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A User’s Perspective:
  Innovating Smarter with
Invention Machine Goldfire




William Hessler, Mechanical Engineer Leader
CSC, Computer Sciences Corporation
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
WHAT IS GOLDFIRE?!
What is Goldfire?
What is Innovation?



                           Market
                           Analysis


                Leverage                  New Product
                   IP                     Development




                  Product             Risk
                  Improvement         Management



Page 4
Innovation Activities

    Market      • Technology / market landscaping
    Analysis
                • Understand trends and evolutions

  New Product   • Design a new product or system
  Development
                • Design a hybrid system

    Product     • Diagnose and fix product defects
  Improvement
                • Improve product to achieve a specific goal

     Risk       • Identify potential failure points
  Management
                • Develop risk mitigation strategies

   Leverage     • Patent strategies
      IP
                • Find new markets for existing IP
THE MAIN EVENT
My Background with Invention Machine & TRIZ
•    Ingersoll-Rand Power Tools, 1989 - 1998
     • 1997 trained as a trainer for TRIZ problem solving
       and on Invention Machine software
     • Trained engineers/designers how to do more
       effective problem solving and cost savings for hand
       tools
•    Dade Behring, 1998 - 2004
     • Medical diagnostics blood analysis company
     • Formerly DuPont Medical Products, now Siemens
       Diagnostics
•    GE Energy, 2004 - 2009
     • 3 years as a combustion Design Engineer
     • Introduced TRIZ and Goldfire to engineers, scientists
       and IP personnel
     • 1.5 years for Solar Technologies
•    Spring Life Device Manufacturer, 2009 - 2010
•    CSC, Computer Sciences Corporation, 2011 -
     Present
     • Supporting ARMY Research & Development test labs
Applications of Goldfire

• Problem Statement:
   How to apply Goldfire to company problems using Root
   Cause Analysis, Function Models and TRIZ basics for
   solution creation

• Contradiction:
   Psychological inertia-“there is NO WAY software and a
   process is going to help you be more creative.”

• Ideal Final Result:
    More engineers have access to Goldfire & understand
    basics of TRIZ principals to solve future problems
APPLICATIONS OF INNOVATION
SOFTWARE
1st Use-Project:
 Create a Unique Patent-able Torque Tool
 Solution: Team developed a function model describing nuts
  vibrating loose over time; air motor and mechanism manufacturing
  were major concern issues.
 Benefits:
   • Goldfire identified vibration as key feature and suggested
      removing air motor and swinging mechanism.
   • Goldfire said eliminate air powered motor and swinging
      mechanism device for tightening lug nuts.
 Results:
   • Everyone said this was impossible, UNTIL software suggested
      using a high vibration source to eliminate the air motor and
      swinging mechanism TO TIGHTEN the nuts.
   • The software recognized this as a potential solution
      contradiction since we documented nuts come loose
      due to vibrations caused during driving.
 WOW!!!
                                                               10
2nd Use-Project:
Why are these holes cracking?
 Challenge: RCAs & FMEAs get directed by the loudest
  speakers in the room, usually the RCA champions, who
  usually think they are the expert.
   • When you use Goldfire, it is the expert in the room and more
     issues are uncovered that would have been most likely ignored
     or missed due to the Human Expert not having the world's
     domain expertise at their fingertips.
   • Team initially came up with a Fishbone diagram with only 11
     ribs for why holes crack in hot parts.
   • 11 ribs… and not one mention of any manufacturing cause!

 Solution: Used Goldfire to create a Fishbone diagram with 97
  ribs; everyone wanted to know where I “FOUND” it. The team
  investigated shot peening of the holes to improve residual stresses
  at the machine surfaces of the holes.


                                                                 11
3nd Use-Project:
How to wash clothes & dishes more efficiently?
 Challenge: How to wash (clothes or dishes) more
  efficiently?
    • I did a DEMO for the Appliance team in late 2007
      and asked, “What problem if it were solved would
      make you Engineer of the Year in your group?”


 Results: Goldfire in 10 minutes said solution was
   centered around STEAM, STEAM, STEAM and more
   STEAM.
    • Within 10 minutes I had the complete R&D team’s
      attention and they saw the evolution of high
      efficiency appliances and their competitors capturing
      even more market share.
    • All major competitors had the patents and white
      papers on cleaning with steam for residential
      appliances.

