1. The journey of the jeans
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 1

2. CLIMATE CHANGE
& the Role of Tourism
Laura Birlibescu - 189508
Julia Seperant - 192523
Julian vonPodewils - 192524

3. Cup of coffee
• 53g CO2: for a coffee
• 71g CO2: for a coffee, if you
boil double the water you need
• 235g CO2: for a large cappuccino
• 340g CO2: for a large latte
(“What’sthe carbonfootprint”, 2010)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 3

4. Learning objectives
• Understand the basic physical concept of climatechange
• Identifyan alternative global warmingtheory
• Explainthe riskassociatedwithtemperaturerise
• Discuss how society raisesawareness about global warming
• Identify the main CO2 emissiongenerators in the tourismsector
• Understand the importance of climate change for tourist destinations
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 4

5. Climate change definition
• Climate Change:
“A periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a
result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions
between the atmosphere and various other
geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the
Earth system.”
• Climate:
“It is often defined as the average weather at a particular
place, incorporating features as
temperature, precipitation, humidity and windiness.”
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 5

6. Greenhouseeffect
“The greenhouse effect is a warming of the Earth s surface and
troposphere (which is the lowest layer of the
atmosphere), caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane and certain other gases in the air.”
(Greenhouse effect, 2011)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 6

7. Composition of the atmosphere
(Pidwirny, 2006)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 7

8. Climate change
Humanactivity of burningfossil fuel and modifying land cover of
earth surface leads to :
• Increasedgreenhousegases in the athmosphere
• Risingtemperature
• Melting of seaice
• Droughts and floods
• Ocean circulation changes
• Influence on ecosystem and biodyversity
• Coralbleaching
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 8

9. Climate change
• Temperature and CO2 developsimilarly
Iceage
(Europeanenvironmentagency, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 9

10. Global warmingbased on CO2
Natural sinks : 2-3
gigatons/year
Anthropogenicemis
sions: 7
gigatons/year
(Europeanenvironmentage
ncy, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 10

11. 11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 11

12. Global contribution of CO2 (2008)
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 12

13. Co2 per capita
(“National carbondioxide”, 2005)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 13

14. Kyoto Protocol
• United Nation Framework Convention on climate change
• Reducing CO2 globally
• Adopted on 11th of Dec in 1997 and enteredinto force on 16th of Feb 2005
• By Sept 2011, 192 countries signed and ratified it
• Annex 1 countries: 37 were commited to reduce four main greenhouse gases
(carbon dioxide, mathane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) 5% reduction
of 1990 level for period of 2008-2012
• non Annex 1 No restrictions: Countries can earn “carboncredits” and sell
them
• Need to report regulary on emissions
•  It is not a law! Parties don’t necessarily need to stick to regulations
(“Kyoto Protocol”, n.d.)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 14

15. Co2 per country
(McCormick &Scruton, 2009)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 15

16. Emissions vs. Kyoto targets
(Europeanenvironmentagency, 2010)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 16

17. Tourism‘s contribution to climate change
Tourism:
“It refers to the activities of persons traveling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not
related to the exercise of an activity renumerated from within
the place visited.“
(UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 17

18. Tourism‘s contribution to climate change
Main tourism sub-sectors contributing to climate
change:
• Transportation
 generates 75 % of emissions
• Accommodation
 generates 21% of emissions
• Tourism activities
 generated 4 % of emissions
(UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 18

19. Transportation
• Aviation based trips count for 17 %, but cause 40% of CO2
emissions
 largest contributor within transportation sector
causes CO2 but also additional warming effect at flight
attitude through other gases, which is 2-5 times the radiative
forcing caused by CO2
• Car is the most important contributor in domestic tourism
(UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 19

20. Transportation
• Rail, coach or water borne transportation more difficult to
calculate.
 Number and length of trips are not clear and no data
available for many countries
 But contribution is small compared to other transportation
means, as they are relatively energy efficient
 On average: account for 16 % of all trips, but gererate 1 %
of CO2 emissions
(UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 20

21. CO2 emissions by transportation
(UNWTO, 2008)
Mtonnes= Metric tonnes= 1000 kg
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 21

22. Accommodation
• 80 different accommodation categories
• Hotels
• Hostels
• Motels
• Pensions
• Bed and Breakfast
• Vacation homes
• Campsites
• Bungalows
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 22

