Oral Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid) Specific Learning Objectives: The student should be able to: •Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration •Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form •Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms

1. ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
Dr. Jeenal Mistry
Senior resident,
Dept. of Pharmacology,
GMERS Medical College, Navsari.
Date: 4th January 2023

2. Outlines
2
1 Drug Formulation
2 Dosage
3 Types
4 Advantage
5 Disadvantage
6 Examples

3. 3
COMPETENCY
PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms
(Oral / Local /Parenteral; Solid / Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
• Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
• Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage
form
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms.

4. Drug formulation
▷ A recipe by which a drug is
prepared. It contains the list of active
ingredients and other substances like
excipients, vehicles, flavoring agents,
preservatives etc.
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5. Dosage form
▷ It is the form in which a drug formulation is administered to
the patient.
▷ Goal : To provide a therapeutic amount of drug to
appropriate site in the body in order to achieve and maintain
desired drug concentrations.
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6. Classification of dosage forms
Oral dosage forms
Parenteral dosage forms
Topical dosage forms
Newer Drug Delivery System
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7. ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
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8. ▷ ADVANTAGES
✓ Safer, more convenient
✓ Economical
✓ Does not need any assistance
✓ Non-invasive, painless
✓ Medications need not be sterile
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▷ DISADVANTAGES
✓ Slow action hence not suitable for
emergencies
✓ May cause nausea and vomiting
✓ Cannot be used for non-
cooperative/unconscious and patients
having vomiting.
✓ Under goes first pass metabolism
✓ Can be degraded by gastric
juices(penicillin G, insulin)
✓ Irritant drugs can cause GI side effects
✓ Highly polar drugs(i.e. Streptomycin)
are not absorbed

9. TYPES OF ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
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SOLID LIQUID
Tablet Syrup
Capsule Suspension
Spansule Linctus
Granule Drops
Kapseal Elixir
Pearl
Powder
Effervescent powder

10. SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
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TABLETS CAPSULE POWDER FORM
GRANULES PEARLS

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• These are solid dosage forms containing unit dose of one or more
powdered or granulated drugs that are compressed or moulded into
a round or discoid shape. They are prepared with or without diluents.
Contents of a tablet:
• Excipients: In addition to active ingredients, a tablet may contain the
pharmacologically inert substances which are added to
pharmaceutical preparation either to add bulk to active drug or to
mask the unpleasant taste. i.e. lactose, starch.

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List of substances used as excipients:
1. Diluents: are used when the amount of the drug(s) in the tablet is small
2. Lubricant: It prevents sticking of the tablet to the manufacturing machine.
3. Disintegrator: It helps in quick disintegration of the tablet in GIT.
4. Binder: It binds the drug particles together in the tablet form sweetener,
preservative, colouring agent etc.
5. Vehicle: These are the substances which are used to dissolve or suspend
the drugs in the preparation in order to make them better applicable or
more palatable.

14. Type of tablets
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1. Compressed tablets:
• The solid drugs are compressed by
mechanical pressure to form tablets
(e.g. erythromycin).
COMPRESSED / UNCOATED TABLETS

15. Type of tablets
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2. Coated tablets:
• The tablets are sugar coated to improve palatability or enteric coated to
protect the drug from the effect of gastric secretions or film coated to
protect the drug from effects of atmospheric oxygen or moisture.
• Enteric coated tablets are provided with one or more layers of coating
intended to resist the gastric fluid but permit their disintegration in the
intestinal fluid e.g. aspirin.
• They are swallowed as such and should not be broken, chewed or sucked.

16. Type of tablets
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3. Scored tablets
• These tablets contain break mark
on their surface so that they can
be easily divided into smaller
doses,if required.

17. Type of tablets
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4. Slow or Sustained release tablets (SR):
• SR preparations release the drug slowly over a long period of time.
• Desired plasma concentration may develop slowly but the action continues for
long period.
• Require less frequent administration and favour patient compliance (e.g.
isosorbide dinitrate, nifedipine).
• Not useful in emergency, where a quick onset of drug action is desired.
• They are swallowed assuch.

18. Type of tablets
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5. Buccal or Sublingual tablets:
• These are small, flat or oval tablets intended to be put under the tongue or in
buccal pouch where the active drug is directly absorbed into the systemic
circulation.
• Discarded (spitted out) after the desired effect is achieved.
• Quick onset of action
• Suitable for emergencies e.g. nitroglycerine tablets to relieve pain of angina
pectoris.

19. Type of tablets
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6. Chewable tablets:
• These are large tablets, having pleasant
taste, that are to be chewed well before
swallowing.
• They may disintegrate poorly in the GIT
e.g. vitamin c.
7. Dispersible tablets:
• These tablets disintegrate and
disperse rapidly in water before
administration.

