1. Рrepared: the
student 11-b
Dibrova Sophya

2. Is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at
the north end of the Palace of Westminster in
London, and often extended to refer to the clock
and the clock tower , officially named Elizabeth
Tower , as well. Elizabeth Tower holds the largest
four-faced chiming clock in the world and is the
third-tallest free-standing clock tower. It celebrated
its 150th anniversary on 31 May 2009, during
which celebratory events took place. The tower
was completed in 1858 and has become one of the
most prominent symbols of both London and
England, often in the establishing shot of films set
in the city.

3. The dial of the Great Clock of Westminster. The hour hand is 9
feet (2.7 m) long and the minute hand is 14 feet (4.3 m) long
The clock and dials were designed by Augustus Pugin . The clock
dials are set in an iron frame 23 feet (7.0 m) in diameter,
supporting 312 pieces of opal glass, rather like a stained-glass
window. Some of the glass pieces may be removed for
inspection of the hands. The surround of the dials is gilded . At
the base of each clock dial in gilt letters is the Latin inscription:
“ DOMINE SALVAM FAC REGINAM NOSTRAM
VICTORIAM PRIMAM ”
Which means O Lord, keep safe our Queen Victoria the First .

4. The clock has become a symbol of the United Kingdom and
London, particularly in the visual media. When a television or
film-maker wishes to indicate a generic location in Britain, a
popular way to do so is to show an image of the tower, often with
a red double-decker bus or black cab in the foreground.
In 2008 a survey of 2,000 people found
that the tower was the most popular
landmark in the United Kingdom. It has
also been named as the most iconic film
location in London .

5. The Tower has appeared in many films, most notably in the 1978 version
of The Thirty Nine Steps , in which the hero, Richard Hannay ,
attempted to halt the clock's progress by hanging from the minute hand
of its western dial. In the fourth James Bond film, Thunderball , a
mistaken extra strike of Big Ben on the hour is designated by criminal
organisation SPECTRE to be the signal that the British Government has
acceded to its nuclear extortion demands.
It was also used in the filming of Shanghai Knights
starring Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson , and was
depicted as being partially destroyed in the Doctor Who
episode " Aliens of London ". Big Ben was also
featured in the closing scene of James McTeigue 's film
V for Vendetta in which a futuristic depiction of Guy
Fawkes succeeds in blowing up parliament, and the
tower's bells and pendulum are sounded with a final
screech at the beginning of the explosion.

6. Is the official London residence and principal workplace of the
British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a
setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus
for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

7. Originally known as Buckingham House , the building which forms the core of
today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1705 on
a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was
subsequently acquired by George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen
Charlotte , and known as "The Queen's House". During the 19th century it was
enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, forming three
wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace finally became the official
royal palace of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.
The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, including the East front which contains the well-known balcony on
which the royal family traditionally congregates to greet crowds outside. However,
the palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb in World War II; the Queen's
Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of
art from the Royal Collection .

8. The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which still
survive, included widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and
blue and pink lapis , on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward
VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold
colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the
Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the
Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House . The
Buckingham Palace Garden is the largest private garden in London.
The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the
public each year for most of August and September, as part of the
Palace's Summer Opening.

9. (Вuilt 1886–1894) is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in
London, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of
London, from which it takes its name. It has become an iconic
symbol of London.

10. The bridge consists of two towers tied together at the upper level
by means of two horizontal walkways, designed to withstand the
horizontal forces exerted by the suspended sections of the bridge
on the landward sides of the towers. The vertical component of
the forces in the suspended sections and the vertical reactions of
the two walkways are carried by the two robust towers. The
bascule pivots and operating machinery are housed in the base of
each tower. The bridge's present colour scheme dates from 1977,
when it was painted red, white and blue for the Queen Elizabeth
II 's silver jubilee . Originally it was painted a mid greenish-blue
colour

11. Tower Bridge is sometimes mistakenly referred to as London Bridge,
which is the next bridge upstream.
The nearest London Underground station is Tower Hill on the Circle and
District lines, and the nearest Docklands Light Railway station is
Tower Gateway.
The bridge is 800 feet (244 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet
(65 m) high, built on piers. The central span of 200 feet (61 m)
between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which
can be raised to an angle of 86 degrees to allow river traffic to pass.
The bascules, weighing over 1,000 tons each, are counterbalanced to
minimise the force required and allow raising in five minutes.

