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Grammar Book

Katalina Kerrigan
Title Page
1) Nacionalidads
2) Stem Changers
3) Para
4) IOP
5) Pronoun Placement
6) Gustar
7) Affirmative and Negative Words
8) Superlatives
9) Reflexives
10)Affirmative Commands & Irregulars
11)Negative Words & Irregulars
12)Sequencing Events
Stem Changers

    E >IE
          −   Querer- to want
          −   Pensar- to think
          −   Tener- to have          O    AMOS
          −   Pedir- to ask for       AS
          −   Venir- to come          A    AN


    E>I
          −   Servir- to serve
          −   Decir- to say or tell
                                      O    EMOS/ IMOS

    O>UE                              ES
          −   Dormir- to sleep        E    EN
          −   Recordar- to remember
          −   Volver- to return
          −   Poder- to be able to
          −   Jugar- to play
Para

    Means
        −   For
        −   In Order To

    The recipient of items
        −   ex. “el regalo para tu mamá”
IOP

    Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or
    for whom/what

    Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany
    indirect objects
               Me (me)                    Nos (us)

               Te (you: familiar)

               Le (you: formal, him, her) Les (you, them)





    Ex: Rosa le compra una olla a su madre.   Rosa le compra una olla.

                 Accompanies                   Replaces
Pronoun Placement
1) Before a conjugated verb
        ex. Rosa le comprar una olla a su madre.
2) Attached to an infinitive
        ex. Rosa quiere comprade una olla a su madre.
3) Attached to a gerund
Gustar
                        Me gusta..             Nos gusta..

    Means               Te gusta..
        −   Like        Le gusta..             Les gusta..

        −   Please

    If you have two or more infinitives, its still going to
    be gusta
        −   A mi = me gusta
        −   A ti = te gusta
        −   A usted, a él, a ella = le gusta
        −   A nosotros = nos gusta
        −   A ustedes, a ellos, a ellas = les gusta
Affirmative and Negative Words

Alguien                  Someone anyone
Algo                     something
Algún                    Some, any
Alguno(s)
Alguna(s)
siempre                  always
también                  Also, too




Nadie                   No one, nobody
Nada                    nothing
Ningún                  No, none, not any
Ninguno
Ninguna

Nunca                   never
tampoco                 Neither, either
Superlatives

    The suffix (-ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas) are added to the adjective and
    adverb

    Equivalent to extremely or very before adjective and adverb

    Adv + Adj ending in c, g, or z change to qu, gu, c
          −    Rico- requísimo
          −    Larga- larguísima
          −    Feliz- felicísima

    Adjective ending with -n or -r add císimo/a
          −    Joven- jovencísimo
          −    Trabajador- trabajordorcísimo
Reflexives

    The subject is the object

    Person does as well as receives the action

    Subject, pronoun, verb all in same form
          −     ex.: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana
               Ella se despierta muy temprano

    Position of Reflexive Pronouns
          1)    In front of a conjugated verb
                    
                        Me estoy acostando ahora mismo
          1)    Attached to a gerund
                    
                        Estoy acostándome ahora mismo
          1)    Attached to an infinitive
                    
                        Voy a acostarme ahora mismo
Affirmative Commands & Irregulars

    Affirmative Commands- drop the 's'

    Decir → di

    Hace → haz

    Ir → ve

    Poner → pon

    Salir → sal

    Ser → se

    Tenir → ten

    Venir → ven
Negative Commands & Irregulars

    Negative Commands
         −   Put in yo form
         −   Change Vowel (a → e, e → a)
         −   Add 's'

    Dar/ Decir → No des/ digas

    Ir → no vayas

    Ser → no seas

    Hacer → no hagas

    Estar → no estés

    Saber → no sepas

    Tener → no tengas

    Venir → no vengas
Sequencing Events

    Primero: first

    Entonces: then, so

    Luego: later

    Por Fin: finally

    Antes: before

    Después: after

    Por la mañana/tarde/noche- in/ during the … (NO
    SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)

    Los lunes, etc...: on (whatever day given)

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Grammar books

  • 2. Title Page 1) Nacionalidads 2) Stem Changers 3) Para 4) IOP 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative and Negative Words 8) Superlatives 9) Reflexives 10)Affirmative Commands & Irregulars 11)Negative Words & Irregulars 12)Sequencing Events
  • 3.
  • 4. Stem Changers  E >IE − Querer- to want − Pensar- to think − Tener- to have O AMOS − Pedir- to ask for AS − Venir- to come A AN  E>I − Servir- to serve − Decir- to say or tell O EMOS/ IMOS  O>UE ES − Dormir- to sleep E EN − Recordar- to remember − Volver- to return − Poder- to be able to − Jugar- to play
  • 5. Para  Means − For − In Order To  The recipient of items − ex. “el regalo para tu mamá”
  • 6. IOP  Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what  Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects Me (me) Nos (us) Te (you: familiar) Le (you: formal, him, her) Les (you, them)  Ex: Rosa le compra una olla a su madre. Rosa le compra una olla. Accompanies Replaces
  • 7. Pronoun Placement 1) Before a conjugated verb ex. Rosa le comprar una olla a su madre. 2) Attached to an infinitive ex. Rosa quiere comprade una olla a su madre. 3) Attached to a gerund
  • 8. Gustar Me gusta.. Nos gusta..  Means Te gusta.. − Like Le gusta.. Les gusta.. − Please  If you have two or more infinitives, its still going to be gusta − A mi = me gusta − A ti = te gusta − A usted, a él, a ella = le gusta − A nosotros = nos gusta − A ustedes, a ellos, a ellas = les gusta
  • 9. Affirmative and Negative Words Alguien Someone anyone Algo something Algún Some, any Alguno(s) Alguna(s) siempre always también Also, too Nadie No one, nobody Nada nothing Ningún No, none, not any Ninguno Ninguna Nunca never tampoco Neither, either
  • 10. Superlatives  The suffix (-ísimo, -ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas) are added to the adjective and adverb  Equivalent to extremely or very before adjective and adverb  Adv + Adj ending in c, g, or z change to qu, gu, c − Rico- requísimo − Larga- larguísima − Feliz- felicísima  Adjective ending with -n or -r add císimo/a − Joven- jovencísimo − Trabajador- trabajordorcísimo
  • 11. Reflexives  The subject is the object  Person does as well as receives the action  Subject, pronoun, verb all in same form − ex.: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana Ella se despierta muy temprano  Position of Reflexive Pronouns 1) In front of a conjugated verb  Me estoy acostando ahora mismo 1) Attached to a gerund  Estoy acostándome ahora mismo 1) Attached to an infinitive  Voy a acostarme ahora mismo
  • 12. Affirmative Commands & Irregulars  Affirmative Commands- drop the 's'  Decir → di  Hace → haz  Ir → ve  Poner → pon  Salir → sal  Ser → se  Tenir → ten  Venir → ven
  • 13. Negative Commands & Irregulars  Negative Commands − Put in yo form − Change Vowel (a → e, e → a) − Add 's'  Dar/ Decir → No des/ digas  Ir → no vayas  Ser → no seas  Hacer → no hagas  Estar → no estés  Saber → no sepas  Tener → no tengas  Venir → no vengas
  • 14. Sequencing Events  Primero: first  Entonces: then, so  Luego: later  Por Fin: finally  Antes: before  Después: after  Por la mañana/tarde/noche- in/ during the … (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)  Los lunes, etc...: on (whatever day given)