Topic Research - Gathering Materials Evidence

Topic Research:
Gathering
Materials and
Evidence

Gathering Evidence: An Overview

Library Research

Internet Research

Interviewing

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Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Gathering Evidence: An Overview

Gathering Evidence: An Overview
• Why Gather Information?
• Sources of Information
• Research Tips: Start Early, Use a Bibliography, and Evaluate Material
Critically

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Why Gather Information?
• Don't simply rely on your own expertise to carry you through the speech. Seek out
information to support your arguments and gain credibility with the audience.
• Instead of relying on generalizations or common sense, find current information to

update your interpretation of the topic.
• Gather specialized information that will make your speech more relevant to your
particular audience.

Parking Garage
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Sources of Information
• Research librarians can help you get started on the research process. They can
also help you refine your research and save time.
• If you're looking for the most current information about your topic, look for articles.

Make sure their sources are trustworthy, though!
• When you are evaluating the credibility of a source, use the ADAM protocol: Age
(how old is the information), Depth (how detailed is the information), Author (how
qualified and reputable is the author), and Money (how monetary benefits may
have produced biased information).
Library Stacks

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Research Tips: Start Early, Use a Bibliography, and Evaluate
Material Critically
• Even seasoned public speakers start preparing early—follow their lead!
• Bibliographies, which compile many different sources that address a particular
topic, are great research tools.

• Make sure you understand the context of your research, especially if you are
looking at unfamiliar sources.

The Early Bird

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Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Library Research

Library Research
• Finding Materials in a Library
• Types of Material in a Library



Finding Materials in a Library
• All physical materials such as books and DVDs are labeled according to a
system, such as the Dewey Decimal Classification. The label corresponds to the
material's location in the library.
• Digital materials, such as databases, are easily searchable from the library's
computers. The homepage will help you determine which source to use and will
then direct you to the source.
• Librarians remain one of the best ways to find materials in a library. Their
knowledge and expertise can make research must easier.
Dewey Decimal Categorization

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Types of Material in a Library
• Librarians can help you determine the best resources to use and introduce you to
any technology or software you might need to access them.
• Libraries have physical resources such as books, maps, manuscripts, and

periodicals.
• Libraries can provide free access to digital resources such as e-books and
databases that are often inaccessible without a subscription.

Melk Abbey Library

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Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Internet Research

Internet Research
• Finding Materials on the Internet
• Types of Material on the Internet
• Evaluating Internet Material



Finding Materials on the Internet
• If you find yourself with an unfamiliar topic, you can orient yourself by conducting
a general, preliminary overview search using Internet search engines.
• Don't limit yourself to just one search engine; Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Ask, and

AOL Search comprise the top five search engines in the U.S. and each do certain
types of searches better than others.
• Use Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT to refine and specify your search
queries for accurate research results.

The Internet opens up a world of research
possibilities.

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Types of Material on the Internet
• The Internet is a constantly expanding virtual library with over a million terabytes
of data and information to be found and millions more gigabytes added daily.
• The Internet can provide you with a variety of sources including: scholarly

databases and journals, online encyclopedias, books, and videos.
• Even social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook can provide you with
unique and comprehensive sources of citizen journalism.

The virtual library of the Internet

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Evaluating Internet Material
• Failure to accurately evaluate your Internet sources leaves you and your speech
subject to intense scrutiny and questions of credibility.
• Consider the "age, depth, author and money" of every source you use from the

Internet. The ADAM approach can help you determine whether or not you should
proceed with using a particular source.
• Looking at a website's top-level domain can give you clues about its reliability.
Generally speaking, it's safe to trust information from sites with domain names
that end in .edu, .gov and .ngo and sometimes .org.
• When using and evaluating social media sources, researchers should be aware of

sites that have a poor reputation for checking facts or moderating content.

Evaluating Internet Materials

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Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence > Interviewing

Interviewing
• Interview Preparation
• Interview Conduct
• Interview Followup



Interview Preparation
• Thoroughly doing your homework on a potential interview subject not only helps
you to build rapport with him or her during your interview, it helps to confirm
whether or not your interviewee makes an appropriate primary source.
• Whether you write out talking points or specific questions, make sure to pay
attention during your interview to look for opportunities to ask follow-up questions.
• Both interviewers and interviewees should keep in mind factors such as timing
and pacing to keep the discussion focused.