20. Type of tablets
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8. Effervescent tablets
• Uncoated tablets containing acidic
substances, carbonates or bicarbonates.
• React rapidly in presence of water.
• Dissolved or dispersed in water and taken
while effervescing.
• Mask the bad taste of the drug
• Psychologically satisfy the patient.

21. Type of tablets
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9. Kid tablets:
• Paediatric dose of the drug.
• Easy to administer in children and ensure
accuracy of dose.
• Easy to handle as compared to liquid
preparations. E. g. amoxycillin kid tablet

22. Type of tablets
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10. Lozenges or troches:
• These are flat, round or rectangular
preparations sucked in mouth (NOT to
be swallowed).
• They produce high concentration of the
drug in the oral cavity and throat to
treat local conditions.

23. Capsules
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• These are small hard or soft
containers usually made of
gelatine.
• Different colours and bland to
taste.
• Powders, oils and liquids can
be administered as capsules.
• Dissolve readily in the GIT and
released drug is quickly
absorbed e.g. cod liver oil
capsules, ampicillin capsules.
• Spansules are capsules containing variably coated
drug particles that gradually release the drug in the
gut providing long action.
• E.g. iron formulation, Isosorbide dinitrate. Coloured
beads inside a capsule.
• Beads are coated with different resins which dissolve
at different time interval.
Kapseal: A type of capsules produced
by sealing the joints two parts of
cylinder by coloured band of gelatine
i.e.phenytoin.

24. POWDERS
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• Powders are finely divided intimately mixed dosage
form of solid drugs.
• For internal use e.g. ORS.
• Powders are accurately weighed, easy to dispense
and administer.
• Simple powder contains one ingredient while
compound powder contains more than one
ingredient. Granular effervescent powders are also
available.
• Dispensed in paper packets or in bulk containers
with spoon measure.
• Unpalatable powders can be dispensed in capsules
or caplets or coated tablets.

25. GRANULES
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These are small
aggregates of powder
held together by a
binding agent e.g.
Vitamin D3 granules
PEARLS
These are transparent or
translucent capsules that contain
liquid or semisolid drugs. i.e. Vit
A & D.
It avoids destruction by gastric
juice and also gastric irritation
but it is expensive.

26. LIQUID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
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27. LIQUID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
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ADVANTAGES:
• Especially useful in children
• Quicker action than solid dosage
form
• Paraffin can only be given in liquid
form
DISADVANTAGES:
• They are less stable (short shelf life)
• They may have unpleasant taste.
• They are bulky, inconvenient to store
and transport and accidental breakage
may occur
• Dose administered may not be
accurate, especially when household
measures are used
Elixir

28. Aqueous solutions
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These contain one or more drugs dissolved in water along with sweetening, flavouring and
colouring agents:
▪ Mixture: It is a liquid preparation meant for oral administration containing one or more soluble
ingredients e.g. alkaline mixture.
▪ Syrup: It is a simple, medicated, aromatic or flavoured preparation containing sugar for
makingdrug more palatable e.g. chloroquine syrup.
▪ Linctus: It is a viscous liquid containing drug with demulcents (an agent that forms a soothing
film over a mucous membrane, relieving minor pain and inflammation of the membrane) e.g.
menthol e.g. linctus codeine.
▪ Drops: They are for paediatric use, dispensed in dropper bottles e.g. Multivitamin drops, iron
drops. They facilitate accurate dosing in infants.
▪ Elixirs: These are pleasantly flavoured solutions of a drug in sugar syrup along with high
proportionof alcohol e.g. Vitamin B-complex elixirs etc.

29. Suspension
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It is a liquid medicament containing insoluble (diffusible or indiffusible) solid substances
homogenously distributed throughout the vehicle with or without the help of a suspending
agent. Powder for suspension is also available which must be reconstituted before use.
Advantages:
• They are chemically more stable than the syrup
• Mask the unpleasant taste and odour of the drug
• Insoluble solids can be given in liquid form
Disadvantage:
• A suitable preservative is required to avoid microbial contamination Instruction for
effective use of this dosage form: “Shake the bottle well before taking the prescribed
dose orally”

30. Suspension-Emulsion
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They are liquid medicament containing two immiscible liquids, one of which is broken into
minute globules and dispersed throughout the other liquid. Each globule is surrounded
by a thin film of emulsifying agent that prevents coalescence of globules. e.g. liquid
paraffin emulsion.
Advantages:
• Oily drug can be given in this form
• Oil in finely dispersed state is quickly absorbed
• Emulsifying agent mask the unpleasant taste and smell of drugs
Disadvantage:
• A suitable preservative is required to avoid microbial contamination
• Correct instruction for effective use of this dosage form: “Shake the bottle well
before taking theprescribed dose orally.

31. “
“PROUD TO BE DRUG FREE”
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Dr. Jeenal Mistry
MD PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGIST

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