1. Global Warming
Will Human-Induced Climate
Change Destroy the World?
By Rich Deem
www.GodAndScience.org
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4. Introduction
• Is the world getting warmer?
• If so, are the actions of mankind to
blame for earth’s temperature
increases?
5. Introduction
• Is the world getting warmer?
• If so, are the actions of mankind to
blame for earth’s temperature
increases?
• What can/should be done about these
issues?
6. Introduction
• Is the world getting warmer?
• If so, are the actions of mankind to
blame for earth’s temperature
increases?
• What can/should be done about these
issues?
• Are the potential resolutions worth the
cost to implement them?
9. History of Earth’s Climate
• Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago
• Originally very hot
10. History of Earth’s Climate
• Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago
• Originally very hot
• Sun’s energy output only 70% of
present
11. History of Earth’s Climate
• Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago
• Originally very hot
• Sun’s energy output only 70% of
present
• Liquid water present ~4.3 billion years
ago (zircon dating)
12. History of Earth’s Climate
• Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago
• Originally very hot
• Sun’s energy output only 70% of
present
• Liquid water present ~4.3 billion years
ago (zircon dating)
• Much of earth’s early history erased
during late heavy bombardment (~3.9
billion years ago)
15. History of Earth’s Climate
• Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago
• Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion
years ago
16. History of Earth’s Climate
• Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago
• Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion
years ago
Produced oxygen and removed carbon
dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases)
17. History of Earth’s Climate
• Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago
• Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion
years ago
Produced oxygen and removed carbon
dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases)
Earth went through periods of cooling
(“Snowball Earth”) and warming
18. History of Earth’s Climate
• Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago
• Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion
years ago
Produced oxygen and removed carbon
dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases)
Earth went through periods of cooling
(“Snowball Earth”) and warming
• Earth began cycles of glacial and
interglacial periods ~3 million years
ago
63. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in
China and developing countries
64. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in
China and developing countries
• Likely to double within 150 years:
65. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in
China and developing countries
• Likely to double within 150 years:
Increased coal usage
66. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in
China and developing countries
• Likely to double within 150 years:
Increased coal usage
Increased natural gas usage
67. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels
• Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in
China and developing countries
• Likely to double within 150 years:
Increased coal usage
Increased natural gas usage
Decreased petroleum usage (increased
cost and decreasing supply)
71. Kyoto Protocol
• Adopted in 1997
• Cut CO2 emissions by 5% from 1990
levels for 2008-2012
• Symbolic only, since cuts will not
significantly impact global warming
91. Past Temperatures Measurement
• Proxy – a method that approximates a
particular measurement (e.g.,
temperature)
Tree rings
92. Past Temperatures Measurement
• Proxy – a method that approximates a
particular measurement (e.g.,
temperature)
Tree rings
Ice cores
93. Past Temperatures Measurement
• Proxy – a method that approximates a
particular measurement (e.g.,
temperature)
Tree rings
Ice cores
Pollen records
94. Past Temperatures Measurement
• Proxy – a method that approximates a
particular measurement (e.g.,
temperature)
Tree rings
Ice cores
Pollen records
Plant macrofossils
95. Past Temperatures Measurement
• Proxy – a method that approximates a
particular measurement (e.g.,
temperature)
Tree rings
Ice cores
Pollen records
Plant macrofossils
Sr/Ca isotope data
96. Past Temperatures Measurement
• Proxy – a method that approximates a
particular measurement (e.g.,
temperature)
Tree rings
Ice cores
Pollen records
Plant macrofossils
Sr/Ca isotope data
Oxygen isotopes from speleothem calcite
(stalactites and stalagmites)
99. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
100. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
• Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years
101. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
• Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years
• Affect mostly Northeastern U.S. and North
Atlantic
102. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
• Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years
• Affect mostly Northeastern U.S. and North
Atlantic
• Mostly due to changes in thermohaline
circulation →
103. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
• Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years
• Affect mostly Northeastern U.S. and North
Atlantic
• Mostly due to changes in thermohaline
circulation →
104. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
• Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years
• Affect mostly Northeastern U.S. and North
Atlantic
• Mostly due to changes in thermohaline
circulation →
105. Temperature History of the Earth
• Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler
• Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C
warmer than today
• Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years
• Affect mostly Northeastern U.S. and North
Atlantic
• Mostly due to changes in thermohaline
circulation →
• Dramatic shutdown of thermohaline
circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a
large lake in Canada flooded the North
Atlantic
111. Temperature History of the Earth
• For the past 3 million years, the earth
has been experiencing ~100,000 year
long cycles of glaciation followed by
~10,000 year long interglacial periods
112. Temperature History of the Earth
• For the past 3 million years, the earth
has been experiencing ~100,000 year
long cycles of glaciation followed by
~10,000 year long interglacial periods
• These climate periods are largely the
result of cycles in the earth’s orbit –
precession, obliquity, and eccentricity
136. Temperature History of the Earth
• For the past 3 million years, the earth
has been experiencing ~100,000 year
long cycles of glaciation followed by
~10,000 year long interglacial periods
137. Temperature History of the Earth
• For the past 3 million years, the earth
has been experiencing ~100,000 year
long cycles of glaciation followed by
~10,000 year long interglacial periods
• Last ice age began to thaw 15,000 years
ago, but was interrupted by the
“Younger Dryas” event 12,900 years
ago
153. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
154. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
20°C higher at high latitudes
155. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
20°C higher at high latitudes
1°C higher at the Equator
156. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
20°C higher at high latitudes
1°C higher at the Equator
• Sea levels were 100 ft higher
157. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
20°C higher at high latitudes
1°C higher at the Equator
• Sea levels were 100 ft higher
• Causes
158. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
20°C higher at high latitudes
1°C higher at the Equator
• Sea levels were 100 ft higher
• Causes
CO2 levels that were 100 ppm higher
159. Temperature History of the Earth
Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya)
• Temperatures: 2°C higher than today.
20°C higher at high latitudes
1°C higher at the Equator
• Sea levels were 100 ft higher
• Causes
CO2 levels that were 100 ppm higher
Increased thermohaline circulation
162. Temperature History of the Earth
Eocene (41 million years ago)
• Opening of the Drake Passage
(between South America and
Antarctica).
163. Temperature History of the Earth
Eocene (41 million years ago)
• Opening of the Drake Passage
(between South America and
Antarctica).
• Increased ocean current exchange
164. Temperature History of the Earth
Eocene (41 million years ago)
• Opening of the Drake Passage
(between South America and
Antarctica).
• Increased ocean current exchange
Strong global cooling
165. Temperature History of the Earth
Eocene (41 million years ago)
• Opening of the Drake Passage
(between South America and
Antarctica).
• Increased ocean current exchange
Strong global cooling
First permanent glaciation of Antarctica
~34 million years ago
168. Temperature History of the Earth
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (55 mya)
• Sea surface temperatures rose 5-8°C
169. Temperature History of the Earth
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (55 mya)
• Sea surface temperatures rose 5-8°C
• Causes
170. Temperature History of the Earth
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (55 mya)
• Sea surface temperatures rose 5-8°C
• Causes
Increased volcanism
171. Temperature History of the Earth
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (55 mya)
• Sea surface temperatures rose 5-8°C
• Causes
Increased volcanism
Rapid release of methane from the oceans
175. Temperature History of the Earth
Mid-Cretaceous (120-90 mya)
• Much warmer
• Breadfruit trees grew in Greenland
176. Temperature History of the Earth
Mid-Cretaceous (120-90 mya)
• Much warmer
• Breadfruit trees grew in Greenland
• Causes
177. Temperature History of the Earth
Mid-Cretaceous (120-90 mya)
• Much warmer
• Breadfruit trees grew in Greenland
• Causes
Different ocean currents (continental
arrangement)
178. Temperature History of the Earth
Mid-Cretaceous (120-90 mya)
• Much warmer
• Breadfruit trees grew in Greenland
• Causes
Different ocean currents (continental
arrangement)
higher CO2 levels (at least 2 to 4 times
higher than today, up to 1200 ppm)
179. A Compilation of Phanerozoic
Atmospheric CO2 Records
6000
5000
Concentration (ppmV)
Atmospheric CO2
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
30
Continental Glaciation
(Paleolatitude)
