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Chapter01ppt 1233751011634540-1
- 1. History of Dentistry Chapter 1
- 2. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1
- 4. A profession that is ignorant of its past experiences has lost a valuable asset because âit has missed its best guide to the future.â B.W. Weinberger Dentistry: An Illustrated History (Mosby, 1995)
- 11. Pierre Fauchard, the âFather of Modern Dentistry.â
- 14. Fig. 1-3 John Greenwood, dentist to George Washington (From Kock CRD: History of dental surgery, vol III, Fort Wayne, Ind, 1910, National Art Publishing.)
- 15. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.2
- 20. Fig. 1-4 G. V. Black, the âGrand Old Man of Dentistryâ (From Kock CRD: History of dental surgery, vol I, Chicago, 1909, National Art Publishing.)
- 21. Fig. 1-5 Blackâs dental treatment room, as reconstructed in Smithsonian exhibit
- 29. Fig. 1-8 Lucy B. Hobbs-Taylor, the first woman graduate of dental school (Courtesy Kansas State Historical Society.)
- 31. Fig. 1-9 C. Edmund Kells and his âworking unit,â about 1900. Assistant on the left is keeping cold air on the cavity while assistant on the right mixes materials and âsecretaryâ records details. (From Kells CE: The dentistâs own book, St. Louis, 1925, Mosby.)
- 35. Fig. 1-11 Dental students at University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry treat patients in the dental clinic in the early 1900s. (Courtesy UCSF School of Dentistry.)
Hinweis der Redaktion
- What constitutes dental disease? (Dental disease can include cavities or caries and gum disease or periodontal disease. We now know that dental disease can lead to systemic, somatic disease.) What is the earliest record of dentistry?
- Were teeth full of caries (cavities) in ancient times? (The mummies of this time prove that teeth were not necessarily bad, as we had assumed, without modern dental information and techniques. The wear from a rougher, non-processed diet removed small cavities before they had a chance to get established, and also helped to clean out the space between teeth. This rougher diet also helped to keep teeth straighter. This changed and caries became more common as we moved to the more modern world of the Renaissance. Changes included the technology to produce softer food, sugar, and the use of the fork.)
- Aristotle mistakenly stated that men had 32 teeth and women had only 30. From this came the use of the term âwisdom teeth,â which only men supposedly had. Diocles advised rubbing teeth and gums with bare fingers using ground-up mint to remove particles of food, a forerunner of todayâs modern âmintyâ toothpastes. What is the history of toothpastes? (Long ago, people used ground-up chalk or charcoal, lemon juice, ashes, or even a mixture of tobacco and honey to clean their teeth. It was only about 100 years ago that someone created a minty cream to clean teeth.)
- China sets aside September 20th as a national holiday known as âLove Your Teeth Day.â The ancient Chinese wrapped tiny pieces of parchment containing written prayers and incantations around painful teeth. How do we celebrate teeth in the U.S.? (We have the annual observance of National Childrenâs Dental Health Month. It began as a one-day event in Cleveland, Ohio on 2/3/1941. The American Dental Association held the first national observance of Childrenâs Dental Health Day on 2/8/1949. This single-day observance became a week-long event in 1955, and in 1981 it was extended to a month-long celebration.)
- What is a toothworm? (People of ancient times believed that a toothworm caused toothaches. They thought the worm just appeared, or drilled its way into a tooth. If the tooth pain was severe, it meant that the worm was moving around. If the aching stopped, then the worm was resting. People smeared their aching teeth with honey and waited all night with tweezers in hand, ready to pull out the toothworm.) Did the Romans have toothbrushes? (They were called âchew sticksâ and were actually small branches, with one frayed end. They were rubbed on teeth to scrape off any particles.)
- Ambroise Paré was an apprentice to a barber surgeon. His writings include dental extraction methods and reimplantation of teeth. He is also credited with being the first to use artificial eyes, hands, and legs.
- Why is Pierre Fauchard regarded as the âFather of Modern Dentistryâ? (He developed dentistry as an independent profession and came up with the title of âsurgeon dentist.â In the United States, the degree conferred on dentists is Doctor of Dental Surgery [DDS].)