                                                              12
5th Use-Project:
  Eliminate Solar Frame Assembly & Field Issues
 Solution:
    Trim “un-needed” parts using Goldfire & evaluate what
       could be eliminated in solar panel design and packaging.
      Built a simple solar panel function model. Goldfire asked if
       the frame could be integral to another part.. like the $$ flat
       glass AND showed that packaging boxes had many potential
       improvement areas in the past 35 years.
 Results: Eliminated aluminum frame, tape, screws, ergonomics
  issues, module assembly issues (>$51.00) & new formed glass
  $42.00. Shipping waste also eliminated and still gives customer
  functions of eliminated parts Box $13.00 and landfill waste, BUT
  Lego like corners $10.00 & CAN BE RE-USED!.
6th Use-Project:
Why are all these springs breaking?
       Challenge: Spring lifting
        devices with main springs
        breaking in a weird tearing
        shape.
         When I heard the cause was
         spring overload and only
         overload, I knew this was a
         job for Goldfire.




       Results: Team was amazed to see this MANY common spring failure
        modes. RCA in Goldfire has ability to link causes and effects with
        related improvement Patents. Goldfire showed this type of failure was
        CAUSED by twisting and pulling, so we redesigned spring ends.
Using Goldfire for Patent Disclosures & Filings

    Challenge: How to grow business, not lose market
     share, come up with new product ideas faster and
     find ways to make existing products more efficient.
     How do you find information, no matter what form it
     is in or where it is stored. How do you do MUCH
     more with less resources, better, faster and
     cheaper.

    Corporate agenda: Innovation is key to staying on
     top. Senior leadership searching for REPEATABLE
     methods and consistent processes to generate new
     products. Engineering managers trying to accelerate
     the number of patents per year as one of their
     “number one” high priority measurable metrics.

Results: 28 Patent Disclosures at Gas Turbine & 3 at Solar:
in less than 4 years
                                                           15
Reaction to the Software

 People at first do not believe any software could actually
  help you be more innovative and creative.
   • How can a software package help you think by generating
     ideas, looking for causes and effect relationships and breaking
     fundamental concepts down into simplified functions?
   • It asks you what you are trying to solve, and what the causes
     and effects are that you know about..


 I did a demo in 2007 for the research team in India.
   • Were very surprised to see it suggest solutions to one of their
      research problems to making LEDs brighter.
   • I had JUST created a function model and within a few minutes
      it was suggesting unique solution directions.


                                                                 16
BEST PRACTICES
What is TRIZ, how is Goldfire related, & is
TRIZ experience required?
 Recommended Book: “And suddenly
  the inventor appeared: TRIZ, the
  theory of inventive problem solving” by
  Genrich Altshuller (2004)
 Origin: USSR by Altshuller after WWII
 Theory: Innovation can be taught; step
  by step methodology that can lead to a
  repeatable process.
 Basis: Exhaustive patent search
  conducted by Altshuller

 Today: Considered an empirical
  method of innovation


                                              18
Knowledge Based Problem Solving

                        Six Sigma
                        Value Engineering                TRIZ
                              Innovation Labs
Tool Effectiveness




                                                                                                FMEA
                        Market                                                              DOE
                       Research
                                                                                           Robust
                                                                                           Design
                      QFD
                                                                                          Computer
                                                       Trial & Error
                                                                                          Modeling
                                                      Brainstorming                        DFMA
                                   Axiomatic              6 Hats
                                    Design         Morphological Analysis
                                                    Osborn’s C hecklists
                                      Problem
                                       Problem          Concept
                                                         Concept              Concept
                                                                              Concept
                     Definition
                      Definition
                                    Formulation
                                     Formulation        Ideation
                                                          Ideation          Development
                                                                            Development   Design
                                                                                          Design


                                        Stages of Product Development
                            Goldfire is the most complete TRIZ tool available.
Impact of TRIZ on an organization




                                    20
The Problem Statement

Analysis Approach to Current Solution Road Blocks:
Define your Roadblocks based on 5W’s and H.

Answer the 6 basic questions of journalism:
1.   Who?     Who has the problem?         ENGINEERING
2.   What?    What does the problem seem to be?
              What are the resources?
3.   When?    When does the problem occur? All the time?
              Under certain circumstances?
4.   Where?   Where does the problem occur?
5.   Why?     Why does the problem occur?
6.   How?     How does the problem occur?