60
S D Carb P Tr J K Pg Ng
90
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
400 300 200 100 0
Breecker D O et al. PNAS 2010;107:576-580
182. “Hockey Stick” Controversy
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
Direct temperature measurements
0.4 Mann et al. 1999
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
183. “Hockey Stick” Controversy
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
Direct temperature measurements
0.4 Mann et al. 1999
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
184. “Hockey Stick” Controversy
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
Direct temperature measurements
0.4 Mann et al. 1999
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
185. “Hockey Stick” Controversy
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
Direct temperature measurements
0.4 Mann et al. 1999
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
186. “Hockey Stick” Controversy
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
Direct temperature measurements
0.4 Mann et al. 1999
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
187. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
188. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
189. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
190. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
191. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
192. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
193. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
194. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
195. The Problem with Tree Rings
0.3 Jones et al. 1998
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2 Briffa et al. 1999
Mann et al. 1999
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
199. What Influences Tree Rings?
• Temperature
• Rainfall
• Carbon dioxide concentration
200. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
2
Temperature Change (°C)
Mann et al. 1999
Esper et al. 2002
1
0
-1
-2
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
201. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
2
Temperature Change (°C)
Mann et al. 1999
Esper et al. 2002
1
0
-1
-2
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
202. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
2
Temperature Change (°C)
Mann et al. 1999
Esper et al. 2002
1
0
-1
-2
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
203. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
0.4
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Mann et al. 1999
-0.8 Esper et al. 2002
-1.0 Moberg et al. 2005
Mann et al. 2008
-1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Year
204. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
0.4
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Mann et al. 1999
-0.8 Esper et al. 2002
-1.0 Moberg et al. 2005
Mann et al. 2008
-1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Year
205. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
0.4
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Mann et al. 1999
-0.8 Esper et al. 2002
-1.0 Moberg et al. 2005
Mann et al. 2008
-1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Year
206. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
0.4
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Mann et al. 1999
-0.8 Esper et al. 2002
-1.0 Moberg et al. 2005
Mann et al. 2008
-1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Year
207. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
0.4
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Mann et al. 1999
-0.8 Esper et al. 2002
-1.0 Moberg et al. 2005
Mann et al. 2008
-1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Year
208. Is the Hockey Stick Correct?
0.4
Medieval Warm Period
Temperature Change (°C)
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Mann et al. 1999
-0.8 Esper et al. 2002
-1.0 Moberg et al. 2005
Mann et al. 2008
-1.2
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Year
209. U.S. National Academy of
Sciences: June 2006
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
210. U.S. National Academy of
Sciences: June 2006
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
“high level of confidence”
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
211. U.S. National Academy of
Sciences: June 2006
0.6
Temperature Change (°C)
“2:1 chance of being right” “high level of confidence”
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Year
212. Atmospheric Temperatures
Troposphere Stratosphere
0.8 1.5
Temperature Cgange (°C)
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-0.6 -1.0
1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000
Year Year
213. Atmospheric Temperatures
Troposphere Stratosphere
0.8 1.5
Temperature Cgange (°C)
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-0.6 -1.0
1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000
Year Year
214. Atmospheric Temperatures
Troposphere Stratosphere
0.8 1.5
Temperature Cgange (°C)
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.0 0.0
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-0.6 -1.0
1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000
Year Year
215. CO2 Concentration Vs. Temperature
370
SST (°C) Tropical Pacific
CO2 (ppm) Antarctica
320 31
30
270 29
28
220 27
26
170 25
600000 400000 200000 0
Time (YBP)
216. CO2 Concentration Vs. Temperature
370
SST (°C) Tropical Pacific
CO2 (ppm) Antarctica
320 31
30
270 29
28
220 27
26
170 25
600000 400000 200000 0
Time (YBP)
217. CO2 Concentration Vs. Temperature
370
SST (°C) Tropical Pacific
CO2 (ppm) Antarctica
320 31
30
270 29
28
220 27
26
170 25
600000 400000 200000 0
Time (YBP)
220. Global Warming Primarily Impacts
the Northern Hemisphere
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
1.0
Temperature Change (°C)
Northern Hemisphere Land
0.8 Southern Hemisphere Ocean
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1920 1960 2000 1920 1960 2000
Year Year
221. Global Warming Primarily Impacts
the Northern Hemisphere
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
1.0
Temperature Change (°C)
Northern Hemisphere Land
0.8 Southern Hemisphere Ocean
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1920 1960 2000 1920 1960 2000
Year Year
222. Global Warming Primarily Impacts
the Northern Hemisphere
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
1.0
Temperature Change (°C)
Northern Hemisphere Land
0.8 Southern Hemisphere Ocean
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1920 1960 2000 1920 1960 2000
Year Year
223. Global Warming Primarily Impacts
the Northern Hemisphere
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
1.0
Temperature Change (°C)
Northern Hemisphere Land
0.8 Southern Hemisphere Ocean
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1920 1960 2000 1920 1960 2000
Year Year
224. Global Warming Primarily Impacts
the Northern Hemisphere
Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
1.0
Temperature Change (°C)
Northern Hemisphere Land
0.8 Southern Hemisphere Ocean
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1920 1960 2000 1920 1960 2000
Year Year
227. Ice Sheets Melting?
• GRACE (gravity measured by satellite)
found melting of Antarctica equivalent
to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/
century)
228. Ice Sheets Melting?
• GRACE (gravity measured by satellite)
found melting of Antarctica equivalent
to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/
century)
• Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar
altimetry)
229. Ice Sheets Melting?
• GRACE (gravity measured by satellite)
found melting of Antarctica equivalent
to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/
century)
• Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar
altimetry)
confirmed Antarctica melting
230. Ice Sheets Melting?
• GRACE (gravity measured by satellite)
found melting of Antarctica equivalent
to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/
century)
• Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar
altimetry)
confirmed Antarctica melting
Greenland ice melting on
exterior, accumulating inland
(higher precipitation)
231. Ice Sheets Melting?
• GRACE (gravity measured by satellite)
found melting of Antarctica equivalent
to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/
century)
• Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar
altimetry)
confirmed Antarctica melting
Greenland ice melting on
exterior, accumulating inland
(higher precipitation)
237. Rise in Sea Levels?
• Present rate is 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/
century)
238. Rise in Sea Levels?
• Present rate is 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/
century)
• Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 ± 0.006
mm/yr2
239. Rise in Sea Levels?
• Present rate is 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/
century)
• Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 ± 0.006
mm/yr2
• If acceleration continues, could result
in 12 in/century sea level rise
240. Rise in Sea Levels?
• Present rate is 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/
century)
• Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 ± 0.006
mm/yr2
• If acceleration continues, could result
in 12 in/century sea level rise
• Scenarios claiming 1 meter or more
rise are unrealistic
253. Increase in Hurricanes?
• Two studies showed the total number
of hurricanes has not changed
• However, the intensity of hurricanes
has increased (more category 4 and 5
hurricanes and cyclones)
254. Increase in Hurricanes?
• Two studies showed the total number
of hurricanes has not changed
• However, the intensity of hurricanes
has increased (more category 4 and 5
hurricanes and cyclones)
• Probably due to higher sea surface
temperatures (more energy)
255. Increase in Hurricanes?
• Two studies showed the total number
of hurricanes has not changed
• However, the intensity of hurricanes
has increased (more category 4 and 5
hurricanes and cyclones)
• Probably due to higher sea surface
temperatures (more energy)
• Difficult to know if this trend will
continue
256. Increase in Hurricanes?
15
Data Unreliable
SST/SPDI (meters3/sec2)
10
5
Scaled August-October
Sea-Surface Temperature
Adjusted Atlantic Storm
Power Dissipation Index
0
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
257. Increase in Hurricanes?
15
Data Unreliable
SST/SPDI (meters3/sec2)
10
5
Scaled August-October
Sea-Surface Temperature
Adjusted Atlantic Storm
Power Dissipation Index
0
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
258. Increase in Hurricanes?
15
Data Unreliable
SST/SPDI (meters3/sec2)
10
5
Scaled August-October
Sea-Surface Temperature
Adjusted Atlantic Storm
Power Dissipation Index
0
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
261. How Much Temperature
Increase?
• Some models propose up to 9°C
increase this century
262. How Much Temperature
Increase?
• Some models propose up to 9°C
increase this century
• Two studies put the minimum at 1.5°C
and maximum at 4.5°C or 6.2°C
263. How Much Temperature
Increase?
• Some models propose up to 9°C
increase this century
• Two studies put the minimum at 1.5°C
and maximum at 4.5°C or 6.2°C
• Another study puts the minimum at
2.5°C
267. Wildlife Effects
• Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
268. Wildlife Effects
• Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
• Sea turtles
269. Wildlife Effects
• Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
• Sea turtles
Breed on the same islands as
their birth
270. Wildlife Effects
• Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
• Sea turtles
Breed on the same islands as
their birth
Could go extinct on some islands
as beaches are flooded
271. Wildlife Effects
• Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
• Sea turtles
Breed on the same islands as
their birth
Could go extinct on some islands
as beaches are flooded
• Other species may go extinct as rainfall
patterns change throughout the world
274. Effect on Humans
• Fewer deaths from cold, more from
heat
• Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic
275. Effect on Humans
• Fewer deaths from cold, more from
heat
• Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic
• CO2 fertilization effect
276. Effect on Humans
• Fewer deaths from cold, more from
heat
• Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic
• CO2 fertilization effect
• Precipitation changes
Droughts and famine (some areas)
Expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union
299. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
300. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
301. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
Wind
302. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
Wind
Geothermal
303. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
Wind
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
304. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
Wind
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
305. Mitigation of Global Warming
• Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
• Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
Wind
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Fusion?
306. Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
307. Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations
1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
1
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
308. Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations
1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
2. CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery
1
2
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
309. Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations
1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
2. CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery
3. Deep saline formations – (a) offshore (b) onshore
1
3a
2
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
310. Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations
1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
2. CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery
3. Deep saline formations – (a) offshore (b) onshore
3b 1
3a
2
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
311. Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations
1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
2. CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery
3. Deep saline formations – (a) offshore (b) onshore
4. CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery
1 4
3b
3a
2
Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7
314. Global Warming Has Stopped?
0.8
Δ Mean Temperature (°C)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
315. Global Warming Has Stopped?
0.8
Δ Mean Temperature (°C)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
316. Global Warming Has Stopped?
0.8 1366.8
1366.6
Δ Mean Temperature (°C)
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)
0.6
1366.4
0.4 1366.2
1366.0
0.2 1365.8
1365.6
0.0
1365.4
-0.2 1365.2
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
317. Global Warming Has Stopped?
0.8 1366.8
1366.6
Δ Mean Temperature (°C)
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)
0.6
1366.4
0.4 1366.2
1366.0
0.2 1365.8
1365.6
0.0
1365.4
-0.2 1365.2
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
318. Global Warming Has Stopped?
0.8 1366.8
1366.6
Δ Mean Temperature (°C)
Solar Irradiance (W/m2)
0.6
1366.4
0.4 1366.2
1366.0
0.2 1365.8
1365.6
0.0
1365.4
-0.2 1365.2
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Editor's Notes
This slideshow present an overview of global warming issues, last updated 8/11/2006. A more detailed analysis of global warming issues is available at http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/global_warming.html, including a printable PDF version. 
In examining global warming, we will be looking at questions such as 
Is the world getting warmer? 
If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? 
What can or should be done about global warming? 
Are the potential resolutions to global warming worth the cost to implement them? 
In examining global warming, we will be looking at questions such as 
Is the world getting warmer? 
If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? 
What can or should be done about global warming? 
Are the potential resolutions to global warming worth the cost to implement them? 
In examining global warming, we will be looking at questions such as 
Is the world getting warmer? 
If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? 
What can or should be done about global warming? 
Are the potential resolutions to global warming worth the cost to implement them? 
In examining global warming, we will be looking at questions such as 
Is the world getting warmer? 
If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? 
What can or should be done about global warming? 
Are the potential resolutions to global warming worth the cost to implement them? 
This is a big picture examination of the earth’s climate 
The Earth was formed around 4.6 billion years ago 
And was originally very hot 
However, the Sun’s energy output was only 70% of what it is presently 
Liquid water was present on the surface around 4.3 billion years ago, according to zircon dating 
However, much of earth’s early history was erased during late heavy bombardment, which took place around 3.9 billion years ago 
This is a big picture examination of the earth’s climate 
The Earth was formed around 4.6 billion years ago 
And was originally very hot 
However, the Sun’s energy output was only 70% of what it is presently 
Liquid water was present on the surface around 4.3 billion years ago, according to zircon dating 
However, much of earth’s early history was erased during late heavy bombardment, which took place around 3.9 billion years ago 
This is a big picture examination of the earth’s climate 
The Earth was formed around 4.6 billion years ago 
And was originally very hot 
However, the Sun’s energy output was only 70% of what it is presently 
Liquid water was present on the surface around 4.3 billion years ago, according to zircon dating 
However, much of earth’s early history was erased during late heavy bombardment, which took place around 3.9 billion years ago 
This is a big picture examination of the earth’s climate 
The Earth was formed around 4.6 billion years ago 
And was originally very hot 
However, the Sun’s energy output was only 70% of what it is presently 
Liquid water was present on the surface around 4.3 billion years ago, according to zircon dating 
However, much of earth’s early history was erased during late heavy bombardment, which took place around 3.9 billion years ago 
This is a big picture examination of the earth’s climate 
The Earth was formed around 4.6 billion years ago 
And was originally very hot 
However, the Sun’s energy output was only 70% of what it is presently 
Liquid water was present on the surface around 4.3 billion years ago, according to zircon dating 
However, much of earth’s early history was erased during late heavy bombardment, which took place around 3.9 billion years ago 
The first life forms appeared ~3.8 billion years ago 
Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago, 
which produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere 
As a result, the Earth went through periods of cooling, commonly referred to as “Snowball Earth” and subsequent warming 
Earth began its current cycles of glacial and interglacial periods around 3 million years ago 
The first life forms appeared ~3.8 billion years ago 
Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago, 
which produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere 
As a result, the Earth went through periods of cooling, commonly referred to as “Snowball Earth” and subsequent warming 
Earth began its current cycles of glacial and interglacial periods around 3 million years ago 
The first life forms appeared ~3.8 billion years ago 
Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago, 
which produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere 
As a result, the Earth went through periods of cooling, commonly referred to as “Snowball Earth” and subsequent warming 
Earth began its current cycles of glacial and interglacial periods around 3 million years ago 
The first life forms appeared ~3.8 billion years ago 
Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago, 
which produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere 
As a result, the Earth went through periods of cooling, commonly referred to as “Snowball Earth” and subsequent warming 
Earth began its current cycles of glacial and interglacial periods around 3 million years ago 
The first life forms appeared ~3.8 billion years ago 
Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago, 
which produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere 
As a result, the Earth went through periods of cooling, commonly referred to as “Snowball Earth” and subsequent warming 
Earth began its current cycles of glacial and interglacial periods around 3 million years ago 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
The temperature of the earth is directly related to the energy input from the Sun.  Some of the Sun’s energy is reflected by clouds.  Other is reflected by ice. The remainder is absorbed by the earth. 
 If amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth is equal to the amount radiated back into space, the earth remains at a constant temperature. 
 If amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth is equal to the amount radiated back into space, the earth remains at a constant temperature. 
 If amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth is equal to the amount radiated back into space, the earth remains at a constant temperature. 
 However, if the amount of solar energy is greater than the amount radiated, then the earth heats up. 
 However, if the amount of solar energy is greater than the amount radiated, then the earth heats up. 
 However, if the amount of solar energy is greater than the amount radiated, then the earth heats up. 
 However, if the amount of solar energy is greater than the amount radiated, then the earth heats up. 
 However, if the amount of solar energy is greater than the amount radiated, then the earth heats up. 
 If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down. 
 If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down. 
 If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down. 
 If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down. 
 If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down. 
 If the amount of solar energy is less than the amount radiated, then the earth cools down. 
To a certain degree, the earth acts like a greenhouse.  Energy from the Sun penetrates the glass of a greenhouse and warms the air and objects within the greenhouse. The same glass slows the heat from escaping, resulting in much higher temperatures within the greenhouse than outside it. 
To a certain degree, the earth acts like a greenhouse.  Energy from the Sun penetrates the glass of a greenhouse and warms the air and objects within the greenhouse. The same glass slows the heat from escaping, resulting in much higher temperatures within the greenhouse than outside it. 
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
Likewise, the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases affect the ability of the earth to radiate the Sun&#x2019;s energy back into space. &#xF038; Nitrogen, &#xF038; Oxygen and &#xF038; Argon &#xF038; make up >99% of the earth&#x2019;s atmospheric gases &#xF038; and are non-greenhouse gases. &#xF038; Water, &#xF038; Carbon Dioxide, &#xF038; and Methane &#xF038; make up <1% of the earth&#x2019;s atmosphere, &#xF038; but are greenhouse gases, since they cause the earth to retain heat. &#xF038;
A dramatic example of the Greenhouse effect can be seen with the planet Venus. Venus&#x2019;s atmosphere consists of &#xF038; 97% carbon dioxide and &#xF038; 3% nitrogen. In addition, the surface is covered by &#xF038; dense clouds of water and sulfuric acid. The combination of greenhouse gases results in a &#xF038; surface temperature of 860&#xB0;F &#x2013; even hotter than the planet Mercury, which is nearest the Sun. &#xF038;
A dramatic example of the Greenhouse effect can be seen with the planet Venus. Venus&#x2019;s atmosphere consists of &#xF038; 97% carbon dioxide and &#xF038; 3% nitrogen. In addition, the surface is covered by &#xF038; dense clouds of water and sulfuric acid. The combination of greenhouse gases results in a &#xF038; surface temperature of 860&#xB0;F &#x2013; even hotter than the planet Mercury, which is nearest the Sun. &#xF038;