23. Accommodation
• Energy is used in form of
• Heating/ Cooling
• Cooking
• Illumination
• Cleaning
• In tropical regions for desalination of seawater
CO2 emissions are produced because of too much use of
energy and water and too much waste
(“Environmental impact“, 2010)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 23

24. Energy use by accommodation type
(UNWTO, 2008)
3,6 MJ = 1 Kilowatt hour
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 24

25. Accommodation
“The average energy consumption per bed per night in hotels
are 130 MJ. Hotels use more energy per visitor than local
residents as they have more energy intense facilities, such as
bars, restaurants, pools and spacious rooms.”
(“Environmental impact”, 2010)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 25

26. Other tourism activities
• Categories of attractions
• Museums
• Theme parks
• Outdoor-oriented activities
• Events (e.g. Sport events, concerts)
• Shopping
Data for emissions and energy used by these activities are
rarely available
On average per trip 27 kg of CO2 is generated (170 MJ of
energy use)
(UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 26

27. Energy use per trip
• International leisure trips:
 250 MJ of energy use including local transportation
• Business trips:
 less activity-oriented and shorter  50 MJ of energy use
• Visiting friends and relatives:
 familiy-related activities  100 MJ of energy use
(UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 27

28. “Business-as-usual“ scenario
Growth of 161%
of
CO2 emissions
“Business- as-usal“: Forecast of an average 4 % annual growth of
international tourist arrivals up to 2020 (UNWTO, 2008)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 28

29. Global warming as a part of society
How does media and politicsraiseourawareness of
climate change in oureveryday life?
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Ms Barbara Hoffmann 29

30. Global warming as a part of society
• Politics: • Media:
• Climatesummits • Cinema
• G8 & G20 Summit • TV
• Politiciansgainingpopularity due to • Advertisement
green politics • News
• Election program of green parties • Newspaper article/ books
• Al Gore • Special reports
• Renewableengery concepts • Weatherforecast
• General trust in politicians as they • Talk shows
are representatives of the citizens
• Documentaries
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 30

31. Global warmingbased on sunspots
• Henrik SvensmarkTheory
(Physics professor at the danish national space center, Copenhagen)
• Cosmic rays coming to earth produced by supernovas
• Electro magnetic activity of sun (sunspots)  shield against rays
• The more magnetic activity the less cosmic rays
• The less magnetic activity the more cosmic rays
• Rays hit lower atmosphere ionization of the air which releases
electrons hepling the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
 Clouds are formed! Reflecting more solar energy to space
 Cooling the planet
(Vardiman, 2008)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2ImCO3XYXQ
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 31

32. Global warming based on sunspots
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 32

33. Impact on winter destinations - Switzerland
• Shift in demand for heating to coolingsystems
• Scarcity of water
• Extremeweathereventswillincease
• Biodiversitywill change
• More frequentfloods and longer droughtperiods
• Zerodegree line willrise by 360 m
• Numberof ski areas willdecrease
• Alpine glaciers willdiminish by ¾ in 2050
• Permafrost areas willdecrease
(SCNAT, 2007)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 33

34. Reliablesnowcover in ski areas
(Elsasser&Messerli, 2001)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 34

35. Number of Snow reliable Ski Areas
(SCNAT,2007)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 35

36. Aletsch Glacier- Switzerland
1900 2004
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 36

37. 1939
2010
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 37

38. Impact on coastal regions - Maldives
• Location: Indian ocean
• 1192 islands
• 194 populated islands
• $ 800 million income through
tourism per year
• Highest point of land is 2 m above sea level
 lowest islands on earth
• 7th largest coral reefs in the world
(“Global warming“, n.d. & „Climate Change“, 2010)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 38

39. Effects of global warming
• Sea level rise
• Rapid temperature rise causes melting of polar ice caps
• Thousands of cubic km of water return to the oceans and
increase their volume
• Existing water warms up and expands
• Oceans rise 1-22 mm per year
• By 2100 oceans preticted to rise by 9-88 cm 80 % of Maldives
would sink beneath ocean
(Gössling & Hall, 2006)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 39

40. Effects of global warming
• Increasing storminess
• Increase in cyclones in the atmosphere and storms
• Increasing storms and sea level rise go together
• The wind pushes the surface sea water in front and causes
floods
(Gössling & Hall, 2006)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 40

