3. Conjunctions are used to join or link words, phrases and
clauses.
For examples:
-The child ate a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
-Amer likes football but Sheela likes dancing.
-Do you like a cup of coffee or tea?
4. There are three types of CONJUNCTIONS:
1. Co-ordinating conjunctions
2. Subordinating conjunctions
3. Correlative conjunctions
5.
6. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Co-ordinating conjunctions are used to join individual
words, phrases and clauses..
There are 7 co-ordinating conjunctions that we usually
use in our everyday live such as…
And
But
Or
Nor
For
So
Yet
7. Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Coordinate conjunctions are used to join
two similar grammatical constructions, for
instance, two words, two phrases or two
clauses.
*Examples :
My friend and I will attend the meeting.
Kuching is famous for the beauty of its
landscape and the hospitality of its people.
The sun rose and the birds began to sing.
8. In these examples, the coordinate
conjunction and is used to join the two
words friend and I,
the two phrases the beauty of its
landscape and the hospitality of its people, and
the two clauses the sun rose and the birds
began to sing.
9. The most commonly used coordinate
conjunctions are and, but and or.
In addition, the words nor and yet may be
used as coordinate conjunctions.
In the following table, each coordinate
conjunction is followed by its meaning
and an example of its use.
10. Meaning and Examples
She
and: in addition
tried and succeeded.
They tried but did
but: however
not succeed.
Did you go
or: alternatively
out or stay at home?
I did not see
nor: and neither
it, nor did they.
The sun is
yet: however warm, yet the air is
cool.
11. As illustrated above, when a coordinate conjunction
joins two verbs which have the same subject, the
subject need not be repeated.
For instance, in the example she tried and
succeeded, the pronoun she acts as the subject for
both the verb tried and the verb succeeded.
It should also be noted that when a coordinate
conjunction joins two verbs which do not have the
same subject, the two coordinate clauses may be
separated by a comma or semicolon, in order to
make the meaning clear.
12.
13.
14. Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinate clauses may begin with relative
pronouns such as. . .
*that, what, whatever, which, who and whom.
As well as with words such as. . .
*how, when, where, wherever and why.
In the following examples, the subordinate
clauses are underlined.
E.G :
1. The house, which stood on a hill, could
be seen for miles.
2. I wonder how he did that.
15. Subordinate clauses may also begin with words
which are commonly referred to as subordinate
conjunctions.
In the following examples, the subordinate
conjunctions are printed in bold type.
E.G :
It was cold, I wore my winter coat.
Let us wait until the rain stops.
16. Examples of Subordinate Conjunctions used in sentence.
As
1. because: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. when: We watched as the plane took off.
After
1. later in time: After the train left, we went home.
Although or though
1. in spite of the fact that: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel
tired.
Before
1. earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open.
Because
1. for the reason that: We had to wait, because we arrived early.
For
1. for, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
19. The most commonly used correlative conjunctions
are both ... and, either ... or and neither ... nor. In the
table below, each pair of correlative conjunctions is
accompanied by an example of its use.
He is both intelligent and
1. both ... and
good-natured.
I will either go for a
2. either ... or
walk or read a book.
He
3. neither ... nor
is neither rich nor famous.
21. Fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions
chosen from the pairs given in brackets.
1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)
2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she
upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside.
(or, yet)
4. Do you know his address _________ telephone
number? (but, or)
22. 5. He has not arrived
yet, _________ have they.
(and, nor)
6. I read the book, _________
did not understand it. (but, or)
7. We searched
diligently, ________ found
nothing. (or, yet)
8. I invited him _________ his
friends. (and, but)