A dramatic example of the Greenhouse effect can be seen with the planet Venus. Venus&#x2019;s atmosphere consists of &#xF038; 97% carbon dioxide and &#xF038; 3% nitrogen. In addition, the surface is covered by &#xF038; dense clouds of water and sulfuric acid. The combination of greenhouse gases results in a &#xF038; surface temperature of 860&#xB0;F &#x2013; even hotter than the planet Mercury, which is nearest the Sun. &#xF038;
A dramatic example of the Greenhouse effect can be seen with the planet Venus. Venus&#x2019;s atmosphere consists of &#xF038; 97% carbon dioxide and &#xF038; 3% nitrogen. In addition, the surface is covered by &#xF038; dense clouds of water and sulfuric acid. The combination of greenhouse gases results in a &#xF038; surface temperature of 860&#xB0;F &#x2013; even hotter than the planet Mercury, which is nearest the Sun. &#xF038;
A dramatic example of the Greenhouse effect can be seen with the planet Venus. Venus&#x2019;s atmosphere consists of &#xF038; 97% carbon dioxide and &#xF038; 3% nitrogen. In addition, the surface is covered by &#xF038; dense clouds of water and sulfuric acid. The combination of greenhouse gases results in a &#xF038; surface temperature of 860&#xB0;F &#x2013; even hotter than the planet Mercury, which is nearest the Sun. &#xF038;
&#xF038;
This graph shows the amount of &#xF038; carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the last 650,000 years, as determined through Antarctic ice cores. &#xF038; You will notice the &#xF038; large spike at the end of the graph, which can be seen in the &#xF038; inset as a dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 45 years. &#xF038;
This graph shows the amount of &#xF038; carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the last 650,000 years, as determined through Antarctic ice cores. &#xF038; You will notice the &#xF038; large spike at the end of the graph, which can be seen in the &#xF038; inset as a dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 45 years. &#xF038;
This graph shows the amount of &#xF038; carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the last 650,000 years, as determined through Antarctic ice cores. &#xF038; You will notice the &#xF038; large spike at the end of the graph, which can be seen in the &#xF038; inset as a dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 45 years. &#xF038;
This graph shows the amount of &#xF038; carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for the last 650,000 years, as determined through Antarctic ice cores. &#xF038; You will notice the &#xF038; large spike at the end of the graph, which can be seen in the &#xF038; inset as a dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 45 years. &#xF038;
This spike is due to the exponential increase in the use of fossil fuels over the last 150 years. Shown here are emissions of carbon from &#xF038; gas, &#xF038; solid, &#xF038; liquid fuels, and &#xF038; the total carbon emissions. &#xF038;
This spike is due to the exponential increase in the use of fossil fuels over the last 150 years. Shown here are emissions of carbon from &#xF038; gas, &#xF038; solid, &#xF038; liquid fuels, and &#xF038; the total carbon emissions. &#xF038;
This spike is due to the exponential increase in the use of fossil fuels over the last 150 years. Shown here are emissions of carbon from &#xF038; gas, &#xF038; solid, &#xF038; liquid fuels, and &#xF038; the total carbon emissions. &#xF038;
This spike is due to the exponential increase in the use of fossil fuels over the last 150 years. Shown here are emissions of carbon from &#xF038; gas, &#xF038; solid, &#xF038; liquid fuels, and &#xF038; the total carbon emissions. &#xF038;
Despite this rapid increase in &#xF038; carbon emissions, only about &#xF038; half the carbon can be detected in the atmosphere. The remainder of the carbon dioxide is being dissolved in the oceans or incorporated into trees. &#xF038;
Despite this rapid increase in &#xF038; carbon emissions, only about &#xF038; half the carbon can be detected in the atmosphere. The remainder of the carbon dioxide is being dissolved in the oceans or incorporated into trees. &#xF038;
Future Carbon Emissions &#xF038;
will probably increase, especially in China and developing countries &#xF038;
This will result in a likely doubling of carbon dioxide levels within 150 years, due to &#xF038;
Increased coal usage &#xF038;
And increased natural gas usage, &#xF038;
although petroleum usage is likely to decrease due to increased cost and decreasing supply &#xF038;
Future Carbon Emissions &#xF038;
will probably increase, especially in China and developing countries &#xF038;
This will result in a likely doubling of carbon dioxide levels within 150 years, due to &#xF038;
Increased coal usage &#xF038;
And increased natural gas usage, &#xF038;
although petroleum usage is likely to decrease due to increased cost and decreasing supply &#xF038;
Future Carbon Emissions &#xF038;
will probably increase, especially in China and developing countries &#xF038;
This will result in a likely doubling of carbon dioxide levels within 150 years, due to &#xF038;
Increased coal usage &#xF038;
And increased natural gas usage, &#xF038;
although petroleum usage is likely to decrease due to increased cost and decreasing supply &#xF038;
Future Carbon Emissions &#xF038;
will probably increase, especially in China and developing countries &#xF038;
This will result in a likely doubling of carbon dioxide levels within 150 years, due to &#xF038;
Increased coal usage &#xF038;
And increased natural gas usage, &#xF038;
although petroleum usage is likely to decrease due to increased cost and decreasing supply &#xF038;
Future Carbon Emissions &#xF038;
will probably increase, especially in China and developing countries &#xF038;
This will result in a likely doubling of carbon dioxide levels within 150 years, due to &#xF038;
Increased coal usage &#xF038;
And increased natural gas usage, &#xF038;
although petroleum usage is likely to decrease due to increased cost and decreasing supply &#xF038;
In an effort to reduce carbon emissions, the Kyoto protocol &#xF038;
was adopted in 1997. &#xF038;
It proposed to cut CO2 emissions by 5% from 1990 levels for period of 2008-2012 &#xF038;
However, such minor cuts would be symbolic only, since such cuts would not significantly impact global warming &#xF038;
In an effort to reduce carbon emissions, the Kyoto protocol &#xF038;
was adopted in 1997. &#xF038;
It proposed to cut CO2 emissions by 5% from 1990 levels for period of 2008-2012 &#xF038;
However, such minor cuts would be symbolic only, since such cuts would not significantly impact global warming &#xF038;
In an effort to reduce carbon emissions, the Kyoto protocol &#xF038;
was adopted in 1997. &#xF038;
It proposed to cut CO2 emissions by 5% from 1990 levels for period of 2008-2012 &#xF038;
However, such minor cuts would be symbolic only, since such cuts would not significantly impact global warming &#xF038;
&#xF038;
&#xF038; This is a graph of the change in worldwide temperatures over the last 130 years. Although the trend is decidedly upward, there are periods when temperatures are &#xF038; flat or &#xF038; even slightly decreasing and &#xF038; then flat again recently, suggesting that increasing temperatures may not be entirely due to increasing carbon dioxide levels. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is a graph of the change in worldwide temperatures over the last 130 years. Although the trend is decidedly upward, there are periods when temperatures are &#xF038; flat or &#xF038; even slightly decreasing and &#xF038; then flat again recently, suggesting that increasing temperatures may not be entirely due to increasing carbon dioxide levels. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is a graph of the change in worldwide temperatures over the last 130 years. Although the trend is decidedly upward, there are periods when temperatures are &#xF038; flat or &#xF038; even slightly decreasing and &#xF038; then flat again recently, suggesting that increasing temperatures may not be entirely due to increasing carbon dioxide levels. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is a graph of the change in worldwide temperatures over the last 130 years. Although the trend is decidedly upward, there are periods when temperatures are &#xF038; flat or &#xF038; even slightly decreasing and &#xF038; then flat again recently, suggesting that increasing temperatures may not be entirely due to increasing carbon dioxide levels. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is a graph of the change in worldwide temperatures over the last 130 years. Although the trend is decidedly upward, there are periods when temperatures are &#xF038; flat or &#xF038; even slightly decreasing and &#xF038; then flat again recently, suggesting that increasing temperatures may not be entirely due to increasing carbon dioxide levels. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
The previous graph does not tell the entire story, since temperature changes have not occurred to the same extent during different seasons. For example, in Los Angeles, &#xF038; temperatures have risen pretty dramatically over the last 130 years. However, &#xF038; summer temperatures have not risen as quickly. In fact, summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 1880&#x2019;s were about the same as summer temperatures &#xF038; in the 2000&#x2019;s. In contrast, &#xF038; winter temperatures have risen much more consistently and dramatically. Global warming models have predicted that warming will be greater during the winter than the summer. From a human perspective, one cannot say that higher temperatures during the winter are necessarily a bad thing. &#xF038;
This is a map of global temperature changes for the year 2009 compared to a base period of 1951-1980. The colors in the reds and oranges represent temperature increases, whereas areas colored with blue represent temperature decreases. As can be seen here there are few areas of temperature decreases, &#xF038; and nearly all of the dramatic temperature increases have occurred in the far northern latitudes. &#xF038;
This is a map of global temperature changes for the year 2009 compared to a base period of 1951-1980. The colors in the reds and oranges represent temperature increases, whereas areas colored with blue represent temperature decreases. As can be seen here there are few areas of temperature decreases, &#xF038; and nearly all of the dramatic temperature increases have occurred in the far northern latitudes. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now, we need to talk about proxies and how they are used in climate science. &#xF038; Past temperatures changes beyond 120 years ago are approximated through what are called proxies. Common proxies include &#xF038; tree rings, &#xF038; ice cores, &#xF038; pollen records, &#xF038; plant macrofossils, &#xF038; Sr/Ca isotope data, and &#xF038; oxygen isotopes from stalactites and stalagmites. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
