Napoleon defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army at the Battle of Austerlitz through tactical brilliance and speed of movement. His plan was to weaken his right flank to encourage the Allies to attack there in large numbers, while launching a powerful thrust through the weakened Allied center with 16,000 men. This decisive blow crippled the Allied army. Despite facing setbacks, Napoleon's forces prevailed, capturing the Pratzen Heights in a key moment. The Allied armies broke and fled, resulting in a major victory that decided the War of the Third Coalition in France's favor.

1. The Battle of Austerlitz By Kenisha Browning

2. Introduction The Battle of Austerlitz was the deciding engagement of the War of the Third Coalition (1805) during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). In 1805, Napoleon Bonaparte's tactics of speed and surprise enabled his grand army to march over 700 miles and crush the two largest armies in Europe. The primary weapon of the era was Napoleon's mind, his tactics and daring at the battle of Austerlitz established his reputation as one of history's greatest commanders.

3. Personal Profiles Russia – Alexander 1st He believed he was a messiah who was going to reenergise and restore Europe’s old order after the French Revolution. He was only 27 at the time of Austerlitz, he was acceptable to flattery. He believed he was going to be a great general but had no background training and had never studied warfare or the military like Napoleon had. Austria – Francis 1st Most conservative ruler in Europe, Francis was endangered by the radical ideas of the French Revolution. He had been badly beaten by the French in 1800 and now he saw his chance for revenge.

4. Prologue Europe had been in turmoil since the start of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792. In 1797, after five years of war, the French Republic subdued the First Coalition. A Second Coalition was formed in 1798, but by 1801, this too was defeated, leaving Britain the only opponent of the new French Consulate. In March 1802, France and Britain agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens. For the first time in ten years, all of Europe was at peace. However, many problems persisted between the two sides, making implementation of the treaty increasingly difficult. The British government resented having to turn over most of the colonial conquests it had made since 1793. Napoleon was angry that British troops had not evacuated the island of Malta. The tense situation only worsened when Napoleon sent an expeditionary force to crush the Haitian Revolution.In May 1803, Britain declared war on France.

5. The third Coalition In December 1804, an Anglo Swedish agreement led to the creation of the Third Coalition. British Prime Minister William Pitt spent 1804 and 1805 in a flurry of diplomatic activity geared towards forming a new coalition against France. Mutual suspicion between the British and the Russians eased in the face of several French political mistakes, and by April 1805, Britain and Russia had signed an alliance. Having been defeated twice in recent memory by France, and being keen on revenge, Austria joined the coalition a few months later.

6. La Grande Armée Prior to the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force called the Army of England around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. Although they never set foot on British soil, Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for any possible military operation. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée (The Great Army). At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were Large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannon each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

7. Russian army The Russian army in 1805 had many characteristics of Ancient Régime organization; there was no permanent formation above the regimental level, senior officers were largely recruited from aristocratic circles and the Russian soldier, in line with 18th-century practice, was regularly beaten and punished "to instil discipline". Furthermore, many lower-level officers were poorly trained and had difficulty getting their men to perform the sometimes complex manoeuvres required in a battle. However, the Russians did have a fine artillery arm, manned by soldiers who regularly fought hard to prevent their pieces from falling into enemy hands.

8. Austrian Army Archduke Charles, brother of the Austrian Emperor, had started to reform the Austrian army in 1801 by taking away power from the Hofkriegsrat, the military council responsible for decision-making in the Austrian armed forces. Charles was Austria's best field commander, but he was unpopular with the royal court and lost much influence when, against his advice, Austria decided to go to war with France. Karl Mack became the new main commander in Austria's army, instituting infantry reforms on the eve of the war that called for a regiment to be composed of four battalions of four companies, rather than the older three battalions of six companies. The sudden change came with no corresponding officer training, and as a result these new units were not led as well as they could have been. The Austrian cavalry was regarded as the best cavalry in Europe, but the detachment of many cavalry units to various infantry formations reduced its effectiveness against its massed French counterpart.

9. The Plan William Pitt (British) paid the Austrians and the Russians in Gold to crush the newly found French emperor on land, while 175 British Warships continued to hold Napoleon off by sea. Austria and Russia would Target two cities allied to the French; Italy and Bavaria.

10. Overview of Austerlitz With threats emerging from the Russia and Austria, Napoleon abandoned his ambitions to invade England during the summer of 1805, and turned to deal with these new adversaries. Moving with speed and efficiency, 200,000 French troops departed their camps near Boulogne and began crossing the Rhine along a 160-mile front on September 25. Responding to the threat, Austrian General Karl Mack concentrated his army at the fortress of Ulm in Bavaria. Conducting a brilliant campaign of manoeuvre, Napoleon swung north and descended on the Austrian rear.

