breve introdução de morfossíntaxe

1. English MorphologyEnglish Morphology
Prof. João ItamarProf. João Itamar

2. FocusFocus
 What is a word?What is a word?
 How do new words enter a language?How do new words enter a language?

3. MorphologyMorphology
 The study of wordsThe study of words
 Perceptual units, not physical unitsPerceptual units, not physical units
 Concept of word associated with writtenConcept of word associated with written
language than spoken languagelanguage than spoken language

4. How words are formedHow words are formed
 MorphemesMorphemes
 Free morphemes-units that can stand aloneFree morphemes-units that can stand alone
as words by themselvesas words by themselves
 treetree
 Bound morphemes-units that must beBound morphemes-units that must be
attached or bound to a free morphemeattached or bound to a free morpheme
 treetreess

5. Bound morphemesBound morphemes
 Affixes (prefix/suffix)Affixes (prefix/suffix)
 Inflectional morphemes add to a word withoutInflectional morphemes add to a word without
changing the part of speechchanging the part of speech
 Does not change the meaning of the base wordDoes not change the meaning of the base word
 8 inflectional affixes in English8 inflectional affixes in English
 -s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (show-s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (show
tense), -er, -est (show comparison)tense), -er, -est (show comparison)
 Derivational affixes when added to a baseDerivational affixes when added to a base
word, a new word is derivedword, a new word is derived
 May change the part of speech of the base wordMay change the part of speech of the base word

6. English MorphemesEnglish Morphemes
Free MorphemesFree Morphemes Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes
TreeTree PrefixesPrefixes
Derivational (un-)Derivational (un-)
Suffixes:Suffixes:
Derivational (-ion)Derivational (-ion)
Inflectional (-s)Inflectional (-s)

7.  Prefixes help readers understand thePrefixes help readers understand the
meaning of a word.meaning of a word.
 Suffixes tell more about the part of speechSuffixes tell more about the part of speech
than the meaning of the word.than the meaning of the word.

8. Types of WordsTypes of Words
 Simple wordsSimple words
 Words with just one free morphemeWords with just one free morpheme
 TreeTree
 Complex wordsComplex words
 Words with a free morpheme and one or moreWords with a free morpheme and one or more
bound morphemesbound morphemes
 treestrees
 Compound wordsCompound words
 Words that consist of two free morphemesWords that consist of two free morphemes
 teacupteacup

9. Word ClassifyingWord Classifying
 Content WordsContent Words
 Parts of speechParts of speech
 NounNoun
 VerbVerb
 AdjectivesAdjectives
 adverbsadverbs

10. Parts of speechParts of speech Can add theseCan add these
inflectional suffixesinflectional suffixes
Can add theseCan add these
derivational suffixesderivational suffixes
NounNoun ~s or ~es (plural):~s or ~es (plural): treestrees,,
bushesbushes
‘‘s (possessive):s (possessive): animal’sanimal’s
CommenceCommencementment
PreventPreventionion
NeatNeatnessness
ClarClarityity
DependDependenceence
FarmFarmerer
parachutparachutistist
VerbVerb ~s (third-person~s (third-person
singular):singular):
He walks.He walks.
~ing (progressive):~ing (progressive):
He is walking.He is walking.
~ed (past):~ed (past):
He walked.He walked.
~en (past participle):~en (past participle):
He has drivenHe has driven
ClasClassifysify
CharacterCharacterizeize
evaluevaluateate
AdjectiveAdjective
AdverbAdverb
~er (comparative):~er (comparative):
Bigger/fasterBigger/faster
est (superlative):est (superlative):
Biggest/fastestBiggest/fastest
MischievMischievousous
ColorColorfulful
FestFestiveive
RegRegalal
FlexiFlexibleble

11. Function WordsFunction Words
 DeterminersDeterminers
 QuantifiersQuantifiers
 PronounsPronouns
 AuxiliariesAuxiliaries
 PrepositionsPrepositions
 ConjunctionsConjunctions
 IntensifiersIntensifiers
 ParticlesParticles

12. Types of Function WordsTypes of Function Words
TypeType ExampleExample ExampleExample ExampleExample
DeterminersDeterminers TheThe ThisThis MyMy
QuantifiersQuantifiers OneOne EveryEvery SeveralSeveral
PronounsPronouns YouYou YourselfYourself WhoWho
AuxiliariesAuxiliaries IsIs HasHas MightMight
PrepositionsPrepositions InIn BeforeBefore OfOf
ConjunctionsConjunctions AndAnd IfIf HoweverHowever
ParticlesParticles UpUp DownDown AroundAround
IntensifiersIntensifiers RatherRather VeryVery soso

13. How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language
 Coining-someone makes up a name for anCoining-someone makes up a name for an
object and the name sticksobject and the name sticks
 Compounding-joining two freeCompounding-joining two free
morphemes.morphemes.
 Clipping-when a word is shortenedClipping-when a word is shortened
 Mathematics-mathMathematics-math
 Gasoline-gasGasoline-gas

14. How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language
 Acronyms-words made up of the firstAcronyms-words made up of the first
letters of several words.letters of several words. AcroAcro is Greek foris Greek for
“high,” so acronyms are “high names,”“high,” so acronyms are “high names,”
names made up of the tall (capital) firstnames made up of the tall (capital) first
letters.letters.
 Scuba (self-contained underwaterScuba (self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus)breathing apparatus)

15. How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language
 Blending-combining two wordsBlending-combining two words
 Brunch (breakfast + lunch)Brunch (breakfast + lunch)
 Motel (motor + hotel)Motel (motor + hotel)
 Back-formation-noun to verbBack-formation-noun to verb
 PeddlerPeddler peddlepeddle
 Borrowing-using words from otherBorrowing-using words from other
languageslanguages
 Boutique (French)Boutique (French)

16. Text AnalysisText Analysis
 Take a passage of one hundredTake a passage of one hundred
consecutive words. Working in pairs,consecutive words. Working in pairs,
classify each word by placing it on a chartclassify each word by placing it on a chart
similar to the one that follows. All functionsimilar to the one that follows. All function
words go in the rightmost column. If awords go in the rightmost column. If a
word is repeated, list it each time itword is repeated, list it each time it
appears.appears.

17. Text AnalysisText Analysis
SIMPLESIMPLE COMPLEXCOMPLEX COMPOUNCOMPOUN
DD
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
NOUNSNOUNS BOYBOY BOYSBOYS TOOTHBRUSHTOOTHBRUSH THETHE
THROUGHTHROUGH
VERBSVERBS GOGO PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE
ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE
SS
GREENGREEN UNSATISFACTOUNSATISFACTO
RYRY
ADVERBSADVERBS FASTFAST SLOWLYSLOWLY

18. Analyze your resultsAnalyze your results
 What percent of the words are functionWhat percent of the words are function
words?words?
 What percent are simple words?What percent are simple words?
 What percent are complex words withWhat percent are complex words with
inflection suffixes?inflection suffixes?
 What percent are complex words withWhat percent are complex words with
derivational suffixes?derivational suffixes?
 What percent are compound words?What percent are compound words?