Presentation on how to use authoritative proof such as theory in writing a statement of a research problem, a paragraph, essay, or a research paper

1. How to Use
Theory
Why Study How To Use Theory?
How Students Can Use Theory
How To Use Theory In A Problem Statement
Where To Use A Theory In A Sentence
How To Use Theory In A Paragraph
How To Signal A Theory Being Used
Use Verbs To Signal A Theory
Use Phrases To Signal A Theory
How To Integrate Borrowed Ideas
How To Find More Signal Phrases
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (www.thedentalgeek.com)

2. NEXT
WHY STUDY HOW TO USE
THEORY?
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

3. Careful Observation
Theory can tell
students what
to see, what to
look out for.
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

4. Careful Description
Theory can provide
students a mental
map to categorize
and arrange their
observations.
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

5. Careful Thinking
Theory can provide
students a
framework to
shape their
thoughts.
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

6. Careful Explanations
Theory can suggest
how different
observations might
be linked and
connected
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

7. Careful Connections
Theory can offer
suggest causal
relationships
between one event
and another.
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

8. Careful Predictions
Theory can
indicate what
might happen
next.
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

9. Careful Strategies
Theory can suggest
things to do to
bring about
change.
Confusion (image courtesy of Chris Cannon at freemusclebuildingtips.com)

10. 1. Observation: Theory can tell students what to
see, what to look out for
2. Description: Theory can provide a conceptual
vocabulary and framework to arrange and
organize their observations
3. Explanation: Theory can suggest how different
observations might be linked and connected;
theory can offer possible causal relationships
between one event and another
4. Prediction: Theory can indicate what might
happen next
5. Intervention: Theory can suggest things to do to
bring about change

11. NEXT
HOW STUDENTS CAN USE
THEORIES
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

12. Observation
Theory can
help a student
to understand
a new,
unfamiliar, or
strange idea or
situation.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

13. Description
Theory can
provide a
shared language
for organizing
and recording
these
observations.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

14. Explanation
Theory can
suggest how
different
observations
might be linked
in a way that
explains the
observations.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

15. Prediction
Theory
can indicate
what might
happen in
the future.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

16. Intervention
Theory can
provide ideas
about what
might cause a
situation to
change.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

17. ONE MORE TIME
1. Observation: Theory can help a student to
understand a new, unfamiliar, or strange idea or
situation.
2. Description: Theory can provide a generally
understood and shared language in which these
observations can be organized and recorded.
3. Explanation: Theory can suggest how different
observations might be linked in a way that
explains the observations.
4. Prediction: Theory can indicate what might
happen in the future.
5. Intervention: Theory can provide ideas about
what might bring about a change in a situation.

18. NEXT
HOW TO USE THEORY IN A
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

19. Example: No Theoretical Proof
To improve the deteriorating
morale on campus, this project
will present an information poster
that explains in 10 pictures why
gossip is more valued when
official information is not easily
accessible.

20. Example: Theoretical Proof
To improve the deteriorating
morale on campus, this project will
present an information poster that
explains in 10 pictures why gossip is
more valued when official
information is not easily accessible,
as noted by the theory of supply and
demand.

21. Example: No Theoretical Proof
To stop the problem of food
dissatisfaction among students,
this project will present an
instruction poster that shows in 20
pictures the relationship between
raw materials and food menus.

22. Example: Theoretical Proof
To stop the problem of food
dissatisfaction among students, which is
one of the key elements in theory of
human needs (Maslow, 1943), this
project will present an instruction poster
that shows in 20 pictures the
relationship between raw materials and
food menus, after a concept in systems
theory (Bertalanffy, 1972).

23. Example: No Theoretical Proof
To help the 25 students who
failed in math subjects last term, this
proposal will combine in a 20-step
instruction poster 10 silent drama
techniques to master within one
week at least one advanced skill in
algebra and one intermediate skill in
trigonometry.

24. Example: Theoretical Proof
To help the 25 students who failed
in math subjects last term, this
proposal will use the action theory of
learning (Metcalf, 1997) to combine in
a 20-step instruction poster 10 silent
theater techniques to master within
one week at least one advanced skill
in algebra and one skill in
intermediate trigonometry.

25. NEXT
WHERE TO USE THEORY IN
A SENTENCE
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

26. At the start of a sentence
The supply and demand
theory claims that “when
supply is high, value decreases
but when supply is low, value
increases.”

27. In the middle of a sentence
“When supply is high, value
decreases,” claims the supply
and demand theory, “but when
supply is low, value increases.”

28. At the end of a sentence
“When supply is high, value
decreases but when supply is
low, value increases,” the
supply and demand theory
claims.

