The document provides an overview of MS SQL Server including its key features like Query Analyzer, Profiler, Service Manager, and Bulk Copy Program. It discusses instances, databases, database objects, joins, views, functions and sequences. The summary focuses on the high-level topics covered in the document.

1. Name: Janas Khan
Presentation:
General Discussion With Friends
MS SQL Server

2. Introduction
• MS SQL Server is a database server
• Product of Microsoft
• Enables user to write queries and other SQL statements
and execute them
• Consists of several features. A few are:
• Query Analyzer
• Profiler
• Service Manager
• Bulk Copy Program (BCP)

3. Profiler
• Monitoring tool
• Used for performance tuning
• Uses traces – an event monitoring protocol
• Event may be a query or a transaction like logins etc

4. Service Manager
• Helps us to manage services
• More than one instance of SQL server can be installed in
a machine
• First Instance is called as default instance
• Rest of the instances (16 max) are called as named
instances
• Service manager helps in starting or stopping the
instances individually

5. Instances
• Each instance is hidden from another instance
• Enhances security
• Every instance has its own set of Users, Admins,
Databases, Collations
• Advantage of having multiple instance is
• Multi company support (Each company can have its
own instance and create databases on the same server,
independent on each other)
• Server consolidation (Can host up to 10 server
applications on a single machine)

6. BCP
• Bulk Copy Program
• A powerful command line utility that enables us to transfer
large number of records from a file to database
• Time taken for copying to and from database is very less
• Helps in back up and restoration

7. Query Analyzer
• Allows us to write queries and SQL statements
• Checks syntax of the SQL statement written
• Executes the statements
• Store and reload statements
• Save the results in file
• View reports (either as grid or as a text)

8. SQL Database Objects
• A SQL Server database has lot of objects like
• Tables
• Views
• Stored Procedures
• Functions
• Rules
• Defaults
• Cursors
• Triggers

9. System Databases
• By default SQL server has 4 databases
• Master : System defined stored procedures, login details,
configuration settings etc
• Model : Template for creating a database
• Tempdb : Stores temporary tables. This db is created when the
server starts and dropped when the server shuts down
• Msdb : Has tables that have details with respect to alerts, jobs.
Deals with SQL Server Agent Service

10. Creating a database
• We need to use Master database for creating a database
• By default the size of a database is 1 MB
• A database consists of
• Master Data File (.mdf)
• Primary Log File (.ldf)

11. Database operations
• Changing a database
Use <dbname>
• Creating a database
Create database <dbname>
• Dropping a database
Drop database <dbname>

12. SQL Server Data types
• Integer : Stores whole number
• Float : Stores real numbers
• Text : Stores characters
• Decimal: Stores real numbers
• Money : Stores monetary data. Supports 4 places
after decimal
• Date : Stores date and time
• Binary : Stores images and other large objects
• Miscellaneous : Different types special to SQL Server.
(Refer to notes for more info)

13. Operators
• Arithmetic
• Assignment
• Comparison
• Logical
• String
• Unary
• Bitwise

14. 14
SQL statement processing
order

15. Select Statements
• To execute a statement in MS SQL, Select the statement and
Click on the Execute button in the query analyser or press F5
• This is used to retrive records from a table
• Eg. Select * from table1;
• This will fetch all rows and all columns from table1
• Eg. Select col1,col2 from table1
• This will fetch col1 and col2 from table1 for all rows
• Eg. Select * from table1 where <<condn>>
• This will fetch all rows from table1 that satisfies a condition
• Eg. Select col1,col2 from table1 where <<condn>>
• This will fetch col1 and col2 of rows from table1 that satisfies a
condition

16. Select Options
• Aggregate functions
• Sum(col1): sum of data in the column col1
• Max(col1): data with maximum value in col1
• Min(col1): data with minimum value in col1
• Avg(col1): Average of data in col1
• Count(col1): Number of not null records in table
• Grouping – Group by col1 : Groups data by col1
• Ordering – Order by col1 : Orders the result in
ascending order (default order) of col1
• Filtering – Where <<condn>> and Having
<<condn>>

17. Table management
Create table tablename
(
col1 data type,
col2 data type
);
- Creates a table with two columns
Drop table tablename;
- Drops the table structure

18. Insert statements
• Inserting data to all columns
• Insert into tablename(col1,col2) values(v1,v2)
• Insert into tablename values(v1,v2)
• Inserting data to selected columns
• Insert into tablename(col1) values (v1)
• Insert into tablename(col2) values (v2)

19. Update statement
Update table tablename
Set colname=value
- This updates all rows with colname set to value
Update table tablename
Set colname=value
Where <<condition>>
- This updates selected rows with colname as
value only if the row satisfies the condition

20. Delete statements
Delete from table1;
Deletes all rows in table1
Delete from table1 where <<condition>>
Deletes few rows from table1 if they satisfy the condition

21. Truncate statement
• Truncate table tablename
• Removes all rows in a table
• Resets the table.
• Truncate does the following, where as delete statement
does not
• Releases the memory used
• Resets the identity value
• Does not invoke delete trigger

