into men's

misfortune. Another controversial concern was the inequities in salaries for coaches of women’s

teams comparable to the coaches of men’s teams (Claussen). Allowing women's sports to

continually grow meant more coaches and more money to be divided. This caused many

problems because coaches expected to be paid the same as any other coach for any sport. Joplin

expressed that despite the gains in access to athletic participation for girls and women, athletic

equity was not a reality; “for every $1 spent on women’s college sports, $3 is spent on men’s”

(Joplin). This proved that even with Title IX, women sports were still not accepted as equal.

Although women had the chance to succesfully acheieve their dreams, men still absorbed the

majority of the fans’ attention. In the end, men still had the advantage and dominated in athletics.

       Without Edith Green’s apprehension of the unfairness presented in athletics between men

and women, women would not be in the position that they were in today. With all of the rules

and regulations that Title IX presented, there was much controversy between women and men,

coaches and players, and it relayed many problems in the athletic world. Nevertheless, without
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the acknowledgement of Title IX, women would not be represented fairly in sports at any

intercollegiate or collegiate level.




                                         Works Cited
Graham 7


“About Title IX.” Gender Equity in Sports . N.p., 23 Feb. 2006. Web. 18 Nov. 2011.

       <http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/‌ge/‌aboutRE.html>.


Claussen, Cathryn L. “Title IX Has Improved Sports Programs.” Gale Opposing Viewpoints in

       Context. Gale Cengage Learning, 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2011.

       <http://ic.galegroup.com/‌ic/‌ovic/‌ViewpointsDetailsPage/‌ViewpointsDetailsWindow?

       displayGroupName=Viewpoints&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=OVIC&action=e&

       windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010691221&mode=view>.


Comstock, Joni. “Statements from NCAA Officials Regarding Department of Education Title IX

       Announcement .” National Collegiate Athletic Association. N.p., 2011. Web. 17 Nov.

       2011. <http://www.ncaa.org/‌wps/‌portal/‌ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/‌ncaa/‌

       NCAA/‌Media+and+Events/‌Press+Room/‌News+Release+Archive/‌2010/‌Official+Stateme

       nts/‌20100420+Title+IX+Statement>.


“Education and Title IX.” National Organization for Women . N.p., 1995-2011. Web. 16 Nov.

       2011. <http://www.now.org/‌issues/‌title_ix/‌index.html>.


“Gender Bias.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Cenage Learning, 2001. Web. 17 Nov.

       2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/‌ps/‌i.do?id=GALE

       %7CCX3406000278&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.


“Gender Prejudice.” Global Issues in Context. Gale Cenage Learning, 2007. Web. 16 Nov. 2011.

       <http://find.galegroup.com/‌gic/‌infomark.do?

       &contentSet=EBKS&idigest=b527955b5caccdb4b4a2d40e86fe061a&type=retrieve&tabI

       D=T001&prodId=GIC&docId=CX2831400017&source=gale&userGroupName=cant480

       40&version=1.0>.
Graham 8


Holdsworth, Janet M. “Title IX.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Cenage Learning , 2003.

       Web. 17 Nov. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/‌ps/‌i.do?id=GALE

       %7CCX3403200627&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.


Joplin, Linda. “Twenty-Five Years After Title IX: Women Gain in Steps, Not Leaps.” National

       Organization for Women . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://www.now.org/‌nnt/‌05-97/‌

       titleix.html>.


Kwon, Andrea. “Title IX and Girls’ Sports.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Cenage

       Learning, 2006. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/‌ps/‌i.do?id=GALE

       %7CCX3402800413&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>.


Maher, John. “Title IX controversy; On law’s 30-year anniversary, men’s and women’s sports are

       still competing.” Global Issues in Context. Gale Cenage Learning, 24 June 2002. Web. 16

       Nov. 2011. <http://find.galegroup.com/‌gic/‌infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-

       Documents&idigest=b527955b5caccdb4b4a2d40e86fe061a&type=retrieve&tabID=T004

       &prodId=GIC&docId=CJ87743649&source=gale&userGroupName=cant48040&version

       =1.0>.


“Title IX.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition, 2011.