Now let&#x2019;s examine the temperature history of the earth based upon these proxies. &#xF038; Most recently, the earth was up to 1&#xB0; C cooler than today, during what has been called the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. Preceding this period was the &#x201C;Medieval warm period&#x201D; during which time temperatures were up to 1&#xB0; C warmer than today. &#xF038; These periods of modest temperature changes occur at ~1,500 year intervals, &#xF038; affecting mostly Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. &#xF038; These temperature changes are largely the result of changes in what is called the thermohaline circulation. &#xF038; In this model, cold water in the North Atlantic sinks and flows south through deep currents. &#xF038; Warm water from the south flows north, moderating the climate of Europe and Eastern North America. &#xF038; A dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic, resulting in much cooler temperatures in Europe. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
In fact, ocean currents are extremely important in determining the climate of the world&#x2019;s continents. &#xF038; This model shows the major ocean currents, with orange representing warm surface currents and blue representing cold deep currents. &#xF038; The light circles represent areas where heat is release into the atmosphere. &#xF038;
&#xF038;
For the past 3 million years, the earth has been experiencing ~100,000 year long cycles of glaciation followed by ~10,000 year long interglacial periods &#xF038;
These climate periods are largely the result of cycles in the earth&#x2019;s orbit &#x2013; precession, obliquity, and eccentricity &#xF038;
&#xF038;
For the past 3 million years, the earth has been experiencing ~100,000 year long cycles of glaciation followed by ~10,000 year long interglacial periods &#xF038;
These climate periods are largely the result of cycles in the earth&#x2019;s orbit &#x2013; precession, obliquity, and eccentricity &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Precession is the wobble of the earth&#x2019;s tilt in relation to the seasons. &#xF038; Right now, the earth is farthest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and nearest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. However, in another 20,000 years, the earth will be reversed with the &#xF038; earth closest to the Sun during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s summer and farthest during northern hemisphere&#x2019;s winter. &#xF038;
The second orbital parameter is obliquity or tilt. The earth&#x2019;s tilt goes from a &#xF038; minimum of 22.5&#xB0; to a &#xF038; maximum of 24.5&#xB0;. The current tilt is 23.5&#xB0;. &#xF038;
The second orbital parameter is obliquity or tilt. The earth&#x2019;s tilt goes from a &#xF038; minimum of 22.5&#xB0; to a &#xF038; maximum of 24.5&#xB0;. The current tilt is 23.5&#xB0;. &#xF038;
The second orbital parameter is obliquity or tilt. The earth&#x2019;s tilt goes from a &#xF038; minimum of 22.5&#xB0; to a &#xF038; maximum of 24.5&#xB0;. The current tilt is 23.5&#xB0;. &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
The third orbital parameter is eccentricity, which is a measure of the elliptical nature of the earth&#x2019;s orbit. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity is 0.061 and &#xF038; the minimum eccentricity is 0.005. You should note that these drawings are not to scale. &#xF038; The maximum eccentricity of the earth&#x2019;s orbit drawn to scale looks like this! &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
So how do these orbital variations play out over time? &#xF038; Precession cycles over a period of ~22 ky. &#xF038; Obliquity cycles every 41 ky. And &#xF038; eccentricity cycles every 100 ky. &#xF038; The bottom curve represents the earth&#x2019;s temperature over this same period of time. As can be seen, the cycles of glaciation closely match the earth&#x2019;s cycles of eccentricity. &#xF038;
The last ice age began to thaw 15,000 years ago, but was interrupted by the &#x201C;Younger Dryas&#x201D; event 12,900 years ago. &#xF038;
The last ice age began to thaw 15,000 years ago, but was interrupted by the &#x201C;Younger Dryas&#x201D; event 12,900 years ago. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This graph shows temperatures and snow accumulation in Greenland for the last 20 ky. &#xF038; The last ice age began to thaw &#xF038; 15 kya, but was interrupted by a &#xF038; period of cooling, leading to the &#xF038; Younger Dryas Event. &#xF038; At 12,900 ya there was a period of rapid warming leading into our current interglacial period. &#xF038; This period has been characterized by ~1,500 year periods of warming and cooling, with the &#xF038; last warm period being known as the Medieval warm period and the &#xF038; last cool period being known as the &#x201C;Little Ice Age&#x201D;. &#xF038;
The Younger Dryas event was not restricted to &#xF038; Greenland, but can also be seen in proxy records from &#xF038; China, shown here in blue. This data shows that it was a worldwide phenomenon. &#xF038;
The Younger Dryas event was not restricted to &#xF038; Greenland, but can also be seen in proxy records from &#xF038; China, shown here in blue. This data shows that it was a worldwide phenomenon. &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
&#xF038;During the
Middle Pliocene (from 3.15 to 2.85 million ya) &#xF038;
temperatures were an average of 2&#xB0;C higher than today, &#xF038;
but up to 20&#xB0;C higher at high latitudes, &#xF038;
and only 1&#xB0;C higher at the Equator. &#xF038;
In addition, sea levels were 100 ft higher. &#xF038;
The warmer climate of this era most likely resulted from &#xF038;
carbon dioxide levels that were 100 ppm higher than today, &#xF038;
and increased thermohaline circulation &#xF038;
Cooler temperatures were present during the &#xF038;
Eocene period (about 41 million years ago) &#xF038;
The opening of the Drake Passage (between South America and Antarctica) &#xF038;
Led to in increased ocean current exchange &#xF038;
Resulting in strong global cooling &#xF038;
And the first permanent glaciation of Antarctica ~34 million years ago &#xF038;
Cooler temperatures were present during the &#xF038;
Eocene period (about 41 million years ago) &#xF038;
The opening of the Drake Passage (between South America and Antarctica) &#xF038;
Led to in increased ocean current exchange &#xF038;
Resulting in strong global cooling &#xF038;
And the first permanent glaciation of Antarctica ~34 million years ago &#xF038;
Cooler temperatures were present during the &#xF038;
Eocene period (about 41 million years ago) &#xF038;
The opening of the Drake Passage (between South America and Antarctica) &#xF038;
Led to in increased ocean current exchange &#xF038;
Resulting in strong global cooling &#xF038;
And the first permanent glaciation of Antarctica ~34 million years ago &#xF038;
Cooler temperatures were present during the &#xF038;
Eocene period (about 41 million years ago) &#xF038;
The opening of the Drake Passage (between South America and Antarctica) &#xF038;
Led to in increased ocean current exchange &#xF038;
Resulting in strong global cooling &#xF038;
And the first permanent glaciation of Antarctica ~34 million years ago &#xF038;
Cooler temperatures were present during the &#xF038;
Eocene period (about 41 million years ago) &#xF038;
The opening of the Drake Passage (between South America and Antarctica) &#xF038;
Led to in increased ocean current exchange &#xF038;
Resulting in strong global cooling &#xF038;
And the first permanent glaciation of Antarctica ~34 million years ago &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (about 55 mya), &#xF038;
sea surface temperatures rose between 5 and 8&#xB0;C. &#xF038;
This warming was probably caused by &#xF038;
increased volcanism &#xF038;
and a rapid release of methane from the oceans &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (about 55 mya), &#xF038;
sea surface temperatures rose between 5 and 8&#xB0;C. &#xF038;
This warming was probably caused by &#xF038;
increased volcanism &#xF038;
and a rapid release of methane from the oceans &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (about 55 mya), &#xF038;
sea surface temperatures rose between 5 and 8&#xB0;C. &#xF038;
This warming was probably caused by &#xF038;
increased volcanism &#xF038;
and a rapid release of methane from the oceans &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (about 55 mya), &#xF038;
sea surface temperatures rose between 5 and 8&#xB0;C. &#xF038;
This warming was probably caused by &#xF038;
increased volcanism &#xF038;
and a rapid release of methane from the oceans &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Paleocene Thermal Maximum (about 55 mya), &#xF038;
sea surface temperatures rose between 5 and 8&#xB0;C. &#xF038;
This warming was probably caused by &#xF038;
increased volcanism &#xF038;
and a rapid release of methane from the oceans &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Mid-Cretaceous period (about 120-90 mya) &#xF038;
Temperatures were much warmer than today and &#xF038;
Breadfruit trees grew as far north as Greenland &#xF038;
This period was much warmer due to &#xF038;
different ocean currents, because of the arrangement of continents &#xF038;
and higher CO2 levels, which were at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm. &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Mid-Cretaceous period (about 120-90 mya) &#xF038;
Temperatures were much warmer than today and &#xF038;
Breadfruit trees grew as far north as Greenland &#xF038;
This period was much warmer due to &#xF038;
different ocean currents, because of the arrangement of continents &#xF038;
and higher CO2 levels, which were at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm. &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Mid-Cretaceous period (about 120-90 mya) &#xF038;
Temperatures were much warmer than today and &#xF038;
Breadfruit trees grew as far north as Greenland &#xF038;
This period was much warmer due to &#xF038;
different ocean currents, because of the arrangement of continents &#xF038;
and higher CO2 levels, which were at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm. &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Mid-Cretaceous period (about 120-90 mya) &#xF038;
Temperatures were much warmer than today and &#xF038;
Breadfruit trees grew as far north as Greenland &#xF038;
This period was much warmer due to &#xF038;
different ocean currents, because of the arrangement of continents &#xF038;
and higher CO2 levels, which were at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm. &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Mid-Cretaceous period (about 120-90 mya) &#xF038;
Temperatures were much warmer than today and &#xF038;
Breadfruit trees grew as far north as Greenland &#xF038;
This period was much warmer due to &#xF038;
different ocean currents, because of the arrangement of continents &#xF038;
and higher CO2 levels, which were at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm. &#xF038;
During the &#xF038;
Mid-Cretaceous period (about 120-90 mya) &#xF038;
Temperatures were much warmer than today and &#xF038;
Breadfruit trees grew as far north as Greenland &#xF038;
This period was much warmer due to &#xF038;
different ocean currents, because of the arrangement of continents &#xF038;
and higher CO2 levels, which were at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm. &#xF038;
This is a plot of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over the last 450 million years estimated using different proxies. The data shows that, in the past carbon dioxide levels have been up to 10 times higher than they are today. During those times, there were no continental glaciers present on earth.