11. Overview of Austerlitz After winning a series of battles, Napoleon captured Mack and 23,000 men at Ulm on October 20. Though the victory was dampened by Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson's triumph at Trafalgar the next day, the Ulm Campaign effectively opened the way to Vienna which fell to French forces in November. To the northeast, a Russian field army under General Kutusov had gathered and absorbed many of the remaining Austrian units. The French followed, but soon found themselves in an unenviable disposition: Prussian intentions were unknown and could be hostile, the Russian and Austrian armies now converged, and to add to Napoleon's challenges, the French lines of communication were extremely long and required strong garrisons to keep them open. Napoleon realized that the only meaningful way to capitalize on the success at Ulm was to force the Allies to battle and defeat them. Fortunately for him, the Russian Tsar was eager to fight.

12. Battlefield The battle took place six miles southeast of the town of Brno, between that town and Austerlitz in what is now the Czech Republic. The northern part of the battlefield was dominated by the 700-foot Santon hill and the 850-foot Zuran hill.

13. Allied plans and dispositions An Allied council met on 1 December to discuss proposals for the battle. Most of the Allied strategists had two fundamental ideas in mind: making contact with the enemy and securing the southern flank that led to Vienna. Although the Tsar and his immediate entourage pushed hard for a battle, Emperor Francis of Austria was in a more cautious mood, and he was seconded by Kutuzov, the main Russian commander. The pressure to fight from the Russian nobles and the Austrian commanders, however, was too strong, and the Allies adopted Weyrother's plan. This called for a main drive against the French right flank, which the Allies noticed was lightly guarded and diversionary attacks against the French left. The Allies deployed most of their troops into four columns that would attack the French right. The Russian Imperial Guard was held in reserve while Russian troops guarded the Allied right.

14. French plans and dispositions Days before any actual fighting, Napoleon had given an impression to the Allies that his army was in a weak state and that he desired a negotiated peace. In reality, he was hoping that they would attack, and to encourage them on this mission he deliberately weakened his right flank.On 28 November Napoleon met with his marshals who informed him of their problems with the forthcoming battle. They even suggested a retreat, but he shrugged off their complaints. Napoleon's plan envisioned that the Allies would throw so many troops to enclose his right flank that their centre would be severely weakened. He counted on a massive French thrust through the centre to cripple the Allied army, to be conducted by 16,000 troops of Soult's IV Corps. Meanwhile, to support his weak right flank, Napoleon ordered Davout's III Corps force to march all the way from Vienna and join General Legrand's men, who held the extreme southern flank that would bear the heavy part of the Allied attack. Davout's soldiers had 48 hours to march 70 miles. Their arrival was crucial in determining the success of the French plan. The Imperial Guard and Bernadotte's I Corps were held in reserve while the V Corps under Lannes guarded the northern sector of the battlefield.

15. Battle is joined

16. "One sharp blow and the war is over" A dense fog helped to cloud the advance of St. Hilaire's division, but as they went up the slope the legendary ‘Sun of Austerlitz' ripped the mist apart and encouraged them forward. Russian soldiers and commanders on top of the heights were stunned to see so many French troops coming towards them. Allied commanders were now able to feed some of the delayed detachments of the fourth column into this bitter struggle. Over an hour of fighting destroyed much of this unit. The other men from the second column, mostly inexperienced Austrians, also participated in the struggle and swung the numbers against one of the best fighting forces in the French army, eventually forcing them to withdraw down the slopes. However, gripped by desperation, St. Hilaire's men struck hard once more and bayoneted the Allies out of the heights. To the north, General Vandamme's division attacked an area called Staré Vinohrady and through talented skirmishing and deadly volleys broke several Allied battalions.

17. The battle had firmly turned in France's favour, but it was far from over. Napoleon ordered Bernadotte's I Corps to support Vandamme's left and moved his own command center from Zuran Hill to St. Anthony's Chapel on the Pratzen Heights. The difficult position of the Allies was confirmed by the decision to send in the Russian Imperial Guard; Grand Duke Constantine, Tsar Alexander's brother, commanded the Guard and counterattacked in Vandamme's section of the field, forcing a bloody effort and the only loss of a French standard in the battle. Sensing trouble, Napoleon ordered his own heavy Guard cavalry forward. These men pulverized their Russian counterparts, but with both sides pouring in large masses of cavalry no victory was clear yet. The Russians had a numerical advantage here but fairly soon the tide swung as Drouet's Division, deployed on the flank of the action and allowed French cavalry to seek refuge behind their lines. The horse artillery of the Guard also inflicted heavy casualties on the Russian cavalry and fusiliers. The Russians broke and many died as they were pursued by the reinvigorated French cavalry for about a quarter of a mile.

18. Endgame Napoleon's focus now shifted towards the southern end of the battlefield where the French and the Allies were still fighting over Sokolnitz and Telnitz. In an effective double pronged assault, St. Hilaire's division and part of Davout's III Corps smashed through the enemy at Sokolnitz and persuaded the commanders of the first two columns, Generals Kienmayer and Langeron, to flee as fast as they could. Buxhowden, the commander of the Allied left and the man responsible for leading the attack, fled as well.

19. Endgame

20. Historical Interpretation Napoleon did not succeed in defeating the Allied army as thoroughly as he wanted, but historians and enthusiasts alike recognize that the original plan provided a significant victory. Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one“ after the battle. In French history, Austerlitz is acknowledged as an impressive military victory.