       Web. 14 Oct. 2011. <http://www.school.eb.com/‌eb/‌article-9125072>.
Graham 9

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Research Paper

  • 1. Graham 1 Kristian Graham October 14, 2011 4th period Mrs. Corbett Senior Project Title IX Women’s Sports Title IX stated that “No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid” (“About Title IX”). Before this law, women were not entitled to the same facilities, equipment, scholarships or opportunities as men. Although it took many years to achieve this, because of Title IX, women now have a chance to dream bigger and achieve more. Before Title IX, women struggled to be equal and to have the same rights as men. Women understood that they would have to take a stand to make a difference. Edith Green, a representative from Oregon, began this change and introduced the idea of Title IX stating that educational institutions that receive federal funds had to provide equal opportunities in all activities for girls and boys (“Gender Bias”). If it was not for Green’s realization that women were treated unfairly, women might not have received the same opportunities that they have been given. In the 60s and 70s, most women would not dare to dream about playing sports at an advanced level; therefore, with Green’s courageous stand against society, the cards began to turn and impact women in a positive way that they would have never imagined. In 1975, after three years of provisions and reasoning, Title IX fulfilled the requirements to be signed into law (“Title IX”). Women’s equal rights were finally beginning to look up because they were beginning to
  • 2. Graham 2 have their fair share in athletics. Women realized that they were now getting the chance to prove themselves athletically and show everyone they were capable of impacting sports in a positive way. Although Title IX was called into action, there were certain aspects to keep in mind. Once Title IX came into effect, its focus was to give women a fair chance to prove and further themselves in education and athletics. Therefore, even though Title IX applies to a variety of programs, “it has received the most attention for its impact on athletics, especially at the collegiate level” (“Title IX”). These changes have given women the opportunity to play sports in college by requiring schools to offer them access to supplies, equipment, scholarships, and other things that were previously reserved for men only. Allowing women to have a fair chance of playing sports in college gave them a chance to advance themselves in ways such as receiving scholarships or playing professionally. Furthermore, Title IX supplied a major boost to women’s opportunities to participate in sports across the nation and resulted in the expansion of women’s professional sports (“Gender Prejudice”). Before the introduction of Title IX, the idea of women playing professional sports would sound completely absurd. However, Title IX proved that anything is possible. The 1979 Policy Interpretation stated that “Title IX regulation for athletics requires compliance in financial assistance, accommodation of interest and abilities, and other program areas; the Policy Interpretation may also apply to club, intramural, and inter-scholastic athletic programs” (Kwon). As previously stated, Title IX has made a huge impact on women's college sports; however, Title IX took that action a step further. Not only did women have a chance to be successful with their sport, but they also had the same right as men do to leisurely participate in athletic activities. NOW, also known as the National Organization for Women, stated that “athletic scholarships for women were virtually non-existent prior to Title IX, but by 2003, there was more than $1 million in scholarships for women at Division I schools”
  • 3. Graham 3 (“Education and Title IX”). Creating Title IX brought hope to women all across the United States by allowing them to participate and be successful in playing a sport that they loved. Allowing women to be eligible for scholarship money allowed many women to fulfill their dreams and ambitions. Along with the equal opportunities that women now enjoy, rules and regulations were set to hold schools responsible for following the basis of Title IX. After enacting Title IX, legislatures had to develop a way to hold schools accountable. To validate if a school’s athletic department was in compliance with gender equity laws, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, also known as the OCR, developed a three- prong approach (Holdsworth). This approach insured that schools follow the rules set forth by Title IX. If the schools did not meet at least one of the criteria, they were not in agreement with the stated law. The first prong stated that “to satisfy the first prong of the gender equity test, a school must show that the athletic participation rates by gender are within five percent of the enrollment rate for that gender” (Holdsworth). This means that schools must monitor whether or not the athletic participation was in sync with enrollment rates for a particular gender. If this was not in place, it would be difficult for girls to gain equal footing in an area such as athletics. In addition to the first prong, “schools may also be in compliance if they satisfy the second prong— providing evidence that the schools has a history and current practice of program expansion for girls” (Holdsworth). Schools must prove that they were doing everything in their power to insure that girls had the same privileges as the boys at that particular school. Also, because of this, girls were receiving more opportunities to explore their talents and pursue post secondary options. The third prong stated that “the school must demonstrate that it offers an athletic opportunity for girls if there is a sufficient interest and ability in a particular sport” (Holdsworth). This means that if there were more boys’ teams than girls’ teams at a school, and girls would like to create