29. NEXT
HOW TO USE THEORY IN A
PARAGRAPH
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

30. First Mention
A theory can be used several
times in a piece of writing.
The first time it is used, mention
the theory name, theorist, and
year published.

31. Explain the Theory (with Content)
Abraham Maslow’s theory of
human needs (1943) describes
six levels of human motivation,
ranging from basic
(physiological) to advanced
(self-actualization) levels.
Hoppe, M. H., (2007) Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study. Online at
http://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/PDF/GLOBEsummary-by-Michael-H-Hoppe.pdf

32. Explain the Theory: Content
AUTHOR
THEORY
DOES WHAT
CONTENT
Abraham Maslow’s
theory of human
motivation or needs (1943)
describes six levels of
human needs from basic
(physiological) to advanced
(self-actualization) levels.
Hoppe, M. H., (2007) Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study. Online at
http://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/PDF/GLOBEsummary-by-Michael-H-Hoppe.pdf
YEAR
CONTENT
SUMMARY

33. Explain a Theory (Usefulness)
Abraham Maslow’s
theory of human
motivation or needs (1943)
describes six levels of
human needs from basic
(physiological) to advanced
(self-actualization) levels.
Hoppe, M. H., (2007) Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study. Online at
http://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/PDF/GLOBEsummary-by-Michael-H-Hoppe.pdf

34. Explain the Theory: Usefulness
AUTHOR
DOES WHAT
CONTENT
The Globe theory of cultural
dimensions and culture
clusters (1980) suggest nine
categories of cultural values
and cultural practices, which
can be used to help us
understand leadership styles
in various cultures.
THEORY
YEAR
USEFULNESS
Hoppe, M. H., (2007) Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study. Online at
http://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/PDF/GLOBEsummary-by-Michael-H-Hoppe.pdf

35. NEXT
HOW TO SIGNAL THAT A
THEORY IS BEING USED
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

36. point out
It seems that when official
information is not easily accessible,
more people value gossip but when
official information is easily accessed,
less people value gossip. How can this
be explained?
As a paraphrase of the theory of
supply and demand points out: “when
supply is high, value decreases but
when supply is low, value increases.”

37. be explained by
Why do some people believe in gossip
more than in official announcements? This
can be explained by a paraphrase of the
theory of supply and demand: “when
supply is high, value decreases but when
supply is low, value increases.”
In a community where official
information is not easily accessible, the
value of gossip can increase. Where official
information is easily accessed, the value of
gossip can be low.

38. One possible explanation ... can be
One possible explanation why people
believe in gossip more than in official
information can be a paraphrase of the
theory of supply and demand: “when
supply is high, value decreases but when
supply is low, value increases.”
Thus, when official information is not
easily accessible, more people rely on
gossip but when official information is
easily accessed, the value of gossip is
lessened.

39. note
People seem to believe in gossip more
than in official information. Why?
As a paraphrase of the supply and
demand theory notes: “when supply is
high, value decreases but when supply is
low, value increases.”
Thus, when official information is not
easily accessible, more people rely on
gossip but when official information is
easily accessed, less people value gossip.

40. point out
People seem to believe in gossip more
than in official information. Why?
As a paraphrase of the supply and
demand theory points out: “when supply
is high, value decreases but when supply is
low, value increases.”
Thus, when official information is not
easily accessible, more people rely on
gossip but when official information is
easily accessed, less people value gossip.

41. claim
It seems that gossip is more believed
by people compared to official
information. As a paraphrase of the supply
and demand theory claims: “when supply
is high, value decreases but when supply is
low, value increases.”
Thus, when official information is not
easily accessible, more people rely on
gossip but when official information is
easily accessed, less people value gossip.

42. NEXT
USE VERBS TO SIGNAL A
THEORY
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

43. Use the Simple Present Tense
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
acknowledges
comments
describes
maintains
reports
adds
compares

44. Use the Simple Present Tense
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
disputes
notes
responds
admits
concedes
emphasizes
observes

45. Use the Simple Present Tense
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
shows
agrees
confirms
endorses
points out
states
argues

46. Use the Correct Word
• contends
• illustrates
• reasons
• suggests
• asserts
• declares

47. Use the Correct Word
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
implies
refutes
summarizes
claims
denies
insists
rejects
writes

