This is my assigned topics for reporting in our TCC2 Class: Facilitating Human Learning

1. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Lesson # 18 & 20
Prepared & Reported by: July F. Abestro
TCC2 (Facilitating Human Learning)

2. The Parts of the Central Nervous
Sytem

3. Central Nervous System(CNS)
• -Human Nervous System is called CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM, because it is located at the
center of our body.
• -it is composed of the BRAIN and the SPINAL
CORD
• -is so powerful that it allows our body to
receive sensory information from the
environment through our eye, ears and other
sensory receptors.

4. • -it is also responsible for the voluntary reflex
responses of the entire body. Our body is
replete with the built-in reflex mechanisms,
that automatically respond, for us to survive
and adapt to the environment. Though, some
of these reflexes disappear when they are no
longer needed.

5. THE SPINAL CORD
• This serve as the communication link between
the BRAIN and all the parts of our body.

6. NEURONS
• -are the cells that transmit information
throughout the body.
• -activate OUR SENSORY MODALITIES so that
we can decide what to do with the sensory
information.
• -are considered as the building blocks of the
nervous system.

7. TWO TYPES OF NEURONS
• SENSORY NEURONS(Afferent Neurons): a set of neurons in the somatic
nervous system that carry messages from sensory organs to the central
nervous system.
• -they act like one-way streets that carry traffic from the sense organs
toward the brain.
• -they also treat the brains to all sensory experiences, including vision,
hearing, taste, touch, smell, pain and balance.
• MOTOR NEURONS( Efferent Neurons): a set of neurons that carry
messages going out from the central nervous system.
• -they form a one-way travel that transports messages away from the brain
to the muscles, organs & glands (Zimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006)

8. Example:
• When we hear that our professor is asking us to
discuss the steps followed in scientific inquiry,
and we want to raise our hand to answer, our
somatic nervous system will report to our brain
the present state of our skeletal muscles. It
means that the neurons in the somatic nervous
system will carry the message to our brain. When
the message is already sent, the neurons will
carry the information back allowing us to raise
our hand & answer.

9. SENSORY MODALITY
• Sensory Modality is other known as STIMULUS
MODALITY. It is one aspect of a stimulus or what
we perceive after stimulus.
• Ex: the temperature modality is registered after
heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory
modalities include: Light, Sound, Temperature,
Taste, Pressure & Smell.
Stimulus is something that causes a physiological
response. Our body reactions to things &
situations.

10. 3 PARTS OF NEURONS
• DENDRITES, that receive information from
other neurons.
• CELL BODY, that provides nourishment.
• AXON, which refers to the neurons that send
information along the neurons.
• Note: GLIAL CELLS, are the cells that support
and provide nutrients for the neurons in the
central nervous system.

11. THE AXON
• -is responsible for transmitting NEURAL
IMPULSES (Action Potentials). If there is no
action potential moving down the axon, then
the axon is at rest.

12. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS)
• It is responsible for carrying information to
and from the central nervous system.
• It is found outside the brain & spinal cord.
• It is divided into two. The SOMATIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM (SNS) & the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM(ANS)

13. THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(SNS)
• Is also known as SKELETAL NERVOUS SYSTEM,
which is composed of all the nerves that
connect to sensory receptors & skeletal
muscles.
• Its role is to carry first the sensory information
to the central nervous system and then carries
messages from the central nervous system to
the skeletal muscles

14. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• It is responsible for involuntary actions such as
heartbeat, digestion, pupil dilation, dislodging
of the food into the throat and breathing.
• Ex: When we get frightened by seeing a
venomous snake while walking along a grassy
road. The fear that we felt is absorbed by this
system.

15. 2 BRANCHES OF AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM other
known as Fight or Flight System, is
responsible for arousing the body for action
and preparing forces in times of stress.
• PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- it
relaxes or controls the body from stress. It is
responsible for calming the body in order to
conserve energy.

16. LESSON 20: BRAIN LATERALIZATION
• -Refers to the two divisions of the brain, which
are
• the LEFT HEMISPHERE
• & the RIGHT HEMISPHERE.

17. THE LEFT HEMISPHERE
• Generally, we can describe the cognitive
processing of the left hemisphere as more
Analytic & Sequential.
• Left hemisphere of our brain matches object
analytically & verbally
• Example: we can match pencils & ballpoint
pens as writing materials or spoon, fork &
chopsticks as eating utensils.

18. THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE
• This part of the our brain is characterized as
more on Holistic & Spatial.
• It matches objects that are of the same form
to visual pattern or relationship.
• Example: We can find similarity between balls
& balloons because of their round shapes.

19. TABLE 11: DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS BETWEEN
THE LEFT AND THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE
• Functions of the Left Hemisphere Functions of the Right Hemisphere
* Regulates positive emotions * Regulates negative emotions
* Controls muscles used in speech * Responds to simple commands
* Controls the sequence of movements * Memorizes music & shapes
* Memorizes words & numbers * Interprets visual images
* Regulates speaking & writing * Understand relationships in space
* Understands spoken & written forms * Recognizes faces

20. TABLE 12: SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEFT & RIGHT
HEMISPHERES
LEFT BRAIN HEMISPHERE RIGHT BRAIN HEMISPHERE
Follows the sequential process Follows random process
Analytical Intuitive
Verbal Language Non Verbal Language
Logical Spatial
Linear processing Spontaneous & holistic
Temporal Holistic
Mathematical Functions Nonverbal process
Prefers Structures Prefers to see & experience
Internal focus External focus
Reasoning Dreams
Judgments Sees similarities
Reality-based processing Fantasy-based processing
Deals with one thing at a time Integrates multiple inputs

23. THANK YOU PO!
-July