41. Effects of global warming
• Changing levels of cloudiness
• Changing distribution of cloud cover and rainfall pattern
• More cloud cover: decrease of day time temperature
• Less cloud cover: increase of day time temperature and coral
bleaching
Global warming will lead to disappearance of the island and
death of coral reefs within the next 100 years
(Gössling & Hall, 2006)
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 41

42. Conclusion
• Rise of temperatureisoccuringmuchfasterthanatany time in
history
• Climatechange caused by naturalfactors and reinforced by
humanfactorssince the industrialrevolution
• Althoughthere has been a considerableamount of
researchconducted, scientists have different conclusions about
the development of the Earth`sclimate
• Tourism destinations will shift to the North on the
northernhemisphere and South on the southernhemisphere
• Tourism destinations have to adapt to the future climate
conditions
• Tourismsectorneeds to reduce CO2 emissions, sinceit a large
contributer to global warming
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 42

43. Reference list
Baumert, K. A., Herzog, T., & Pershing, J. (2005). Navigating the numbers: Greenhouse gas data and international
climate policy. Retrieved from http://www.wri.org/publication/navigating-the-numbers
Bows, A., Anderson, K. & Peeters, P. (2009). Air transport, climate change and tourism . Tourism and Hospitality
Planning & Development. 6(1), 7-20. Retrieved from
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14790530902847012
Climate change. (2011). EncyclopædiaBritannica. Retrievedfrom
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121632/climate-change
Climate change in the Maldives. (2010). The world bank. Retrieved from
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:224136
95~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html
Elsasser, H., &Messerli, P. (2001). The vulnerability of the snow industry in the Swiss alps. Mountain Research
and Development.21(04), 335-339. doi: 10.1659/0276-4741
Environmental impact of hotels. (2010). Green hotels & responsible tourism initiative. Retrieved from
http://green.hotelscombined.com/GreenYourHotelWhitePaper.php#environmental-impact-of-
hotels
European Environment Agency. (2008). Observed global and european annual average temperature deviations,
1850-2007. Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/observed-global-
and-european-annual-average-temperature-deviations-1850-2007
Glaciers online. (n.d.). Grosser Aletschgletscher. Retrieved from
http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/alps/grosser_aletschgletscher/aletsch_1_1900 -2004-en.html
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 43

44. Reference list
Global warming. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/235402/global-warming
Global warming threatens the state of Maldives with disappearance in the future. (n.d.). Genistra.com. Retrieved
from http://www.genistra.com/blog/2010/10/18/global-warming-threatens-the-state-of-maldives-
with-disappearance-in-the-future/
Gössling, S. & Hall, M. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism & global environmental change. Great Britain: Routledge
Greenhouse effect. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245233/greenhouse-effect
Kyoto Protocol. (n.d.). UNFCCC. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
Kyoto Protocol. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/737984/Kyoto-Protocol
Lamb, S. (2005). Paradise(soon to be) lost. Retrieved from
http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,341669,00.html
Lane, J. E. (2011). Co2 emissions and gdp. International Journal of Social Economics. 38(11), 911-918. doi:
10.1108/03068291111171414
Müller, H., & Weber, F. (2008). 2030: Der schweizer tourismus. Retrieved from
http://www.fif.unibe.ch/unibe/wiso/fif/content/e6012/e6025/e6026/e6679/Klimabericht_ST_Apr08g
er.pdf
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 44

45. Reference list
National carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita. (2005). UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics
Library. Retrieved from
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/national_carbon_dioxide_co2_emissions_per_capita
Pidwirny, M. (2006). Atmospheric Composition. Physical Geography. Retrieved from
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html
SCNAT. (2007). Climate change and Switzerland 2050. Retrieved from
http://proclimweb.scnat.ch/portal/ressources/794.pdf
Steiger, R. (2011). The impact of snow scarcity on ski tourism: an analysis of the record warm season
2006/2007 in tyrol (austria). Tourism Review. 66(03), 04-13. doi:
10.1108/16605371111175285
UNWTO. (n.d.). Climate change and tourism. Retrieved from
http://www.unwto.org/climate/bkg/en/bkg.php?op=1
UNWTO. (2008). Climate change and tourism. Madrid, Spain: WorldTourism Organization
Vardiman, L. (2008). A New Theory of Climate Change. Institute for Creating Research. Retrieved from
http://www.icr.org/article/new-theory-climate-change/
What’s the carbon footprint of…a cup of tea or coffee?. (2010). The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/green-living-blog/2010/jun/17/carbon-footprint-of-
tea-coffee
11/28/2011 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 45