Preparing for Your Interview

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Interview Conduct
• Set the schedule yourself and factor in breaks if you are interviewing more than
one person in a row.
• Establish rapport with your subject by being friendly, polite, and respectful.

• Leave your ego at the door and let the person you are interviewing teach you.
• Don't be a slave to your questions and the order in which you ask them. If new
questions come up during the interview, ask them.

Conducting Your Interview

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Interview Followup
• If you have interviewed synchronously one or two experts in person, telephone, or
video conference, then you should listen to the recording of the interview and
mark points of interest.
• If you have conducted an online synchronous interview using chat, make sure that
you have actually activated the archive feature so that you have a recorded
transcript of the chat and are able to review each of the questions and responses
at a later time.
• If you conducted an online asynchronous interview, you may have a large sample
of geographically dispersed respondents. You will need to summarize the content

or tabulate the ratings if you used rating scales for the interview questions.

Jimbo Wales being interviewed by Herbert
Blankesteijn

• Once you have completed your content analysis, you will want to consider how to
cite or credit the source(s) of the ―personal communication‖ in order to indicate the
person, the date, and the type of interview or manner of data collection.

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Appendix

Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence

Key terms
• bibliography A list of books or documents relevant to a particular subject or author. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• bibliography A list of books or documents relevant to a particular subject or author. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• citizen journalism Independent reporting, often by amateurs on the scene of an event, and disseminated via new media.

(CC BY-SA

3.0)

• Content analysis A methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. Harold Lasswell formulated
the core questions of content analysis: "Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect?" (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• critical thinking he application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and
discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• database A structured collection of data, typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of
rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies). (CC BY-SA
3.0)

3.0)

3.0)

• Dewey Decimal Classification A system that sorts and organizes all of a library's physical materials. The most common
categorization system in American public libraries. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• interview A formal meeting in person, for the assessment of a candidate or applicant. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



• keyword To tag with keywords, as for example to facilitate searching. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• peer review The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by
independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's
contents. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• search engine an application that searches for, and retrieves, data based on some criteria, especially one that searches the
Internet for documents containing specified words (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• skype to make a telephone call using software. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• talking point A specific topic raised in a conversation or argument which is intended as a basis for further discussion, especially
one which represents a point of view. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



Parking Garage

Flickr. "All sizes | Parking Garage | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/midexies/2758445640/sizes/z/in/photostream/ View on
Boundless.com


Library Stacks

Flickr. "Libraries are Creepy | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/paul_lowry/2266388742/ View on Boundless.com


The Early Bird

Flickr. "The Early Bird | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/wiredwitch/3772518889/ View on Boundless.com


Dewey Decimal Categorization

Wikimedia. "Dewey spine label." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dewey_spine_label.jpg View on Boundless.com


Melk Abbey Library

Wikipedia. "Melk - Abbey - Library." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melk_-_Abbey_-_Library.jpg View on Boundless.com


The Internet opens up a world of research possibilities.

Flickr. "All sizes | laptop on subway | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/theredproject/2878006012/sizes/z/ View on Boundless.com


The virtual library of the Internet

Flickr. "All sizes | Dublin - Trinity College Library | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/irishwelcometours/4909553055/sizes/l/ View on
Boundless.com


Evaluating Internet Materials

Flickr. "Using the laptops | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevenzwerink/8077587082/ View on Boundless.com


Preparing for Your Interview

Flickr. "IMG_1991 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfbps/4607149956/ View on Boundless.com


Conducting Your Interview

Flickr. "Dunedin ICT Internship Speed Dating 2010 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/21218849@N03/5016229588/ View on
Boundless.com


Jimbo Wales being interviewed by Herbert Blankesteijn

Wikimedia. "Interview jimbo." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interview_jimbo.jpg View on Boundless.com


The available body of facts or information indicating whether a
belief or proposition is true or valid.
A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review



A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence


Subject matter experts should take the time to gather information
related to their speech topic because research can
A) back up claims using personal opinions.

B) back up claims based on general information that is well-known to the
public.

C) back up claims with information from the Internet.

D) back up claims with evidence from industry studies.



Subject matter experts should take the time to gather information
related to their speech topic because research can
A) back up claims using personal opinions.