                                                           21
The Problem Statement – Asking Why5
Ask "Why" Five Times
Ask "Why" a problem occurred and then ask "Why" four more times.

For example...
1.   Why has the machine stopped?
        A fuse blew because of an overload
2.   Why was there an overload?
        There wasn't enough lubrication for the bearings
3.   Why wasn't there enough lubrication?
        The pump wasn't pumping enough
4.   Why wasn't lubricant being pumped?
        The pump shaft was vibrating due to damaged impeller
5.   Why was the impeller damaged?
        Chips of foreign material entered into the pump

Problem Statement: Foreign material chips are damaging the pump impeller.

                                                                   22
Problem Definition to Solving the Problem
     1) Define the problem                    5) Determine Contradictions
  List all requirements and constraints        Technical or Physical contradictions
   We want this but we can’t because
  of this. We get this because of this.      6) Determine Input Parameters
                                                 Use 2 of 39 or other parameters

2) Create Ideal Final Result (IFR)        7) Physical or Technical Contradiction
       Eliminate the deficiencies            Convert between the two contradictions
        Preserve the advantages                If Technical then use Contradiction
         Not more complicated                                 Matrix
         No new disadvantages
                                             8) Determine General Solution
                                                   Use 40 Inventive Principles
 3) Determine the differences
    Compare original system with IFR              9) Examine Solutions
                                               Convert generic solutions to specific
                                                 Does solution increase Ideality?
  4) Create Ideality Equation                           No – go to step 5
    List differences as Benefit, Cost,          Does solution solve the problem?
                 Harmful                                Yes – IMPLEMENT

                                                                              23
Typical Goldfire Project Focus:

 Reduce part cost        Reduce assembly
 Reduce size                time
 Reduce temperature        Increase strength
 Reduce weight             Reduce vibration
 Increase speed            Reduce
 More efficient
                             stress/pressure
 Improve alignment
                            Improve
                             manufacturability



                                                 24
Benefits of a Confident Decision Point ?
 Innovative solutions with more proposals- better, cheaper,
  faster
 Enhances credibility and exposes past knowledge.
 Reduces # of trial and error solutions. Saves time, money and
  reduces risks
 Easy software to use and follows repeatable process
 Works on any type of problem in any industry
 Used Goldfire on Power Tools, Medical Devices, Gas Turbines,
  Solar Modules, Ergonomic Lifting Products. Can be applied to
  existing designs, new products, failure prediction, RCA’s,
  cost savings, liability redesigns, process improvements and
  product enhancements.

                                                           25
TRIZ 39 Parameters
When facing a contradiction, begin with identifying the 39 engineering parameters.
Which parameter improves and which parameter worsens as a result?
1. Weight of moving object      15. Durability of moving object        29. Accuracy of manufacturing
2. Weight of nonmoving object   16. Durability of nonmoving object     30. Harmful factors acting on object
3. Length of moving object      17. Temperature                        31. Harmful side effects
4. Length of nonmoving object   18. Brightness                         32. Manufacturability
5. Area of moving object        19. Energy spent by moving object      33. Convenience of use
6. Area of nonmoving object     20. Energy spent by nonmoving object   34. Reparability
7. Volume of moving object      21. Power                              35. Adaptability
8. Volume of nonmoving object   22. Waste of energy                    36. Complexity of device
9. Speed                        23. Waste of substance                 37. Complexity of control
10. Force                       24. Loss of information                38. Level of automation
11. Tension, pressure, stress   25. Waste of time                      39. Productivity
12. Shape                       26. Amount of substance               Select which parameter
13. Stability of object         27. Reliability                      number is improving, and
14. Strength                    28. Accuracy of measurement           which is getting worse.
                                                                                                 26
TRIZ 40 Principles
 Use the Contradiction Matrix to generate ideas using the 40 Principles
1. Segmentation                 15. Dynamics                       29. Pneumatics and hydraulics
2. Taking out                   16. Partial or excessive actions   30. Flexible shells and thin films
3. Local quality                17. Another dimension              31. Porous materials
4. Asymmetry                    18. Mechanical vibration           32. Color changes
5. Merging                      19. Periodic action                33. Homogeneity .
6. Universality                 20. Continuity of useful action    34. Discarding and recovering
7. "Nested doll"                21. Skipping                       35. Parameter changes
8. Anti-weight                  22. "Turn Lemons into Lemonade"    36. Phase transitions
9. Preliminary anti-action      23. Feedback                       37. Thermal expansion
10. Preliminary action          24. 'Intermediary'                 38. Strong oxidants
11. Beforehand cushioning       25. Self-service                   39. Inert atmosphere
12. Equipotentiality            26. Copying                        40. Composite materials
13. 'The other way round'       27. Cheap short-living objects
14. Spheroidality - Curvature 28 Mechanics substitution
     Note: All 40 principles may apply to solving the contradiction, though statically the top level
       solutions for resolving this conflict are identified in a matrix grid. More than one set of
                              parameters may apply to the contradiction.
                                                                                                 27
Please click here to access the
  full presentation deck and
watch the on-demand replay of
          this session:
http://InventionMachine.com/webcast-replay-a-users-perspective-
       innovating-smarter-with-invention-machine-goldfire/