48. NEXT
PHRASES TO SIGNAL A
THEORY
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

49. Signal Phrase
Signal phrase (image courtesy of ctjlibrary.pbworks.com)

50. Signal Phrase
Signal phrase (image courtesy of dept.sfcollege.edu)

51. Signal Phrase
Signal phrase (image courtesy of uwc.ttu.edu)

52. Signal phrase (image courtesy of www.ap.krakow.pl)

53. Signal Phrase
Signal phrase (image courtesy of kasmussenap.wordpress.com)

54. Signal Phrase
Signal phrase (image courtesy of kasmussenap.wordpress.com)

55. Where to Find More Signal Phrases
Signal phrases can be used to introduce a theory
• Signal Phrases.pdf
www.plattsburgh.edu/files/2/files/Signal%20Ph
rases.pdf
• Signal Phrases
department.monm.edu/english/mew/signal_ph
rases.htm
• Signal Phrases
www.apsu.edu/sites/apsu.edu/files/academic...
/Signal_Phrases.pdf

56. More Examples of signal phrases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Incorporating Sources: Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing,
Citing (http://bit.ly/1bm3Gif)
When using information from another work, it should be
identified by a signal phrase (http://bit.ly/1gFboeH)
Quotations & Paraphrases – A Quick Guide
(http://bit.ly/16Y8dJu)
Signal phrases clarify the distinction between writer and source
(http://bit.ly/c1gOGk)
Documenting Electronic Sources: APA Style
(http://bit.ly/1dkwf2f)
APA Citation Style (http://bit.ly/HRtgol)
Acknowledging, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Sources
(http://bit.ly/vh0uBj)
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting from Sources
(http://bit.ly/1hCe1iF)
Some examples of signal phrases (http://hvrd.me/HUaBHl)

57. WHEN USING A THEORY:
INTEGRATE BORROWED
IDEAS IN YOUR WORDS
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

58. Signal phrase (image courtesy of http://www.slideshare.net/icduncan/blending-quotations)

59. Signal phrase (image courtesy of http://www.slideshare.net/icduncan/blending-quotations)

60. Signal phrase (image courtesy of http://www.slideshare.net/icduncan/blending-quotations)

61. Signal phrase (image courtesy of http://www.slideshare.net/icduncan/blending-quotations)

62. Signal phrase (image courtesy of http://www.slideshare.net/icduncan/blending-quotations)

63. Signal phrase (image courtesy of http://www.slideshare.net/icduncan/blending-quotations)

64. HOW TO
FIND MORE SIGNAL
PHRASES
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

65. Vary the
signal
phrases
you use to
integrate
quotations.

66. Examples of signal phrases

67. NEXT
A REMINDER ABOUT
GRAMMAR
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

68. X writes
Do not use signal phrase
such as “he writes” to
introduce a quotation that is
not a complete sentence.

69. X writes
Incorrect: Brown writes, “My
childhood, which was happy
and carefree, but passed by too
fast.”

70. X writes
Correct: Brown writes, “My
childhood . . . was happy and
carefree, but passed by too
fast.”

71. X writes
Correct : Brown describes her
childhood as “happy and
carefree,” but she laments that
it “passed by too fast.”

72. NEXT
A REMINDER ABOUT
PUNCTUATION
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

73. Two Punctuations
Quotations may be introduced by
two– and only two – marks of
punctuation, the comma and the
colon.

74. Two Punctuations
Never introduce a quotation
with a semicolon.

75. NEXT
A REMINDER ABOUT
CITATION
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

76. Always Cite It
Whenever you use a quotation in
your paper, you should cite it
using the citation style specified
by your professor, such as the
APA style.

77. HOW TO
FIND MORE THEORIES
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

80. HOW TO
EXPLAIN A THEORY
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

81. Start with a Story with a Need / Problem
Image courtesy of ashleystravel.com.

82. Show the Need
NEED TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER’S BEHAVIOR
Image courtesy of (questgarden.com)

83. Show a Need
NEED TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER’S CULTURE
Image courtesy of (www.2dayblog.com)

84. Show a Need
NEED TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER’S LANGUAGE
Image courtesy of (www.1000ventures.com)

85. SHOW THE THEORY
USE THE SIMPLEST POSSIBLE IMAGE
Image courtesy of www.york.ac.uk.

86. Show the Theory
IF IT CAN BE SIMPLIFIED, SIMPLIFY THE PRESENTATION
Image courtesy of insideology.com.

87. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of insideology.com.

88. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of insideology.com.

89. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of insideology.com.

90. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of insideology.com.

91. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of insideology.com.

92. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

93. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

94. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

95. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

96. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

97. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

98. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

99. Simplify a Complicated Idea
Image courtesy of (www.grovewell.com)

100. Apply the Theory: Solve the Need
CONTINUE THE STORY UNTIL THE NEED IS MET OR PROBLEM IS SOLVED
Image courtesy of (questgarden.com)

101. Apply the Theory: Solve the Need
CONTINUE THE STORY UNTIL THE NEED IS MET OR PROBLEM IS SOLVED
Image courtesy of (www.2dayblog.com)

102. Apply the Theory: Solve the Need
CONTINUE THE STORY UNTIL THE NEED IS MET OR PROBLEM IS SOLVED
Image courtesy of (www.1000ventures.com)

103. End with the Story
END THE STORY
Image courtesy of ashleystravel.com.

104. NEXT
THE MEANING OF THEORY
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

105. What is theory?
A theory is a set of ideas that helps
to explain why something
happens or happened in a
particular way, and to predict
likely outcomes in the future.
Cottrell, via www.scribd.com/doc/35884843/Theories-of-Social-Work-SR

106. What is theory?
Theories are based on evidence and
reasoning, but have not yet been
conclusively proved.
Cottrell, via www.scribd.com/doc/35884843/Theories-of-Social-Work-SR

107. What is theory?
An attempt to explain… a framework
for understanding… a set of ideas
linked together to help us make
sense of a particular issue.
Thompson, N. via www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/openup/chapters/0335204252.pdf

108. NEXT
SOME TYPES OF THEORIES
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

109. Explanatory Theory
Provable explanations why
something happens

112. Model
A description of activity
in a structured form

113. Perspective
Ways of conceptualizing,
visualizing, understanding,
or seeing something

114. Principle
A proven explanation why
something happens.
A principle is applicable in
any situation, with some
exceptions. (Ethical
principle)

115. Law
A proven explanation why
something happens.
A law is applicable in any
situation, with no
exceptions. (Law of gravity)

116. One More Time
• Explanatory Theory: Provable
explanations why something
happens
• Model: Organized description of
activity in a structured form
• Perspective: Ways of conceptualizing
the world or a particular subject

117. NEXT
WHY KNOWING HOW TO
USE THEORIES IS
IMPORTANT
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

118. Theory can provide
a way to understand
something difficult
or complicated.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (www.wikihow.com)

119. Theory can be a
guide to managing
something that is
unsure or
unexpected
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (www.wikihow.com)

120. Theory can ensure
accountability.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (www.wikihow.com)

121. Theory can ensure
accountability.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (www.wikihow.com)

122. Theory can
help avoid
discrimination
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

123. The use of
theory is the
mark of an
educated
mind.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)

124. The use of theory is
the mark of a
professional.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (www.wikihow.com)

125. Theory is important because
Theory is the mark of a professional
Theory can ensure accountability
Theory can help avoid discrimination
Theory provides a way of understanding
something complicated or difficult
Theory provides a way of understanding
something unexpected or unsure

126. NEXT
THE LIMITATIONS OF
THEORIES
Confusion (image courtesy of www.in-pharmatechnologist.com)

127. A theory is only a tool,
a limited tool.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.todayandtomorrow.net)

128. No single theory can
explain everything.
When a person acts (or
not act) the reason can be
rooted in a range of causes
or motives.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.todayandtomorrow.net)

129. Some theoretical
approaches just
don't work in some
cases. Applying a
theory can be
effective in some
situations, not in all.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)
Confusion (image courtesy of www.todayandtomorrow.net)

130. Always apply
the value base to
theory – many
useful theory
from various
fields can be used
in other fields.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.toonaripost.com)
Confusion (image courtesy of www.todayandtomorrow.net)

131. Never be
intimidated by
theory.
You use it every day.
Confusion (image courtesy of www.todayandtomorrow.net)

132. NEXT
WHY DO
STUDENTS
NEED TO USE
THEORY?
Confusion (image courtesy of Achraf Baznani at www.baznani.com)

133. Using all kinds
of theory in
studies has
important
advantages for
students
Confusion (image courtesy of www.johnrausch.com)

134. Theories can
help students to
understand of a
situation.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

135. Using theory,
students can
generate ideas
about what is
going on, why
things are as they
are.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

136. For example a
story, a person,
or a feeling can
be confusing.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

137. Applying theory
can one
understand a
situation.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

138. Using theory
can help to
justify actions
and explain
statements.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

139. This can change your
words and writings to
become more widely
accountable and,
ultimately, more
respected.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

140. In interacting with people, the use
of theories that relate to specific
situations can give students more
direction in their work.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

141. Using theory can help
explain why an action
resulted in a particular
consequence.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

142. This can help
students review and
possibly change
what they do so as
to create more
effective
consequences.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

143. This is why theory is
important in studies, for
work, and for social
interaction ...
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

144. ...so that a student
can be more valued
in society.
Paper clip (Image courtesy of (totallygreencrafts.com)

145. END OF PRESENTATION
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