1. IAU/KU International Conference 2011
Nairobi – Kenya
November 15, 2011
Higher Education in São Paulo,
Brazil – Planning and Development
Fernando Ferreira Costa
University of Campinas – Unicamp
Presented by:
Marcelo Knobel

2. Higher Education in Brazil
2010
• Population: 191 million
• GDP = U$ 2.1 trillion (U$11,000 GDP/capita)
• Higher Education
• 2,378 institutions (278 public)
• 190 universities (101 public)
• 6.3 million undergrad students enrolled
• 5.4 million in presential programs
• 76% of enrollments in the private system
• 50%in for-profit institutions
• Net enrollment ratio (18-24 cohort): 15%
• Gross enrollment ratio: 27%
• Federal system
• 58 universities, 37 Technological Institutes and 4 Colleges
• 930,000 undergraduate students
• 820,000 in presential programas
• 15% of total undergraduate enrollment

3. Higher Education in São Paulo
2010
• 22% of the Brazilian population: 41 million
• 33% of Brazilian GDP = U$ 700 billion (U$17,000 GDP/capita)
• Almost 50% of Brazilian Science
• Higher Education
• 26% of all enrollment = 1.63 million students (1.47 million in presential programs)
• 32% of graduating class (2010): 260,000 of 830,000 total
• Net enrollment ratio: 18% (34% gross enrollment ratio)
• 85% in private HEIs (3/4 of those in for-profit system)
• Small federal participation, only 1.5% of enrollments
• State Public HE system
• Best university system in Brazil
• 3 universities, 28 campi, 120,000 undergrad students, 50,000 grad students
• 50 Technical Colleges (FATECs), 50,000 students
• But still, only 14% of all enrollment is in public institutions

4. Where are we?
• Campinas
▫ Metropolitan area
19 municipalities
2.8 million people (2009)
HDI = 0.835
São Paulo State: 0.833
Brazil: 0.819
GNP = R$ 70.7 billion (2007)
7.8% of São Paulo State
2.7% of Brazil

5. Unicamp
• Public State University
• Budget: 2.1958% of net state VAT
• No tuition fees
Budget (2010)
• R$ 1.545 billion
from the State
• 85% salaries
• R$ 542 million
other sources, mainly research contracts

6. The University
• Founded in 1966
• 6 campuses
• 3.5 million m2
• 22 Academic Units
• 3 Hospitals
• 778 beds

7. Personnel (2010)
• Faculty: 1750
• 98% PhD
• 90% of the PhDs full time
• Staff: 7916
• 3370 in hospitals

8. Students (2010)

9. Graduate Titles Granted

10. Excellence in Research: 10% of Brazil

11. Undergraduate Access
Applicants:
30% from public schools
70% from private schools
Admitted:
30% from public schools
70000 70% from private schools
60000
However, 85% of the
50000 students from the state are
from public schools
40000
30000 Applicants
Places
20000
10000
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

12. 187 registered companies 21 Graduated Companies
6826 workers employed 10 Incubated Companies
+ de R$ 1 billion
fibras ópticas

13. Brazil’s HE system - 1960-2010
• 1960: less than 200,000 students enrolled in HE
• 1960-1980: enrollment grew to 1.4 million (600%)
• 1980-1994
• longest period of economic stagnation in Brazil’s history
• there was little development in HE, public or private
• 1995-2010
• Political stability and economic growth
• Increasing demand for qualification
• Expansion of private sector
• New National Law of Education (1996)
• New paths for diversification of system
• Deregulation
• Universalization of basic education (1st-8th grades)
• Expansion of secondary education ---> Increasing demand for Higher Ed

14. Undergraduate Enrollment 1980-2010
(Presential Programs)
Enrollment in HE - Brazil 1980-2010
6.000.000
Total
Growth 1980‐1994 1994‐2010 5.000.000 Public
Public 40% 100% Private
4.000.000
Private 10% 300%
3.000.000
Total 21% 220%
2.000.000
1.000.000
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

15. Recent Trends
Fast grow sectors
•Vocational/Professional HE: 3-year programs
•Distance Learning HE
Type of program 2005 2010 Variation
Vocational/Professional Brazil 210,000 540,000 160%
HE
São Paulo * 240,000 ‐
Distance Learning HE Brazil 114,000 930,000 720%
São Paulo 4,600 150,000 3,160%
* Data not available, but it is fair to assume that the vocational/professional HE sector in
SP has expanded at least at the same rate as nationwide in the 2005-2010 period