  • 4. Graham 4 another sports team, then the school must be willing to accept their request. Therefore, schools should show just as much respect to the girls and their wishes as they would the wishes of the boys. However, enforcing all of these rules for women and their equality has brought much controversy into society. Despite the many successes of Title IX, standing up for women's rights and equal opportunities has brought forth many problems over the years. It was obvious that Title IX “has played an important but controversial role in expanding athletic opportunities for women and girls” (Kwon). Throughout history, men have felt superior to women. In more recent times, men felt that women could not be successful in athletics, and they have not understood why women were given equal opportunities to play competitively. People have argued that the three-part test for assessing Title IX compliance has created intense disagreement about the intent and purpose of Title IX, and that it presented limitations that discriminate against males and cause budget deficits for male athletics (Kwon). Men have strongly expressed that they did not agree with Title IX and its regulations because Title IX negatively impacted men and their sports programs. However, men might be letting their outrage get in the way of their rational thinking, and if they could step back and look at the big picture, they could realize that they were not being penalized by Title IX's rules and regulations; women were only being brought to the same level as men. Other people argued that “since females are inherently less interested in playing sports than males, the test embodies a misinterpretation of Title IX” (Kwon). In reality, most people did not take women's sports as seriously as they did men's. Therefore, people felt that women should not have the same privileges and opportunities that men did in athletics. Even after thirty years, Title IX stirred up quarrels and legal wrangling, and USA Wrestling’s Garry Abbott expressed that “it’s the slaughter season” during the spring (Maher). Once springtime came around, it was time
  • 5. Graham 5 to hand out new scholarships, and since women had to have their fair share, men complained that their programs were suffering. With an uproar of bickering and complaining, many feuds were present between many coaches and players for both men and women athletics because of their feelings against Title IX. Crawford, a track coach for men’s and women’s track at California Polytechnic State University, stated that “Title IX has pitted men and women against one another and has created hard feelings among sports people; with Title IX, they righted a wrong with another wrong” (Maher). Title IX was created in order to improve women's sports programs and had no intentions of penalizing men and their athletics. However, men saw this law as a negative impact on society and believed that what was meant to benefit females had turned into men's misfortune. Another controversial concern was the inequities in salaries for coaches of women’s teams comparable to the coaches of men’s teams (Claussen). Allowing women's sports to continually grow meant more coaches and more money to be divided. This caused many problems because coaches expected to be paid the same as any other coach for any sport. Joplin expressed that despite the gains in access to athletic participation for girls and women, athletic equity was not a reality; “for every $1 spent on women’s college sports, $3 is spent on men’s” (Joplin). This proved that even with Title IX, women sports were still not accepted as equal. Although women had the chance to succesfully acheieve their dreams, men still absorbed the majority of the fans’ attention. In the end, men still had the advantage and dominated in athletics. Without Edith Green’s apprehension of the unfairness presented in athletics between men and women, women would not be in the position that they were in today. With all of the rules and regulations that Title IX presented, there was much controversy between women and men, coaches and players, and it relayed many problems in the athletic world. Nevertheless, without
  • 6. Graham 6 the acknowledgement of Title IX, women would not be represented fairly in sports at any intercollegiate or collegiate level. Works Cited
  • 7. Graham 7 “About Title IX.” Gender Equity in Sports . N.p., 23 Feb. 2006. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. <http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/‌ge/‌aboutRE.html>. Claussen, Cathryn L. “Title IX Has Improved Sports Programs.” Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Gale Cengage Learning, 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://ic.galegroup.com/‌ic/‌ovic/‌ViewpointsDetailsPage/‌ViewpointsDetailsWindow? displayGroupName=Viewpoints&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=OVIC&action=e& windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010691221&mode=view>. Comstock, Joni. “Statements from NCAA Officials Regarding Department of Education Title IX Announcement .” National Collegiate Athletic Association. N.p., 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ncaa.org/‌wps/‌portal/‌ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/‌ncaa/‌ NCAA/‌Media+and+Events/‌Press+Room/‌News+Release+Archive/‌2010/‌Official+Stateme nts/‌20100420+Title+IX+Statement>. “Education and Title IX.” National Organization for Women . N.p., 1995-2011. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://www.now.org/‌issues/‌title_ix/‌index.html>. “Gender Bias.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Cenage Learning, 2001. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/‌ps/‌i.do?id=GALE %7CCX3406000278&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>. “Gender Prejudice.” Global Issues in Context. Gale Cenage Learning, 2007. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://find.galegroup.com/‌gic/‌infomark.do? &contentSet=EBKS&idigest=b527955b5caccdb4b4a2d40e86fe061a&type=retrieve&tabI D=T001&prodId=GIC&docId=CX2831400017&source=gale&userGroupName=cant480 40&version=1.0>.
  • 8. Graham 8 Holdsworth, Janet M. “Title IX.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Cenage Learning , 2003. Web. 17 Nov. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/‌ps/‌i.do?id=GALE %7CCX3403200627&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>. Joplin, Linda. “Twenty-Five Years After Title IX: Women Gain in Steps, Not Leaps.” National Organization for Women . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://www.now.org/‌nnt/‌05-97/‌ titleix.html>. Kwon, Andrea. “Title IX and Girls’ Sports.” Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale Cenage Learning, 2006. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://go.galegroup.com/‌ps/‌i.do?id=GALE %7CCX3402800413&v=2.1&u=cant48040&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w>. Maher, John. “Title IX controversy; On law’s 30-year anniversary, men’s and women’s sports are still competing.” Global Issues in Context. Gale Cenage Learning, 24 June 2002. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. <http://find.galegroup.com/‌gic/‌infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC- Documents&idigest=b527955b5caccdb4b4a2d40e86fe061a&type=retrieve&tabID=T004 &prodId=GIC&docId=CJ87743649&source=gale&userGroupName=cant48040&version =1.0>. “Title IX.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition, 2011. Web. 14 Oct. 2011. <http://www.school.eb.com/‌eb/‌article-9125072>.