&#xF038;
In 1998 and 1999, Michael Mann et al. published studies detailing his &#xF038; proxy reconstruction of global temperatures for the last 1,000 years. The graph is basically flat, &#xF038; other than the rapid increase of temperatures during the 20th century. The study received wide acclaim, especially after publication by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and is &#xF038; now referred to as the &#x201C;Hockey Stick Graph&#x201D;. &#xF038; The curve in pink represents actual temperatures measured over the last 120+ years. &#xF038;
In 1998 and 1999, Michael Mann et al. published studies detailing his &#xF038; proxy reconstruction of global temperatures for the last 1,000 years. The graph is basically flat, &#xF038; other than the rapid increase of temperatures during the 20th century. The study received wide acclaim, especially after publication by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and is &#xF038; now referred to as the &#x201C;Hockey Stick Graph&#x201D;. &#xF038; The curve in pink represents actual temperatures measured over the last 120+ years. &#xF038;
In 1998 and 1999, Michael Mann et al. published studies detailing his &#xF038; proxy reconstruction of global temperatures for the last 1,000 years. The graph is basically flat, &#xF038; other than the rapid increase of temperatures during the 20th century. The study received wide acclaim, especially after publication by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and is &#xF038; now referred to as the &#x201C;Hockey Stick Graph&#x201D;. &#xF038; The curve in pink represents actual temperatures measured over the last 120+ years. &#xF038;
In 1998 and 1999, Michael Mann et al. published studies detailing his &#xF038; proxy reconstruction of global temperatures for the last 1,000 years. The graph is basically flat, &#xF038; other than the rapid increase of temperatures during the 20th century. The study received wide acclaim, especially after publication by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and is &#xF038; now referred to as the &#x201C;Hockey Stick Graph&#x201D;. &#xF038; The curve in pink represents actual temperatures measured over the last 120+ years. &#xF038;
In 1998 and 1999, Michael Mann et al. published studies detailing his &#xF038; proxy reconstruction of global temperatures for the last 1,000 years. The graph is basically flat, &#xF038; other than the rapid increase of temperatures during the 20th century. The study received wide acclaim, especially after publication by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and is &#xF038; now referred to as the &#x201C;Hockey Stick Graph&#x201D;. &#xF038; The curve in pink represents actual temperatures measured over the last 120+ years. &#xF038;
In 1998 and 1999, Michael Mann et al. published studies detailing his &#xF038; proxy reconstruction of global temperatures for the last 1,000 years. The graph is basically flat, &#xF038; other than the rapid increase of temperatures during the 20th century. The study received wide acclaim, especially after publication by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and is &#xF038; now referred to as the &#x201C;Hockey Stick Graph&#x201D;. &#xF038; The curve in pink represents actual temperatures measured over the last 120+ years. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
However, the problem with the graphs is that tree ring data from 1960 on does not match the instrument readings of temperature &#xF038; So, we can see a large divergence in the Jones study &#xF038; the Briffa study &#xF038; and the Mann study. Since tree ring proxies underestimate actual temperatures after 1960, one must ask if they also underestimate the Medieval warm period temperatures. Here we see the actual proxy records, &#xF038; which look more like a baseball bat than a hockey stick. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Although &#xF038; temperature increases the width of tree rings, &#xF038; rainfall, and to a lesser extent &#xF038; carbon dioxide, through a &#x201C;fertilization effect&#x201D; also increase the width of tree rings. So, the idea that tree rings are always an accurate representation of past temperatures is not always true. In other words, trees do not always make good thermometers. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Although &#xF038; temperature increases the width of tree rings, &#xF038; rainfall, and to a lesser extent &#xF038; carbon dioxide, through a &#x201C;fertilization effect&#x201D; also increase the width of tree rings. So, the idea that tree rings are always an accurate representation of past temperatures is not always true. In other words, trees do not always make good thermometers. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Although &#xF038; temperature increases the width of tree rings, &#xF038; rainfall, and to a lesser extent &#xF038; carbon dioxide, through a &#x201C;fertilization effect&#x201D; also increase the width of tree rings. So, the idea that tree rings are always an accurate representation of past temperatures is not always true. In other words, trees do not always make good thermometers. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
&#xF038; A number of studies were published after the Mann study. &#xF038; In 2002 Esper et al. published a study covering the same period of time, but with much higher variations of temperature over time. &#xF038; So, although the ups and downs are roughly in the same place, the magnitudes of those ups and downs are vastly different. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
Again, the 1999 Mann study is shown in green. &#xF038; Another study, by Moberg et al., using different proxy measures found higher magnitude differences in temperatures. &#xF038; Here the results of Esper et al. are shown on the same scale. Several other studies have been published that fall between the extremes of these three studies. &#xF038; Mann added multiple proxy data to his analysis in 2008, which showed higher variation than the 1999 study. So, some of these data suggest that the &#xF038; Medieval Warm Period was as warm or warmer than today&#x2019;s temperatures. &#xF038;
In June, 2006, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences weighed in on the question of the Mann study. &#xF038; They put a &#x201C;high level of confidence&#x201D; in the last 400 years of proxy results, &#xF038; but only a 2:1 chance of being right for the first 600 years of data. &#xF038;
In June, 2006, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences weighed in on the question of the Mann study. &#xF038; They put a &#x201C;high level of confidence&#x201D; in the last 400 years of proxy results, &#xF038; but only a 2:1 chance of being right for the first 600 years of data. &#xF038;
Satellite temperature measurements of the lower and upper atmosphere have been carried out since 1980. &#xF038; Temperatures of the troposphere show gradually increasing temperatures (although not as high as would be predicted), &#xF038; and decreasing temperatures in the stratosphere, which would be expected under global warming models. &#xF038;
Satellite temperature measurements of the lower and upper atmosphere have been carried out since 1980. &#xF038; Temperatures of the troposphere show gradually increasing temperatures (although not as high as would be predicted), &#xF038; and decreasing temperatures in the stratosphere, which would be expected under global warming models. &#xF038;
Satellite temperature measurements of the lower and upper atmosphere have been carried out since 1980. &#xF038; Temperatures of the troposphere show gradually increasing temperatures (although not as high as would be predicted), &#xF038; and decreasing temperatures in the stratosphere, which would be expected under global warming models. &#xF038;
Satellite temperature measurements of the lower and upper atmosphere have been carried out since 1980. &#xF038; Temperatures of the troposphere show gradually increasing temperatures (although not as high as would be predicted), &#xF038; and decreasing temperatures in the stratosphere, which would be expected under global warming models. &#xF038;
Is there a correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures? If we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide measurements from Antarctica with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures from the tropical Pacific, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. &#xF038;
Is there a correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures? If we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide measurements from Antarctica with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures from the tropical Pacific, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. &#xF038;
&#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Hence we see reason for the temperature changes seen in this graph. &#xF038;
With these temperature increases, one main question is whether the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are melting. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038;
With these temperature increases, one main question is whether the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are melting. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038;
With these temperature increases, one main question is whether the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are melting. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038;
With these temperature increases, one main question is whether the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are melting. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038;
With these temperature increases, one main question is whether the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland are melting. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038;
Mount Kilimanjaro is the poster child of the global warming movement, since most of the glacier has disappeared over the last 30 years. However experts agree that the shrinking of the Mount Kilimanjaro glacier is more the result of deforestation of the surrounding area than changes due to global warming.
Mount Kilimanjaro is the poster child of the global warming movement, since most of the glacier has disappeared over the last 30 years. However experts agree that the shrinking of the Mount Kilimanjaro glacier is more the result of deforestation of the surrounding area than changes due to global warming.