16. Planning HE in São Paulo (SP)
Two plans were developed during the past decade regarding the expansion and qualification of the
HE system in SP, regarding undergraduate education:
•2001: Expansion of the Public HE System in SP
• Developed by the Council of Rectors of the three state universities
• Restricted to the state public sector
• Main focus were the 3 state universities
• Main objective: to expand enrollment in the public state system by about 28%
• Time span: 2001-2006
•2005-2006: Director Plan for the HE System in SP
• Developed by a Commission designated by the State Governor
• All sectors, including the other public and the private system, were considered in the plan
• All sectors had dedicated plans designed for them, focus was on vocational/professional education, in particular the state
system of Technological Colleges
• Main objective: to reach Net Enrollment Ratio of 30% by 2020
• Time span: 2006-2020
R. H. L. Pedrosa, A Director Plan for the public HE system in São Paulo [In Portuguese]. Revista Ensino Superior, N.2, Unicamp, 2010.
http://www.revistaensinosuperior.gr.unicamp.br/noticia.php?id=12
R. H. L. Pedrosa, Master planning in Brazilian HE: expanding the 3-year public College system in the state of São Paulo. Center for Studies in
Higher Education, Berkeley, 2010. http://cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/publications.php?id=362

17. Planning HE in São Paulo (SP)
The Director Plan 2006-2020, aiming at a better system which would provide access to a larger
group of the state young population, called for action by the State Administration in the following
areas:
•State universities
• Keep the autonomy of the universities (established in 1989)
• Keep their research orientation
• Limited enrollment growth
•State technological colleges
• Strong expansion of enrollment: from 25,000 in 2006 to about 200,000 in 2020
• Strengthen their commitment to local economy
• Possible integration with municipal system
•Federal system
• Call for more federal investment in São Paulo, which was (and still is) very low, relatively to the State’s
role in Brazil
•Private system
• Call for initiatives that would qualify the system, like a scholarship system tied to academic and
governance improvements

18. The State Universities in São Paulo 1989-2009
• 1989 was the year the state universities were granted full
autonomy, including budgetary autonomy
• The autonomy decree specified a fixed percentage of the
state tax revenues that should be directed to the system,
still the only system in the country with such a provision
• As seen from the graphs, enrollment doubled in the
period and indexed publications grew 10-fold
• The three SP universities are responsible for more than
40% of all doctorates and indexed published research in
Brazil
• The Director Plan called for maintenance of the autonomy
system
• It also supported increased emphasis on the
graduate/research character of the state universities
• Regarding undergraduate enrollments, any expansion
should take the research mission of the universities into
consideration

19. The State Technological Colleges
• Started in 1969, but only in the last 10 years has seen relevant growth
• Offers 3-year programs with direct links to job market (but also in some traditional
areas, like health)
• Spreaded across the state, each campus offers programs related to the local economy
• State inverstment has grown 5-fold in the Fatec system from 2005-2010
• No cuts in the state universities’ budgets
• Employability 1 year after graduation: 92%
• Some programs reach 96% or more: construction, information systems
• Average monthly salary 1 year after graduation
• $1,700 PPP (purchasing power parity)
• About 75% of average salary in traditional academic careers (follows OECD countries’ average)

20. State Technological Colleges - FATECs
Vacancies, enrollment, units – 1990-2010
• The FATEC system has already reached
the number of campuses that was State Technological Colleges (FATECs) in São Paulo
Spots, enrollment and campi
proposed by the Director Plan, about 50
1990-2010
• Still, the state administration has 50.000 60
proposed the number to grow to about 60 Spots
45.000
by the end of 2014 Enrolment 50
40.000
Number of FATEC campi
Number of FATEC campi
• For the FATEC system to reach the
Spots and enrolment
35.000
proposed enrollment figure of 200,000 40
30.000
students enrolled by 2020, as the Director
Plan indicates, it needs only to expand the 25.000 30
enrollment numbers to about 4,000 per 20.000
campus, on average 20
15.000
• If economic growth continues at the 10.000
10
present rate of 3-4%/year, it is possible 5.000
that the state budget will allow for the
investments necessary to reach the 0 0
proposed goal 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

21. IAU/KU International Conference 2011
Nairobi – Kenya
November 15, 2011
Higher Education in São Paulo, Brazil –
Planning and Development
Thank You!
Marcelo Knobel
University of Campinas – Unicamp
knobel@reitoria.unicamp.br