B) back up claims based on general information that is well-known to the
public.

C) back up claims with information from the Internet.

D) back up claims with evidence from industry studies.

Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


A) Deductive reasoning

B) logic

C) fallacy

D) evidence



A) Deductive reasoning

B) logic

C) fallacy

D) evidence

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence


When using the "ADAM" protocol, researchers should ask which
of the following questions when considering the author as a
factor?
A) What is the author's agenda in writing the article?

B) Are the authors or publishers affiliated with institutions where they
have a conflict of interest?

C) How deep and detailed is the author's work?

D) Was the author's article published recently?



A list of books or documents relevant to a particular subject or
author.
A) bibliography

B) evidence

C) talking point

D) citizen journalism



author.
A) bibliography

B) evidence

C) talking point


Wiktionary. "bibliography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bibliography


What is the advantage of using scholarly information instead of
information from the popular press?
A) Oversight

B) Timeliness

C) Credibility

D) All of the answers



What is the advantage of using scholarly information instead of
information from the popular press?
A) Oversight

B) Timeliness

C) Credibility

D) All of the answers

Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Which of the following research databases can be used to target
specific information and filter out irrelevant material?
A) Google Scholar

B) EBSCO

C) All of these answers.

D) ProQuest



Which of the following research databases can be used to target
specific information and filter out irrelevant material?
A) Google Scholar

B) EBSCO


D) ProQuest



author.
A) evidence

B) talking point

C) citizen journalism

D) bibliography



author.
A) evidence

B) talking point


D) bibliography

Wiktionary. "bibliography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bibliography


According to American philosopher Wayne Burgraff, speakers
should spend how many hours per minute of content preparing for
a presentation?
A) Two hours

B) Three hours

C) One hour

D) Four hours



Which source would you favor using for information about
contemporary ideologies of conservative politicians?
A) An article written by a journalist who interviewed people at a polling
location right after they voted

B) A book produced by a well-known, conservative publishing company

C) An article about the influence of political ideologies on the 1964 Civil
Rights Act
D) A book about conservative ideologies which you noticed many of your
other sources also used



Which source would you favor using for information about
contemporary ideologies of conservative politicians?
A) An article written by a journalist who interviewed people at a polling
location right after they voted

B) A book produced by a well-known, conservative publishing company

C) An article about the influence of political ideologies on the 1964 Civil
Rights Act
D) A book about conservative ideologies which you noticed many of your
other sources also used

Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


The application of logical principles, rigorous standards of
evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of
claims, beliefs, and issues.
A) persuasive

B) networking

C) orator

D) critical thinking



The application of logical principles, rigorous standards of
evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of
claims, beliefs, and issues.
A) persuasive

B) networking

C) orator

D) critical thinking

Wiktionary. "critical thinking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking


A structured collection of data, typically organized to model
relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in
hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this
information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies).
A) search engine

B) keyword

C) database

D) credibility



A) search engine

B) keyword

C) database

D) credibility

Wikipedia. "database." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/database


A) citizen journalism

B) database

C) active listening

D) Dewey Decimal Classification




B) database

C) active listening




The majority of public libraries in the United States use which of
the following systems?
A) Colon Classification

B) Library of Congress Classification





Candice is looking for a specific book for her macroeconomics
research project. What is the first thing she should do to most
effectively conduct her library search?
A) Ask a librarian

B) Search the physical library on her own

C) Look the book up in the library's database

D) Conduct a Google search



A system that sorts and organizes all of a library's physical
materials. The most common categorization system in American
public libraries.
A) Dewey Decimal Classification

B) database


D) talking point



A system that sorts and organizes all of a library's physical
materials. The most common categorization system in American
public libraries.
A) Dewey Decimal Classification

B) database


D) talking point

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/dewey-decimal-classification



B) active listening

C) Dewey Decimal Classification

D) database



An individual can do which of the following if a book is currently
not on the library shelves?
A) All of these answers.

B) Inquire whether the library has an e-book or digital version

C) Ask the library to reserve a copy in circulation

D) Order it from a partner library



An individual can do which of the following if a book is currently
not on the library shelves?

B) Inquire whether the library has an e-book or digital version

C) Ask the library to reserve a copy in circulation

D) Order it from a partner library



To tag with _______s, as for example to facilitate searching.

