8. Urinary bladder
The bladder is a sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. It is
lined with a tissue membrane and enclosed in a powerful
muscle called the detrusor.
The bladder rests on top of the pelvic floor. This is a
muscular structure similar to a sling running between the
pubic bone in front to the base of the spine.
The bladder stores the urine until it is eliminated from the
body via a tube called the urethra, which is the lowest part of
the urinary tract.
32. BBiioosseennssoorr CCoommppoonneennttss
The analytical devices composed of a biological recognition element
directly interfaced to a signal transducer which together relate the
concentration of an analyte to a measurable response
37. History of Condoms
A wall painting on one of the caves discovered in
France provides evidence of condom use for more
than 15,000 years (Parisot, 1987).
Condoms are reported to have been used as a
protection against STI since the 16th century and
against unwanted pregnancy since the 18th century
(Himes, 1963).
39. The Male Condom
• The male condom is also known as a sheath, a
prophylactic, a rubber, “johnny”, sox, ….and the like!
• A male condom is usually abut 7in (18 to 19cm) long
and most are made of thin latex (i.e. form of rubber).
• A polyurethane type of condom is also available for
those who are allergic to latex.
40. Male Condom
Effectiveness
• Condom’s effectiveness largely depends on the
person who uses it.
• When used correctly, a condom is about 98%
effective in preventing pregnancy and HIV infection.
41. The Female Condom
•The female condom was invented about 10 years ago.
• Female condoms are made of a polyurethane
plastic that is sturdier than the male latex condoms,
thus offering less frequent breakage, improved
comfort and longer shelf life.
• Unlike latex male condoms female condoms are not
affected by oil-based lubricants.
42. Female Condom Effectiveness
• Like the male condom, female condoms are highly
effective when used correctively.
• Effectiveness is also enhanced if the man is made
aware of it to ensure that he does not put his penis
outside it.