- How did Paul Revere become involved in forensic dentistry? (He performed the first identification of a corpse based on dental history. The corpse was that of Dr. Joseph Warren, whom Revere identified by a two-unit bridge he had made for him years earlier.) What does a forensic dentist do today? (He performs dental identification of deceased individuals.)
- What was John Greenwoodâs claim to fame? ( He was one of George Washingtonâs dentists.)
- What was George Washingtonâs dental history? Did he really have wooden teeth? (When George Washington was elected President, he had only one toothâa lower left premolar. He never had wooden teeth. His dentures were manufactured from gold, hippopotamus tusk, elephant ivory, and human teeth.) Where was the first dental college established?
- How did dentists learn their profession before dental schools? (They learned by preceptorship, where a practicing dentist trained another dentist on the job to perform dental duties.)
- Who is the âGrand Old Man of Dentistryâ? What does âextension for preventionâ mean? (The margins of a filling or restoration were extended to within reach of a toothbrush for cleaning the tooth.) Instead of âextension for prevention,â todayâs cavity prevention is designed to preserve the health of the tooth over a lifetime. Minimally invasive dentistry is the adoption of detection, diagnosis, limited surgical intervention for excavation of decay, and restoration, with a view toward maximum preservation of tooth structure and adjunctive remineralization therapy.
- Dr. Black studied with his brother, a doctor, before going into dentistry. Dr. Black believed that dentistry should stand as a profession independent from and equal to that of medicine. His first book was called The Formation of Poisons by Microorganisms . What did Dr. Black use to study microorganisms? ( A microscope; he later formed a Microscope Club for the same reason. He obtained one of the first microscopes in Illinois and became the de facto consulting pathologist for the region. He developed modem techniques for filling teeth based upon biological principles and microscopic evaluation.)
- Look carefully at Dr. Blackâs dental treatment room. Compare this dental treatment room to todayâs modern rooms. Would the dental professional stand or sit? (Stand.) Would the patient always be sitting or laying supine? (Always sitting.) Would there be suction or just a spittoon? (Spittoon only.) How would the patientâs mouth be rinsed? (Bulb with water.)
- How did the discovery of x-rays change dentistry forever?
- The first x-rays were called âroentgenograms.â Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in x-rays. (Tie this slide in with Chapter 38: Foundations of Radiography, Radiographic Equipment, and Radiologic Safety.)
- What pain remedies were available for patients before there were pain control procedures such as nitrous oxide? (Brute force, alcohol, and opium were used. Dosing of oral drugs was inaccurate, leaving patients either undermedicated or overmedicated. Patients could die of exhaustion or shock if an operation lasted more than 20 minutes.) (Tie this slide in with Chapter 37: Anesthesia and Pain Control.) Was dentistry the first to use nitrous oxide? (Yes, but after Dr. Wellsâ success, the medical community later modified and adopted inhalation anesthesia as a standard surgical management procedure.)
- During her preceptorship with her husband and another local dentist, Emiline Roberts saved several hundred extracted teeth and secretly placed restorations in them to practice. Dr. Roberts trained her son, David, in a preceptorship in dentistry. Then she sent him to Yale University and Harvard's School of Dental Medicine. Today, women represent almost 50% of students in some dental schools.
- Who was the first black male dentist? (Dr. Robert Tanner Freeman) Is there an association for the black dental professional today? (The National Dental Association [NDA] is a national forum for minority dentists and a leader in advancing their rights within the dental profession.) What is the relationship between the NDA and ADA? (NDA received ADAâs empathic support for its insistence on removal of racial discrimination in dentistry's predominant organization. In 1965, unprecedented action by the ADA House of Delegates nullified sanctioned racial discrimination within the dental profession.)
- Look closely at the instruments. Note the forceps in the bottom drawer. Forceps are one of the oldest of all dental instruments. Forceps were known by such names as parrotâs beak, crowâs bill, and storkâs bill. Forceps were and still are the key instrument for extraction of teeth.