A) database

B) peer review


D) keyword



To tag with _______s, as for example to facilitate searching.

A) database

B) peer review


D) keyword

Wiktionary. "keyword." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keyword


an application that searches for, and retrieves, data based on
some criteria, especially one that searches the Internet for
documents containing specified words
A) database

B) peer review


D) search engine



an application that searches for, and retrieves, data based on
some criteria, especially one that searches the Internet for
documents containing specified words
A) database

B) peer review


D) search engine

Wiktionary. "search engine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/search+engine


When searching for information on the internet, you should


B) explore a variety of different search engines.

C) use a thesaurus to find synonyms that may allow your search to
generate more results.

D) use "and," "or," or "not" to clarify your searches.



The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be
published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent
researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the
importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents.
A) search engine

B) peer review

C) keyword

D) credibility



The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be
published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent
researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the
importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents.
A) search engine

B) peer review

C) keyword

D) credibility

Wiktionary. "peer review." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer+review


A) search engine

B) database

C) keyword

D) credibility



Independent reporting, often by amateurs on the scene of an
event, and disseminated via new media.
A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility




Independent reporting, often by amateurs on the scene of an
event, and disseminated via new media.
A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility


Wiktionary. "citizen journalism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/citizen+journalism


A) database

B) citizen journalism

C) active listening




Which of the following is a description of an online encyclopedia?

A) Academic, peer reviewed collections published online.

B) Online tools such as Project Gutenberg that allow access to full books
in an internet browser.

C) A collection of entries collaboratively written by volunteers around the
world.
D) A form of citizen journalism that provides real-time, first-person
accounts of world events.



The objective and subjective components of the believability of a
source or message.
A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility

D) database



source or message.
A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility

D) database

Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility


source or message.
A) understanding

B) credibility

C) memory

D) mnemonic



source or message.
A) credibility

B) anecdote

C) topic

D) introduction



The ADAM approach is used to evaluate online sources. What
does the acronym ADAM stand for?
A) accuracy, detail, author, money

B) age, depth, anonymity, mediation

C) age, depth, author, money

D) accuracy, detail, anonymity, mediation



A formal meeting in person, for the assessment of a candidate or
applicant.
A) interview

B) skype

C) Content analysis

D) keyword



A formal meeting in person, for the assessment of a candidate or
applicant.
A) interview

B) skype

C) Content analysis

D) keyword

Wiktionary. "interview." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interview


Before preparing a list of questions for the interviewee, the
interviewer should first
A) determine the interview format.

B) prepare a content analysis.

C) research the interview subject and their related field.

D) practice the timing and pacing of the interview.



A specific topic raised in a conversation or argument which is
intended as a basis for further discussion, especially one which
represents a point of view.
A) search engine

B) talking point

C) active listening

D) Content analysis



A specific topic raised in a conversation or argument which is
intended as a basis for further discussion, especially one which
represents a point of view.
A) search engine

B) talking point

C) active listening

D) Content analysis

Wiktionary. "talking point." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talking+point


Which of the following can interviewers do to help participants feel
more comfortable during an interview?
A) Record the interview in front of the participant

B) Use questions as conversation starters

C) Ask questions that encourage participants to talk about their feelings

D) Pause immediately following a question



to make a telephone call using software.

A) skype

B) talking point

C) interview

D) Content analysis



to make a telephone call using software.

A) skype

B) talking point

C) interview

D) Content analysis

Wiktionary. "skype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skype


An interviewer who has used the online synchronous interviewing
method will want to do which of the following during content
analysis?
A) Take notes and transcribe relevant interview responses during the
interview

B) Tabulate ratings for each of the interview questions and responses

C) Tabulate the frequency of responses for each of the question
categories
D) Record a transcript of the interview questions and responses to review
at a later time.



A methodology in the social sciences for studying thecontent of
communication. Harold Lasswell formulated the core questionsof
_______: "Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and
withwhat effect?"
A) keyword

B) active listening

C) talking point

D) Content analysis



A methodology in the social sciences for studying thecontent of
communication. Harold Lasswell formulated the core questionsof
_______: "Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and
withwhat effect?"
A) keyword

B) active listening

C) talking point

D) Content analysis

Wikipedia. "Content analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content+analysis


Attribution
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