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A User's Perspective: Innovating Smarter with Invention Machine Goldfire

  • 1. A User’s Perspective: Innovating Smarter with Invention Machine Goldfire William Hessler, Mechanical Engineer Leader CSC, Computer Sciences Corporation Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
  • 4. What is Innovation? Market Analysis Leverage New Product IP Development Product Risk Improvement Management Page 4
  • 5. Innovation Activities Market • Technology / market landscaping Analysis • Understand trends and evolutions New Product • Design a new product or system Development • Design a hybrid system Product • Diagnose and fix product defects Improvement • Improve product to achieve a specific goal Risk • Identify potential failure points Management • Develop risk mitigation strategies Leverage • Patent strategies IP • Find new markets for existing IP
  • 7. My Background with Invention Machine & TRIZ • Ingersoll-Rand Power Tools, 1989 - 1998 • 1997 trained as a trainer for TRIZ problem solving and on Invention Machine software • Trained engineers/designers how to do more effective problem solving and cost savings for hand tools • Dade Behring, 1998 - 2004 • Medical diagnostics blood analysis company • Formerly DuPont Medical Products, now Siemens Diagnostics • GE Energy, 2004 - 2009 • 3 years as a combustion Design Engineer • Introduced TRIZ and Goldfire to engineers, scientists and IP personnel • 1.5 years for Solar Technologies • Spring Life Device Manufacturer, 2009 - 2010 • CSC, Computer Sciences Corporation, 2011 - Present • Supporting ARMY Research & Development test labs
  • 8. Applications of Goldfire • Problem Statement: How to apply Goldfire to company problems using Root Cause Analysis, Function Models and TRIZ basics for solution creation • Contradiction: Psychological inertia-“there is NO WAY software and a process is going to help you be more creative.” • Ideal Final Result: More engineers have access to Goldfire & understand basics of TRIZ principals to solve future problems
  • 10. 1st Use-Project: Create a Unique Patent-able Torque Tool  Solution: Team developed a function model describing nuts vibrating loose over time; air motor and mechanism manufacturing were major concern issues.  Benefits: • Goldfire identified vibration as key feature and suggested removing air motor and swinging mechanism. • Goldfire said eliminate air powered motor and swinging mechanism device for tightening lug nuts.  Results: • Everyone said this was impossible, UNTIL software suggested using a high vibration source to eliminate the air motor and swinging mechanism TO TIGHTEN the nuts. • The software recognized this as a potential solution contradiction since we documented nuts come loose due to vibrations caused during driving.  WOW!!! 10
  • 11. 2nd Use-Project: Why are these holes cracking?  Challenge: RCAs & FMEAs get directed by the loudest speakers in the room, usually the RCA champions, who usually think they are the expert. • When you use Goldfire, it is the expert in the room and more issues are uncovered that would have been most likely ignored or missed due to the Human Expert not having the world's domain expertise at their fingertips. • Team initially came up with a Fishbone diagram with only 11 ribs for why holes crack in hot parts. • 11 ribs… and not one mention of any manufacturing cause!  Solution: Used Goldfire to create a Fishbone diagram with 97 ribs; everyone wanted to know where I “FOUND” it. The team investigated shot peening of the holes to improve residual stresses at the machine surfaces of the holes. 11
  • 12. 3nd Use-Project: How to wash clothes & dishes more efficiently?  Challenge: How to wash (clothes or dishes) more efficiently? • I did a DEMO for the Appliance team in late 2007 and asked, “What problem if it were solved would make you Engineer of the Year in your group?”  Results: Goldfire in 10 minutes said solution was centered around STEAM, STEAM, STEAM and more STEAM. • Within 10 minutes I had the complete R&D team’s attention and they saw the evolution of high efficiency appliances and their competitors capturing even more market share. • All major competitors had the patents and white papers on cleaning with steam for residential appliances. 12