12. The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each 270 feet (82 m)
long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments
and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways.
The pedestrian walkways are 143 feet (44 m) above the river at
high tide.

13. Wellington Arch , also known as Constitution
Arch or (originally) the Green Park Arch ,
is a triumphal arch located to the south of
Hyde Park in central London and at the
western corner of Green Park (although it
is now isolated on a traffic island).

14. The arch, and Marble Arch (originally sited in front of Buckingham
Palace ), were both planned in 1825 by George IV to commemorate
Britain's victories in the Napoleonic Wars . The Wellington Arch
was also conceived as an outer gateway to Constitution Hill and
therefore a grand entrance into central London from the west. The
presence of a turnpike gate at this point had led, in the 18th century,
to a strong perception that this was the beginning of London
(reflected in the nickname for Apsley House as "No 1, London")
and the arch was intended to reflect the importance of the position.

15. The Wellington Arch was built between 1826-1830 to a design by
Decimus Burton . Much of the intended exterior ornamentation was
omitted as a cost-saving exercise necessitated by the King's
overspending on the refurbishment of Buckingham Palace , which
was underway at the same time. The arch originally stood almost
directly opposite the Duke of Wellington 's, Apsley House , a short
distance from, and at a right-angles to, its present location. It faced
the screen, also designed by Decimus Burton, and still in its original
location, which forms the Hyde Park Corner entrance to Hyde Park.
It was intended to form part of a grand ceremonial route towards
Buckingham Palace.

16. In 1846 the arch was selected as a location for a statue of
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, soldier and Prime
Minister. The bronze Wellington Statue by Matthew Cotes
Wyatt which eventually crowned the arch was at 40 tons
(40.62 tonne ) and 28 feet (8.53 m) high, the largest
equestrian figure ever made. It generated considerable
controversy and ridicule at the time. Motions were put in
place to move it to a different location but as this could have
be seen as insulting to Wellington it was left in place on the
orders of the Queen and remained there throughout the
remainder of the duke's lifetime.

17. In London played a major role in the history of astronomy and
navigation , and is best known as the location of the prime meridian .
It is situated on a hill in Greenwich Park , overlooking the River
Thames.
The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages
in the first half of the 20th century, and the Greenwich site is now
maintained as a tourist attraction

18. The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II , with
the foundation stone being laid on 10 August. At this time the king
also created the position of Astronomer Royal (initially filled by John
Flamsteed ), to serve as the director of the observatory and to "apply
himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the
tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars,
so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the
perfecting of the art of navigation." The building was completed in
the summer of 1676. The building was often given the title "Flamsteed
House".

19. Was founded in AD960 as a Benedictine monastery. This was when
most European Christians were Roman Catholic, but following the
Reformation in the 16th century the Church of England was formed.
Many traditions remain in the Abbey but services are conducted in
English, and not Latin.
Westminster Abbey is the nation's Coronation Church and also the
burial and memorial place for historical figures from the last
thousand years of British history.
Westminster Abbey is still a working church

21. Is a museum in London dedicated to human history and culture.
Its permanent collection, numbering some eight million
works, is amongst the largest and most comprehensive in
existence and originates from all continents, illustrating and
documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings
to the present.

22. The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the
collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane . The museum
first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in
Bloomsbury , on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion
over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an
expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of
several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural
History) in South Kensington in 1887. Some objects in the collection,
most notably the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon , are the objects of
intense controversy and of calls for restitution to their countries of origin

23. Until 1997, when the British Library
(previously centred on the Round
Reading Room ) moved to a new site,
the British Museum was unique in that it
housed both a national museum of
antiquities and a national library in the
same building. The museum is a non-
departmental public body sponsored by
the Department for Culture, Media and
Sport, and as with all other national
museums in the United Kingdom it
charges no admission fee. Since 2002
the director of the museum has been Neil
MacGregor.