These are the result of the GRACE study, &#xF038; which show decreasing ice mass in Antarctica from 2002 to 2005. &#xF038;
These are the result of the GRACE study, &#xF038; which show decreasing ice mass in Antarctica from 2002 to 2005. &#xF038;
Are sea levels rising? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038;
Are sea levels rising? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038;
Are sea levels rising? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038;
Are sea levels rising? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. &#xF038;
This graph shows &#xF038; sea levels of the Red Sea over the last 450,000 years. If we overlay &#xF038; sea surface temperatures, we can see a direct correlation between sea levels and temperature. In fact, some of the rise in sea levels is due to the expansion of water at higher temperatures, and not solely due to the melting of ice. &#xF038;
This graph shows &#xF038; sea levels of the Red Sea over the last 450,000 years. If we overlay &#xF038; sea surface temperatures, we can see a direct correlation between sea levels and temperature. In fact, some of the rise in sea levels is due to the expansion of water at higher temperatures, and not solely due to the melting of ice. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
The year 2005 was marked by a number of destructive hurricanes. What this just an unusual year or a trend that has resulted from climate change? &#xF038;
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed &#xF038;
However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) &#xF038;
This increase in intensity is probably due to higher sea surface temperatures, which provide more energy to the storms. &#xF038;
However, it is difficult to know if this trend will continue. &#xF038;
How much will temperatures increase in the future? &#xF038;
Some models propose up to 9&#xB0;C increase this century &#xF038;
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5&#xB0;C and maximum at 4.5&#xB0;C or 6.2&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5&#xB0;C &#xF038;
How much will temperatures increase in the future? &#xF038;
Some models propose up to 9&#xB0;C increase this century &#xF038;
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5&#xB0;C and maximum at 4.5&#xB0;C or 6.2&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5&#xB0;C &#xF038;
How much will temperatures increase in the future? &#xF038;
Some models propose up to 9&#xB0;C increase this century &#xF038;
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5&#xB0;C and maximum at 4.5&#xB0;C or 6.2&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Some species of wildlife could be greatly affected by global warming &#xF038;
For example, polar bears &#xF038;
require pack ice in order to hunt and live. &#xF038;
If all pack ice disappears, they might eventually go extinct in the wild. &#xF038;
Sea turtles &#xF038;
breed on the same islands as they are born on. &#xF038;
They could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded before new beaches are produced. &#xF038;
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world. &#xF038;
Global warming will affect peoples throughout the world. For example, &#xF038;
Fewer deaths will result from cold weather, but more deaths will result from heat waves &#xF038;
Initially, decreased thermohaline circulation will result in &#xF038;
cooler temperatures in North Atlantic. &#xF038;
The CO2 fertilization effect will increase crop yields by up to 30% &#xF038;
Precipitation changes will result in &#xF038;
droughts and famine in some areas and &#xF038;
expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union &#xF038;
Global warming will affect peoples throughout the world. For example, &#xF038;
Fewer deaths will result from cold weather, but more deaths will result from heat waves &#xF038;
Initially, decreased thermohaline circulation will result in &#xF038;
cooler temperatures in North Atlantic. &#xF038;
The CO2 fertilization effect will increase crop yields by up to 30% &#xF038;
Precipitation changes will result in &#xF038;
droughts and famine in some areas and &#xF038;
expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union &#xF038;
Global warming will affect peoples throughout the world. For example, &#xF038;
Fewer deaths will result from cold weather, but more deaths will result from heat waves &#xF038;
Initially, decreased thermohaline circulation will result in &#xF038;
cooler temperatures in North Atlantic. &#xF038;
The CO2 fertilization effect will increase crop yields by up to 30% &#xF038;
Precipitation changes will result in &#xF038;
droughts and famine in some areas and &#xF038;
expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union &#xF038;
Global warming will affect peoples throughout the world. For example, &#xF038;
Fewer deaths will result from cold weather, but more deaths will result from heat waves &#xF038;
Initially, decreased thermohaline circulation will result in &#xF038;
cooler temperatures in North Atlantic. &#xF038;
The CO2 fertilization effect will increase crop yields by up to 30% &#xF038;
Precipitation changes will result in &#xF038;
droughts and famine in some areas and &#xF038;
expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
This map represents possible changes in worldwide precipitation as a result of global warming. &#xF038; Some areas (primarily in the northern latitudes) will experience increased precipitation, whereas &#xF038; other areas will experience decreased precipitation. &#xF038;
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Africa's drought troubles began well before greenhouse gases increased to any appreciable degree. The inhabitants of Northern Africa have systematically cut down trees for firewood for thousands of years. The result has been that transpiration has decreased, decreasing rainfall and expanding the Sahara Desert. Similar deforestation is now occurring over much of Africa. The result is that the deserts of North, South and East Africa are expanding, leading to drought. Coupled with global warming induced changes in precipitation, it is likely that the peoples of much of Africa will be suffering from drought and starvation in the coming decades.
Depending upon the scenario, &#xF038; the cost to stabilize carbon dioxide concentrations will be expensive (from 200 times the U.S. annual budget) to very expensive (up to 900 times the U.S. annual budget). &#xF038;
&#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Methods of mitigating global warming include &#xF038;
Conservation &#xF038;
Reduce energy needs, such as electrical usage, petroleum usage, reduced packaging &#xF038;
Recycling, which uses less energy to produce products compared to &#xF038;
Another way to reduce carbon emissions is to use alternate energy sources, such as &#xF038;
Nuclear &#xF038;
Wind &#xF038;
Geothermal &#xF038;
Hydroelectric &#xF038;
Solar &#xF038;
Fusion? &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
Another promising way to reduce global warming is to store carbon dioxide underground. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can be pumped into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. &#xF038; In addition, carbon dioxide can be pumped into existing oil and gas deposits to enhance recovery. Another method is to pump carbon dioxide into deep saline formations &#xF038; both offshore &#xF038; and onshore. &#xF038; Carbon dioxide can also be used to enhance methane recovery from coal beds. &#xF038;
I would like to take a few minutes to go over some common global warming myths. &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
&#xF038; Here we have our usual global surface temperatures. &#xF038; The orange curve represents solar irradiance &#x2013; the amount of energy received from the Sun. As you can see, the Sun goes through cycles about every ten years. When the Sun&#x2019;s output is lowest, temperatures tend to level out. &#xF038; &#xF038; &#xF038; So, it&#x2019;s not surprising that temperatures have been flat for several years as we have been in a very deep solar trough. &#xF038; The concerning thing is that temperatures continue to increase even as solar output has been recently declining. If the leveling of temperatures is due to reduced solar output, we should expect temperatures to go up considerably as the Sun comes out of its solar minimum. It&#x2019;s like Hugh says, &#x201C;Wait a few years and see where the evidence leads.&#x201D; &#xF038;
Another myth is that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide than fossil fuel burning. &#xF038; Here we see the amount of carbon from volcanoes &#xF038; compared with the amount from fossil fuels. It isn&#x2019;t even close!. &#xF038;
Another myth is that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide than fossil fuel burning. &#xF038; Here we see the amount of carbon from volcanoes &#xF038; compared with the amount from fossil fuels. It isn&#x2019;t even close!. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by sunspots. &#xF038; Here we have our usual global temperature plot, &#xF038; which we can compare to sunspot activity &#xF038; We can see that there is no correlation between the two curves. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by sunspots. &#xF038; Here we have our usual global temperature plot, &#xF038; which we can compare to sunspot activity &#xF038; We can see that there is no correlation between the two curves. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by sunspots. &#xF038; Here we have our usual global temperature plot, &#xF038; which we can compare to sunspot activity &#xF038; We can see that there is no correlation between the two curves. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by sunspots. &#xF038; Here we have our usual global temperature plot, &#xF038; which we can compare to sunspot activity &#xF038; We can see that there is no correlation between the two curves. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by sunspots. &#xF038; Here we have our usual global temperature plot, &#xF038; which we can compare to sunspot activity &#xF038; We can see that there is no correlation between the two curves. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by sunspots. &#xF038; Here we have our usual global temperature plot, &#xF038; which we can compare to sunspot activity &#xF038; We can see that there is no correlation between the two curves. &#xF038;
We actually have sunspot data from the 18th century.&#xF038; Here the temperature data from Hadley, UK &#xF038; is plotted compared with the number of sunspots &#xF038; Again, there isn&#x2019;t any correlation. &#xF038;
We actually have sunspot data from the 18th century.&#xF038; Here the temperature data from Hadley, UK &#xF038; is plotted compared with the number of sunspots &#xF038; Again, there isn&#x2019;t any correlation. &#xF038;
We actually have sunspot data from the 18th century.&#xF038; Here the temperature data from Hadley, UK &#xF038; is plotted compared with the number of sunspots &#xF038; Again, there isn&#x2019;t any correlation. &#xF038;
We actually have sunspot data from the 18th century.&#xF038; Here the temperature data from Hadley, UK &#xF038; is plotted compared with the number of sunspots &#xF038; Again, there isn&#x2019;t any correlation. &#xF038;
We actually have sunspot data from the 18th century.&#xF038; Here the temperature data from Hadley, UK &#xF038; is plotted compared with the number of sunspots &#xF038; Again, there isn&#x2019;t any correlation. &#xF038;
We actually have sunspot data from the 18th century.&#xF038; Here the temperature data from Hadley, UK &#xF038; is plotted compared with the number of sunspots &#xF038; Again, there isn&#x2019;t any correlation. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by gamma cosmic rays&#xF038; Here is a plot of global temperatures over the last 60 years &#xF038; When plotted against Gamma Cosmic Rays, &#xF038; one can see that there is no correlation. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by gamma cosmic rays&#xF038; Here is a plot of global temperatures over the last 60 years &#xF038; When plotted against Gamma Cosmic Rays, &#xF038; one can see that there is no correlation. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by gamma cosmic rays&#xF038; Here is a plot of global temperatures over the last 60 years &#xF038; When plotted against Gamma Cosmic Rays, &#xF038; one can see that there is no correlation. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by gamma cosmic rays&#xF038; Here is a plot of global temperatures over the last 60 years &#xF038; When plotted against Gamma Cosmic Rays, &#xF038; one can see that there is no correlation. &#xF038;
Another myth is that global warming is caused by gamma cosmic rays&#xF038; Here is a plot of global temperatures over the last 60 years &#xF038; When plotted against Gamma Cosmic Rays, &#xF038; one can see that there is no correlation. &#xF038;