  • 13. 5th Use-Project: Eliminate Solar Frame Assembly & Field Issues  Solution:  Trim “un-needed” parts using Goldfire & evaluate what could be eliminated in solar panel design and packaging.  Built a simple solar panel function model. Goldfire asked if the frame could be integral to another part.. like the $$ flat glass AND showed that packaging boxes had many potential improvement areas in the past 35 years.  Results: Eliminated aluminum frame, tape, screws, ergonomics issues, module assembly issues (>$51.00) & new formed glass $42.00. Shipping waste also eliminated and still gives customer functions of eliminated parts Box $13.00 and landfill waste, BUT Lego like corners $10.00 & CAN BE RE-USED!.
  • 14. 6th Use-Project: Why are all these springs breaking?  Challenge: Spring lifting devices with main springs breaking in a weird tearing shape. When I heard the cause was spring overload and only overload, I knew this was a job for Goldfire.  Results: Team was amazed to see this MANY common spring failure modes. RCA in Goldfire has ability to link causes and effects with related improvement Patents. Goldfire showed this type of failure was CAUSED by twisting and pulling, so we redesigned spring ends.
  • 15. Using Goldfire for Patent Disclosures & Filings  Challenge: How to grow business, not lose market share, come up with new product ideas faster and find ways to make existing products more efficient. How do you find information, no matter what form it is in or where it is stored. How do you do MUCH more with less resources, better, faster and cheaper.  Corporate agenda: Innovation is key to staying on top. Senior leadership searching for REPEATABLE methods and consistent processes to generate new products. Engineering managers trying to accelerate the number of patents per year as one of their “number one” high priority measurable metrics. Results: 28 Patent Disclosures at Gas Turbine & 3 at Solar: in less than 4 years 15
  • 16. Reaction to the Software  People at first do not believe any software could actually help you be more innovative and creative. • How can a software package help you think by generating ideas, looking for causes and effect relationships and breaking fundamental concepts down into simplified functions? • It asks you what you are trying to solve, and what the causes and effects are that you know about..  I did a demo in 2007 for the research team in India. • Were very surprised to see it suggest solutions to one of their research problems to making LEDs brighter. • I had JUST created a function model and within a few minutes it was suggesting unique solution directions. 16
  • 18. What is TRIZ, how is Goldfire related, & is TRIZ experience required?  Recommended Book: “And suddenly the inventor appeared: TRIZ, the theory of inventive problem solving” by Genrich Altshuller (2004)  Origin: USSR by Altshuller after WWII  Theory: Innovation can be taught; step by step methodology that can lead to a repeatable process.  Basis: Exhaustive patent search conducted by Altshuller  Today: Considered an empirical method of innovation 18
  • 19. Knowledge Based Problem Solving Six Sigma Value Engineering TRIZ Innovation Labs Tool Effectiveness FMEA Market DOE Research Robust Design QFD Computer Trial & Error Modeling Brainstorming DFMA Axiomatic 6 Hats Design Morphological Analysis Osborn’s C hecklists Problem Problem Concept Concept Concept Concept Definition Definition Formulation Formulation Ideation Ideation Development Development Design Design Stages of Product Development Goldfire is the most complete TRIZ tool available.
  • 20. Impact of TRIZ on an organization 20
  • 21. The Problem Statement Analysis Approach to Current Solution Road Blocks: Define your Roadblocks based on 5W’s and H. Answer the 6 basic questions of journalism: 1. Who? Who has the problem? ENGINEERING 2. What? What does the problem seem to be? What are the resources? 3. When? When does the problem occur? All the time? Under certain circumstances? 4. Where? Where does the problem occur? 5. Why? Why does the problem occur? 6. How? How does the problem occur? 21
  • 22. The Problem Statement – Asking Why5 Ask "Why" Five Times Ask "Why" a problem occurred and then ask "Why" four more times. For example... 1. Why has the machine stopped? A fuse blew because of an overload 2. Why was there an overload? There wasn't enough lubrication for the bearings 3. Why wasn't there enough lubrication? The pump wasn't pumping enough 4. Why wasn't lubricant being pumped? The pump shaft was vibrating due to damaged impeller 5. Why was the impeller damaged? Chips of foreign material entered into the pump Problem Statement: Foreign material chips are damaging the pump impeller. 22