22. Alter statements
• Used to modify table structure
• Add new column
• Change data type of existing column
• Delete a column
• Add or remove constraints like foreign key, primary key

23. More table commands
• Viewing tables in a data base:
• Exec sp_tables “a%”
• This gives all tables in the current database that starts with “a”
• Viewing table strucure:
• Exec sp_columns <<tablename>>
• Exec sp_columns student;

24. Joins
• Cross Join
• Cartesian product. Simply merges two tables.
• Inner Join
• Cross join with a condition. Used to find matching
records in the two tables
• Outer Join
• Used to find un matched rows in the two tables
• Self Join
• Joining a table with itself

25. Cross Join
There are two tables A and B
A has a column Id and data (1,2,3)
B has a column Id and data (A,B)
If I put
Select A.Id, B.Id from A,B
This generates output as
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2

26. Self Join
There is a table called Emp with the following structure:
empid ename mgrid
1 A null
2 B 1
3 C 1
4 D 2
If I want to print all managers using self join, I should write quey as:
select e1.ename from
emp e1,emp e2
where e1.mgrid = e2.empid

27. Inner Join
I have 2 tables Student(sid,Name) and Marks(Sid,Subject,Score)
If I want to print the marks of all students in the following format,
Name Subject Score
Select Name,Subject,Score from
Student s join Marks m
On s.sid = m.sid

28. Outer Join
• Right outer Join
• Print all the records in the second table with null values
for missing records in the first table
• Left outer Join
• Print all the records in the first table with null values for
missing records in the second table
• Full outer Join
• Prints all records in both the table with null values for
missing records in both the table

29. Left Outer Join
I have a table Employee (Eid, Ename, Mid) and
a table Machine (Mid,ManufacturerName)
Employee
Eid EName Mid
1 ABC 1
2 DEF 3
Machine
Mid ManufacturerName
1 Zenith
2 HP

30. Left Outer Join
I want to print the employee name and machine name.
If I write a query using inner join, then the second employee will
not be displayed as the mid in his record is not avilable with the second
table.
So I go for left outer join. The query is as shown below:
Select Ename, ManufacturerName from Employee e left outer join
Machine m on e.Mid = m.Mid

31. Right outer Join
Assume data in the tables like this:
Employee
Eid EName Mid
1 ABC 1
2 DEF
Machine
Mid ManufacturerName
1 Zenith
2 HP

32. Right Outer Join
If I want to find which machine is unallocated, I can use right outer join.
The query is as follows:
Select Ename, ManufacturerName from Employee e right outer join
Machine m on e.Mid = m.Mid
This yields a result
ABC Zenith
HP

33. Full Outer Join
Assume data in the tables like this:
Employee
Eid EName Mid
1 ABC 1
2 DEF
3 GHI 2
Machine
Mid ManufacturerName
1 Zenith
2 HP
3 Compaq

34. Full Outer Join
If I want to find people who have been un allocated with a system and
machines that are been un allocated, I can go for full outer join.
Query is like this:
Select Ename, ManufacturerName from Employee e full outer join
Machine m on e.Mid = m.Mid
This yields a result
ABC Zenith
DEF
GHI HP
Compaq

35. Views
• Views are logical tables
• They are pre compiled objects
• We can select few columns or rows from a table and put
the data set in a view and can use view in the same way
as we use tables

36. Views
• Create views:
Create view viewname as select stmt
Create view view_emp as select empid,
empname from employee;
• Select from views:
Select * from viewname
Select empid,empname view_emp;
• Drop views:
Drop view viewname
Drop view view_emp;

37. String Functions
• Substring(string,start,length) – Will fetch
characters starting at a specific index extending
to length specified.
• Left(string,length) – Fetches number of
characters specified by length from left of the
string
• Right(string,length) – Fetches number of
characters specified by length from right of the
string
• Len(string) – Returns the length of a string

38. String Functions
• Ltrim(string) – Removes leading spaces in a string
• Rtrim(string) – Removes trailing spaces in a string
• Lower(string) – Converts the characters in a string to
lower case
• Upper(string) – Converts the characters in a string to
upper case

39. Numeric Functions
• ABS(Number) – Fetches the modulo value (Positive
value) of a number
• CEILING(Number) – Fetches the closest integer greater
than the number
• FLOOR(Number) – Fetches the closest integer smaller
than the number
• EXP(Number) – Fetches the exponent of a number

40. Numeric Functions
• POWER(x,y) – Fetches x raised to the power of y
• LOG(Number) – Fetches the natural logarithmic value of
the number
• LOG10(Number) – Fetches log to the base 10 of a
number
• SQRT(Number) – Fetches the square root of a number

41. Sequences
• This creates an auto increment for a column
• If a table has a column with sequence or auto increment,
the user need not insert data explicitly for the column
• Sequence is implemented using the concept of Identity

42. Identity
• Identity has
• A seed
• An increment
• Seed is the initial value
• Increment is the value by which we need to skip to fetch
the nextvalue
• Identity(1,2) will generate sequence numbers 1,3,5,7…