- Lucy Hobbs-Taylor received credit for time as a preceptor in her husbandâs practice.
- Lucyâs admission to dental school prompted a dentist to write in the Dental Times that âthe very form and structure of a woman unfits her for its dutiesâ and that âthe female of the species (does not have) the necessary strength which the practice of dentistry requires.â Does this prejudice (that women are not strong enough for dentistry) still exist today?
- What would it have been like to be the first dental assistant? (The assistantâs duties, as listed by the ADA in its dental history records, included chair-side assistance, instrument cleaning, inventory, appointments, bookkeeping, and receptionânot unlike today.) How did dental-assisting education start? (Other dentists began training dental assistants in their own offices. In 1930, a committee was formed to draft training courses to be used as educational guides. In 1948, the Certifying Board of the American Dental Assistants Association was established, now the Dental Assisting National Board. By 1950, there were one- and two-year programs for dental-assisting education.)
- Who was the first female dental assistant? (Malvina Cueria.) Dr. Kells was also the first to use radiographs in dental practice. When, at age 40, he first began his work with X-rays, Dr. Kells was unaware of the unseen danger of cumulative doses of radiation. He often held the films in place with his own fingers. By the time Kells reached 50, he had developed cancer in his right hand. Over the next 20 years, Kells endured 42 operations. He progressively lost his hand, his arm, and his shoulder.
- What happened to the first dental hygiene graduates? (Most of the 27 graduates of the first class were employed by the local Board of Education to clean the teeth of school children. The greatly reduced incidence of caries among these children gave strength to the dental hygienist movement.)Â
- Is standing all the time while working on a patient hard on a dental professional? (Yes, today we recognize that it is important to practice the correct ergonomic standards to prevent work-related injury.)
- What is the mission of the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA)? (Its mission is to serve the public by establishing, maintaining, and applying standards that ensure the quality and continuous improvement of dental and dental-related education and reflect the evolving practice of dentistry.) What dental professions does CODA regulate? (The scope of CODA includes dental, advanced dental, and allied dental education programs.)
- What stands out about this picture? (The dentists are wearing street clothes, and are not wearing masks, eyewear, or gloves. Now we practice dentistry with strict infection control standards.) When was the first fully reclining dental chair introduced? (1958.) What does the seal for dentistry mean? (The design uses a serpent entwined about an ancient Arabian cautery in the manner of the single serpent of Aesculapius, the Greek god of medicine, coiled about a rod. The Greek letter â for dentistry and the Greek letter O for odont (tooth) form the periphery of the design. In the background are 32 leaves and 20 berries, representing the permanent and temporary teeth.)
- Compare this dental treatment room to the one used by Dr. Black and the old dental school. Does the dental professional stand or sit? (Sit.) Is the patient sitting or lying supine? (Lying supine.) Would there be suction or just a spittoon? (Suction is available.) How would the patientâs mouth be rinsed? (Hand water spray.) What is the dental professional wearing to help with infection control standards? (Lab coat, mask, eyewear, and gloves.) How often are dental-assisting schools reviewed to maintain their accreditation status? (Every seven years.)
- What are the most recent advances in dentistry in the last 25 years? 1980sâPer-Ingvar Branemark describes techniques for the osseointegration of dental implants. 1989âThe first commercial home tooth-bleaching product is marketed. 1990sâNew tooth-colored restorative materials plus increased usage of bleaching, veneers, and implants inaugurate an era of aesthetic dentistry. 1997âFDA approves the erbium YAG laser, the first for use on dentin, to treat tooth decay.
- Many of the remarkable techniques in modern dentistry can be traced to the earliest times in every culture. List what we still use today in dentistry? (X-rays, local anesthesia, nitrous oxide, surgical instruments, amalgam, etc.) Think of dentistryâs past: first use of x-rays, first women dentist or dental assistant, first use of pain control. What will be the new âfirstsâ in the future of dentistry? Additional dental museums include the Pierre Fauchard Museum of Dental History at the Community College of Southern Nevada, United States, and the Pierre Fauchard Museum of Dentistry at Paris, France.