  • 23. Problem Definition to Solving the Problem 1) Define the problem 5) Determine Contradictions List all requirements and constraints Technical or Physical contradictions We want this but we can’t because of this. We get this because of this. 6) Determine Input Parameters Use 2 of 39 or other parameters 2) Create Ideal Final Result (IFR) 7) Physical or Technical Contradiction Eliminate the deficiencies Convert between the two contradictions Preserve the advantages If Technical then use Contradiction Not more complicated Matrix No new disadvantages 8) Determine General Solution Use 40 Inventive Principles 3) Determine the differences Compare original system with IFR 9) Examine Solutions Convert generic solutions to specific Does solution increase Ideality? 4) Create Ideality Equation No – go to step 5 List differences as Benefit, Cost, Does solution solve the problem? Harmful Yes – IMPLEMENT 23
  • 24. Typical Goldfire Project Focus:  Reduce part cost  Reduce assembly  Reduce size time  Reduce temperature  Increase strength  Reduce weight  Reduce vibration  Increase speed  Reduce  More efficient stress/pressure  Improve alignment  Improve manufacturability 24
  • 25. Benefits of a Confident Decision Point ?  Innovative solutions with more proposals- better, cheaper, faster  Enhances credibility and exposes past knowledge.  Reduces # of trial and error solutions. Saves time, money and reduces risks  Easy software to use and follows repeatable process  Works on any type of problem in any industry  Used Goldfire on Power Tools, Medical Devices, Gas Turbines, Solar Modules, Ergonomic Lifting Products. Can be applied to existing designs, new products, failure prediction, RCA’s, cost savings, liability redesigns, process improvements and product enhancements. 25
  • 26. TRIZ 39 Parameters When facing a contradiction, begin with identifying the 39 engineering parameters. Which parameter improves and which parameter worsens as a result? 1. Weight of moving object 15. Durability of moving object 29. Accuracy of manufacturing 2. Weight of nonmoving object 16. Durability of nonmoving object 30. Harmful factors acting on object 3. Length of moving object 17. Temperature 31. Harmful side effects 4. Length of nonmoving object 18. Brightness 32. Manufacturability 5. Area of moving object 19. Energy spent by moving object 33. Convenience of use 6. Area of nonmoving object 20. Energy spent by nonmoving object 34. Reparability 7. Volume of moving object 21. Power 35. Adaptability 8. Volume of nonmoving object 22. Waste of energy 36. Complexity of device 9. Speed 23. Waste of substance 37. Complexity of control 10. Force 24. Loss of information 38. Level of automation 11. Tension, pressure, stress 25. Waste of time 39. Productivity 12. Shape 26. Amount of substance Select which parameter 13. Stability of object 27. Reliability number is improving, and 14. Strength 28. Accuracy of measurement which is getting worse. 26
  • 27. TRIZ 40 Principles Use the Contradiction Matrix to generate ideas using the 40 Principles 1. Segmentation 15. Dynamics 29. Pneumatics and hydraulics 2. Taking out 16. Partial or excessive actions 30. Flexible shells and thin films 3. Local quality 17. Another dimension 31. Porous materials 4. Asymmetry 18. Mechanical vibration 32. Color changes 5. Merging 19. Periodic action 33. Homogeneity . 6. Universality 20. Continuity of useful action 34. Discarding and recovering 7. "Nested doll" 21. Skipping 35. Parameter changes 8. Anti-weight 22. "Turn Lemons into Lemonade" 36. Phase transitions 9. Preliminary anti-action 23. Feedback 37. Thermal expansion 10. Preliminary action 24. 'Intermediary' 38. Strong oxidants 11. Beforehand cushioning 25. Self-service 39. Inert atmosphere 12. Equipotentiality 26. Copying 40. Composite materials 13. 'The other way round' 27. Cheap short-living objects 14. Spheroidality - Curvature 28 Mechanics substitution Note: All 40 principles may apply to solving the contradiction, though statically the top level solutions for resolving this conflict are identified in a matrix grid. More than one set of parameters may apply to the contradiction. 27
  • 28. Please click here to access the full presentation deck and watch the on-demand replay of this session: http://InventionMachine.com/webcast-replay-a-users-perspective- innovating-smarter-with-invention-machine-goldfire/