Skeptics say there is no correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures. However, if we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures for the last five glacial cycles, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. In addition, &#xF038; there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide and sea levels&#xF038;
Skeptics say there is no correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures. However, if we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures for the last five glacial cycles, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. In addition, &#xF038; there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide and sea levels&#xF038;
Skeptics say there is no correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures. However, if we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures for the last five glacial cycles, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. In addition, &#xF038; there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide and sea levels&#xF038;
Skeptics say there is no correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures. However, if we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures for the last five glacial cycles, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. In addition, &#xF038; there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide and sea levels&#xF038;
Skeptics say there is no correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures. However, if we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures for the last five glacial cycles, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. In addition, &#xF038; there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide and sea levels&#xF038;
Skeptics say there is no correlation between carbon dioxide levels and temperatures. However, if we compare &#xF038; carbon dioxide with &#xF038; sea surface temperatures for the last five glacial cycles, we find that there is a high coincidence of carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in the past. In addition, &#xF038; there is a high correlation between carbon dioxide and sea levels&#xF038;
Is global warming due to heat island effects? Heat island effects occur when a temperature station gets surrounded by buildings and streets, artificially raising the temperature readings. Here we see a plot of global temperature changes (higher in red and lower in blue) for 2009 compared with 1951-1980 &#xF038; What we notice here is that nearly all of the dramatic temperature increases have occurred in the far northern latitudes, where we would be hard pressed to find numerous cities where heat island effects would be expected to be found. &#xF038;
Mount Kilimanjaro is the poster child of the global warming movement, &#xF038; since most of the glacier has disappeared &#xF038; over the last 30 years. However experts agree that the shrinking of the Mount Kilimanjaro glacier is more the result of deforestation of the surrounding area rather than changes due to global warming, since temperatures in the area have not appreciably climbed in recent years. &#xF038;
Mount Kilimanjaro is the poster child of the global warming movement, &#xF038; since most of the glacier has disappeared &#xF038; over the last 30 years. However experts agree that the shrinking of the Mount Kilimanjaro glacier is more the result of deforestation of the surrounding area rather than changes due to global warming, since temperatures in the area have not appreciably climbed in recent years. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Is global warming truly global? If we examine global warming from the perspective of the two hemispheres, we find that &#xF038; temperatures in the northern hemisphere have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures in the southern hemisphere. In a similar fashion, &#xF038; temperatures over land masses have increased much more than &#xF038; temperatures over the oceans. This is because the oceans tend to moderate temperature changes. So, since two thirds of the earth&#x2019;s land mass is in the northern hemisphere, we would expect global warming to have its largest impact there. &#xF038;
Are sea levels going to rise 5 to 6 feet this century? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038; The California State Lands Commission recently claimed that sea levels could rise 55 inches this century, inundating ports in the state. And you wonder why we have a budget crisis.&#xF038;
Are sea levels going to rise 5 to 6 feet this century? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038; The California State Lands Commission recently claimed that sea levels could rise 55 inches this century, inundating ports in the state. And you wonder why we have a budget crisis.&#xF038;
Are sea levels going to rise 5 to 6 feet this century? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038; The California State Lands Commission recently claimed that sea levels could rise 55 inches this century, inundating ports in the state. And you wonder why we have a budget crisis.&#xF038;
Are sea levels going to rise 5 to 6 feet this century? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038; The California State Lands Commission recently claimed that sea levels could rise 55 inches this century, inundating ports in the state. And you wonder why we have a budget crisis.&#xF038;
Are sea levels going to rise 5 to 6 feet this century? &#xF038;
The present measured rate is 1.8 mm/yr, which is equivalent to 7.4 in/century &#xF038;
Another study indicates that this rate is accelerating at 13 thousandths of a mm per year per year &#xF038;
If this acceleration continues, this could result in a 12 inch sea level rise in this century &#xF038;
Scenarios claiming a 1 meter or more rise in sea levels are unrealistic. &#xF038; The California State Lands Commission recently claimed that sea levels could rise 55 inches this century, inundating ports in the state. And you wonder why we have a budget crisis.&#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. However, we are talking about only a 7 inch rise in sea levels over the last century. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. However, we are talking about only a 7 inch rise in sea levels over the last century. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. However, we are talking about only a 7 inch rise in sea levels over the last century. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. However, we are talking about only a 7 inch rise in sea levels over the last century. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. However, we are talking about only a 7 inch rise in sea levels over the last century. &#xF038;
Measurement of sea levels have been carried out for three European ports over the last few hundred years. The results can be seen for a &#xF038; port in the Netherlands, &#xF038; one in France, &#xF038; and one in Poland. &#xF038; When the sea level is compared to recorded temperatures over this period of time, the correlation is quite good. However, we are talking about only a 7 inch rise in sea levels over the last century. &#xF038;
How much will temperatures increase in the future? &#xF038;
Some models propose up to 9&#xB0;C increase this century &#xF038;
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5&#xB0;C and maximum at 4.5&#xB0;C or 6.2&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5&#xB0;C What about previously predicted increases? &#xF038;
How much will temperatures increase in the future? &#xF038;
Some models propose up to 9&#xB0;C increase this century &#xF038;
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5&#xB0;C and maximum at 4.5&#xB0;C or 6.2&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5&#xB0;C What about previously predicted increases? &#xF038;
How much will temperatures increase in the future? &#xF038;
Some models propose up to 9&#xB0;C increase this century &#xF038;
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5&#xB0;C and maximum at 4.5&#xB0;C or 6.2&#xB0;C &#xF038;
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5&#xB0;C What about previously predicted increases? &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; In 1988 Jim Hansen published a study that modeled global temperatures as a function of carbon emissions. The graph, shown here, &#xF038; and cleaned up from the original journal scan, shows Hansen&#x2019;s computer models for temperature as a function of carbon emissions. &#xF038; The white solid line indicates observed temperatures through 1988, when the study was published. &#xF038; The orange dotted line is a computer model of temperatures assuming carbon emissions continued to be produced exponentially &#xF038; The blue dashed line assumed carbon emissions would be moderately curtailed, &#xF038; And the yellow dotted line assumed carbon emissions would be drastically curtailed. What does the actual data look like? &#xF038; It almost exactly follows the drastic reduction projection, even though carbon emiisions have basically gone unchecked since 1988. So, past predictions have tended to overestimate the increase in global temperatures. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is our usual plot of temperature over time on a scale that extends to the end of the century. &#xF038; If we extrapolate the line, we get a 2.5 degree temperature increase. However, this assumes that the rate of increase stays constant. Given the past temperature history, it seems likely that temperatures will go through periods of little or no increase, suggesting that the overall temperature increase will be less than 2.5 degrees. If there are positive feedbacks, it is possible that temperatures will move up more quickly. However, even a 2.5 degree centigrade increase is nothing to take lightly. My advice, let&#x2019;s see what happens in the next ten years as the Sun goes through its solar maximum. It temperatures begin to rise again, I think we have reason to be concerned. If the last 100 year&#x2019;s increases are part of some natural climate variation, temperatures should level off soon. Time will tell. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is our usual plot of temperature over time on a scale that extends to the end of the century. &#xF038; If we extrapolate the line, we get a 2.5 degree temperature increase. However, this assumes that the rate of increase stays constant. Given the past temperature history, it seems likely that temperatures will go through periods of little or no increase, suggesting that the overall temperature increase will be less than 2.5 degrees. If there are positive feedbacks, it is possible that temperatures will move up more quickly. However, even a 2.5 degree centigrade increase is nothing to take lightly. My advice, let&#x2019;s see what happens in the next ten years as the Sun goes through its solar maximum. It temperatures begin to rise again, I think we have reason to be concerned. If the last 100 year&#x2019;s increases are part of some natural climate variation, temperatures should level off soon. Time will tell. &#xF038;
&#xF038; This is our usual plot of temperature over time on a scale that extends to the end of the century. &#xF038; If we extrapolate the line, we get a 2.5 degree temperature increase. However, this assumes that the rate of increase stays constant. Given the past temperature history, it seems likely that temperatures will go through periods of little or no increase, suggesting that the overall temperature increase will be less than 2.5 degrees. If there are positive feedbacks, it is possible that temperatures will move up more quickly. However, even a 2.5 degree centigrade increase is nothing to take lightly. My advice, let&#x2019;s see what happens in the next ten years as the Sun goes through its solar maximum. It temperatures begin to rise again, I think we have reason to be concerned. If the last 100 year&#x2019;s increases are part of some natural climate variation, temperatures should level off soon. Time will tell. &#xF038;
In conclusion,
Global warming is happening &#xF038;
Most of the warming is probably the result of human activities &#xF038;
There will be positive but mostly negative repercussions from global warming &#xF038;
The costs to mitigate global warming will be high &#x2013; better spent elsewhere? &#xF038;
In conclusion,
Global warming is happening &#xF038;
Most of the warming is probably the result of human activities &#xF038;
There will be positive but mostly negative repercussions from global warming &#xF038;
The costs to mitigate global warming will be high &#x2013; better spent elsewhere? &#xF038;
In conclusion,
Global warming is happening &#xF038;
Most of the warming is probably the result of human activities &#xF038;
There will be positive but mostly negative repercussions from global warming &#xF038;
The costs to mitigate global warming will be high &#x2013; better spent elsewhere? &#xF038;
In conclusion,
Global warming is happening &#xF038;
Most of the warming is probably the result of human activities &#xF038;
There will be positive but mostly negative repercussions from global warming &#xF038;
The costs to mitigate global warming will be high &#x2013; better spent elsewhere? &#xF038;
