The document discusses water management in aquaculture and shrimp farming. It emphasizes the importance of understanding water quality, constructing ponds properly, maintaining good biological control, and using an integrated approach to disinfectants and water treatment. Failure to address these issues adequately can compromise health and growth of shrimp stocks, while proper management techniques can significantly increase profits.

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BREAKING THE CHAIN
A Talk on
Water Management
in Aquaculture
by

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AQUACULUTRE
The most important raw
material in shrimp farming
WATER

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WATER
 Not all water is the same
 Water contains a completely
independent ecological structure
 The organisms in water have survived
and adapted over millions of years
 To use water effectively you first have
to understand it

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WATER QUALITY
 Greater the stocking rate,
more problems there will be
in maintaining water quality
 If you introduce a complete water
management program, do not
calculate the cost of maintaining
water quality – calculate the
additional profits

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POND CONSTRUCTION
Pumping system
Storage Reservation
Inlet and outlet gates
Pond liners

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HOW MUCH WATER
IS AVAILABLE?
Without adequate availability
of good quality water, you will
not succeed

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SHRIMP
PRODUCTION
Shrimp production is
a key factor in Asian’s
economy
Potential exists for
further expansion
Much production has
been achieved at a cost
to the environment

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FUTURE EXPANSION
This must come from
Utilization of existing farms
Rehabilitating empty farms

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QUALITY CONTROL
Good quality – disease free stock
Quality disease free food
Vermin control
Biosecurity measures

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BIOSECURITY CONTROL
Restricted entry people/vehicles
Clean equipment
Clean boots/clothes
Clean hands

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BIOSECURITY CONTROL
Disease free water
Ammonia free
Controlled algae
Limited sedimentation

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DISINFECTANTS SHOULD
Control relevant disease organisms
Be non-toxic
Not be combined with other components to
form toxic by-products
Be effective in all conditions
Be effective al low concentrations
Be effective with short contact time
Not allow development of resistant strains

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DISEASE ORGANISMS
Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
Protozoal

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DISINFECTANTS
Not all disinfectants are effective against all
pathogens
If pathogens are not completely destroyed
then resistant strains will develop
Some products which are effective against
gram negative bacteria will be less effective
or ineffective against gram positive bacteria

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EXAMPLES OF COMMONLY
USED DISINFECTANTS
Quaternary
Formalin
Iodine
Chlorine Types

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QUATERNARY
 Effective against gram positive
 Only moderately effective against gram
negative
 Limited effectiveness against virtues and
fungi

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IODINE
 Acts by reaction with nucleic acid of acid
contents
 Good disinfectants in pH range 2-4
 Effectiveness reduced in presence of
organic material
 Effective against fungi, but only some
viruses

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FORMALIN
 High dose required
 Short active life
 Suffers from rapid development
of resistant strains

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CHLORINE
 Extensively used
 Cheap to buy
 Very High dose rates
 Many environmental problems
 Chlorine requires acidic conditions –
pH 4-7
 Combines with organic materials to
form carcinogenic by-products
 Combines rapidly with ammonia (10:1)
to form toxic by-products

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH CHLORINE USE
• Use frowned upon because of formation of
carcinogenic by-products
• Compounds such as chlorinated phenols are more
toxic than the original phenol
• Chlorinated by-products are difficult to break up
• By-product levels will continue to build up in
recirculation water
• Very low levels of chlorine or chlorinated by-products
are toxic to shrimps

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GOOD DISINFECTANTS
 Destroy all pathogens so
resistant strains do not
emerge
 Will be effective at low
concentrations and act in a
short contact time
 Are non-toxic
 By-products will react in a
wide variety of conditions

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SUITABLE BIOCIDES
 Biocides which will suit requirements
are powerful oxidizing agents
 Destroy pathogens by reaction with
nucleic acid
 Low dose rate short contact time
 Non-toxic and do not produce toxic by-
products

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 Initial by-product had high toxicity
threshold for shrimps
 Ultimately product breaks down to salt
 Can be used in either activated or
stabilized from
 Low dose rate for cost effective use

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APPLICATIONS OF BIOCIEDS
To be effective, biocides need to be evenly distributed
throughout the pond
If concentrated disinfectants are poured into ponds
from 5 liter drums you can destroy the
balance of the pond
You may also kill some shrimp
by overdosing or causing a
sudden change in pH

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BIOCIEDS
Biocides can only be effective when
they come into contact with the
pathogens
If they meet up with other organisms
they will be exhausted before they
can attack their No.1 target

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BIOLOGICALS
Controls Ammonium and
Hydrogen Sulphide
Breakdown organic materials
and reduce pond wastes
Control algae growth

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BIOLOGICALS ARE
SUSEPTABLE TO:
 Disinfectants (biocides)
 Varying conditions (pH + acid)
 Salinity levels
Not all biological products are identical

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AMMONIA
Ammonia can be more lethal than
disease to shrimps
If the disinfectants used destroy the
ammonia controlling biologicals,
you may do more damage than good

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BIOLOGICALS HAVE
TWO FUNCTIONS:
 Break down organic matter at the
bottom of the pond – (faecal
matter – unused feed – shrimp
carcasses)
 Control surface algae

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BIO SOLUTIONS
 One blend to work deep down in the pond
 Recently introduced surface mats which
will absorb and digest algae
 These mats can be added or removed
according to need
BEST RESULTS ARE ACHIEVED BY USING
PRODUCTS FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE:

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EFFECTIVE BIOLOGOCAL CONTROL:
Eliminates
ammonia and H2s
Reduces waste
products at bottom
of pond making
clean out easier
Controls algae and
improves water
cleaning

35. TOP-UP WATER
Best pond management will be destroyed if top-
up water is contaminated. Water from storage
biological population
Untreated natural (swamp) water may introduce
totally new viruses or bacteria
Clean and disinfect water before adding to pond
Treatment of water prior to use in ponds
critically important

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WATER MANAGEMENT
WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR
FRESH NATURAL WATER
AND RECYCLED WATER?
 Cleaning to remove sediment
and algae residue
 Disinfections – possibly now –
chemicals
 Balancing, if required (salinity
and pH etc.)

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WATER RECYCLING
THERE ARE MANY SYSTEMS USED
TO RECYCLE WATER:
Most have high capital cost
involving skilled labor of fixed
equipment
WHAT’S NEEDED IS:
A relatively low cost, easy to
operate, transportable equipment

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TRIOZON f
To develop new methods to clean water in:
 Aquaculture
 Domestic grey water
 Industrial effluents
 Pharma / Food process CIP

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SUMMARY
POND MANAGEMET IS A COMBINATION OF :
 Good design
 Reliable equipment
 A comprehensive “package” approach to use
of disinfectants and biologicals
 Good water treatment practice
 Preparation of the pond before stocking

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SUMMARY
DO NOT ASK THE QUESTION
“How much does it cost?”
ASK THE QUESTION
“How much extra profit can we make?”

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REMEMBER!
 You are producing a product for the
World market
 You must take note of World
environmental issues
 There is great concern about the use
of antibiotics and carcinogen
chemicals as chlorine
 If you ignore these issues you will
destroy your industry

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COMMON SENSE
 Farmers growing potatoes of rice
have to understand their soil, their
seed and their fertilizer.
 Pig or poultry farmers must know
about their stock, their feed and
stock management.
 Shrimp farmers must understand
water, pond construction and
disease control.

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FOOD FOR THOUGHT
“Have I really had many years of
experience
Or have I just one year experience,
many times”

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TRIOZON f
Thank you: