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Intersection safety

Semarang
23rd & 24th April 2012




     Phillip Jordan, Consultant
  Road Safety International Pty Ltd
Objectives of this presentation


• To explain why we need to consider the safety of intersections.
• To give some details of how to improve safety at intersections.
An intersection can be defined as :
      “a place where two or more roads meet at grade”.

Intersections are particularly high risk locations because different road users
(trucks, buses, cars, pedestrians, and motorcycles) are required to use the
same space.
Intersections are critical locations in the road network in
terms of capacity, level of service and safety.
They are the place where opposing streams of traffic have to
compete for space and time.
They are high risk locations for crashes because road users on
conflicting paths in intersections are required to use the same
space, and a collision is only avoided if they are separated in
time!




                     The art of the crash investigator
SERIOUS CASUALTY CRASHES – AUSTRALIA 2010
Intersections also present a risk of serious injury or
death when a crash occurs because of the potential for
high relative impact speeds.

Intersections are the location of up to 50% of reported
urban crashes in most countries.

They are the location of between 10-20% of reported
rural crashes in most countries.




                   The art of the crash investigator
Intersections can be found in urban and rural
areas. They are usually in one of four main
groups:
– Four way (cross road) intersections
– T intersections
– Y intersections
– Multi-leg intersections



                  The art of the crash investigator
5 intersection safety
The main forms of control at intersections are:
  – Road Rules (no physical control) - relying on a priority rule to
    indicate right of way;
  – Priority road designated by ‘Give Way’ or ‘Stop’ signs;
  – Roundabout;
  – Traffic signals, with partial control of right turning traffic;
  – Traffic signals, with full right turn control;




                        The art of the crash investigator
The basic principles you need to consider and try to
    provide for safe intersections are:
• Reduction in the relative speed between vehicles
• Give precedence to major traffic movements;
• Separate conflicts in space and time;
• Define and minimize conflict areas;
• Define the vehicle paths;
• Provide clear indications of right-of-way requirements;
• Provide for all vehicular and non-vehicular traffic likely to
  use the intersection;
• Simplify the driving task;
• Minimize road user delay.



                        The art of the crash investigator
Conflict points at intersections
                                    The fewer
                                     conflict
                                   points – the
                                      safer!




                      24 points of major conflict
Conflict points at intersections
                                  The fewer
                                   conflict
                                 points – the
                                    safer!




6 points of major conflict
Conflict points at intersections
                                        The fewer
                                         conflict
                                       points – the
                                          safer!




                    4 points of major conflict
ASD is the minimum level of sight distance which
should be provided at an intersection. It is equal
to car stopping sight distance (SSD) – which is
defined as the distance travelled by a vehicle
between the time when the driver receives a
stimulus indicating a need to stop, and the time
that the vehicle does come to a stop.
This distance is sufficient to allow drivers/riders to
be able to see the line marking and kerbing at the
intersection.




                   The art of the crash investigator
Basic elements of intersection safety
5 intersection safety
• ASD – approach sight distance    • ASD addresses overshoot crashes
• SISD – safe intersection sight   • SISD addresses restart problems
  distance
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
With intersection right angle crashes – we need
 to determine if the crash is an overshoot or a
                     re-start



                    Why?
Because our countermeasure(s) may be quite
                 different
With intersection right angle crashes – we need
 to determine if the crash is an overshoot or a
                     re-start



Overshoot – the driver did not know the intersection
                     was there
   Re-start – knew it was there, slowed, maybe
       stopped, but selected a “wrong” gap
Overshoot – the driver did not know the
             intersection was there
--------------------------------------------------------
        Improve Approach Sight Distance
       Make intersection more conspicuous
             Advance warning signs
            Advanced direction signs
             Duplicate GW or Stops
                    Lighting
             Roundabout or signals
Re-start – knew intersection was there,
    slowed, maybe stopped, but selected a
                “wrong” gap
------------------------------------------------------------
      Improve Safe Intersection Sight Distance
               Maximise sight lines
                 Reduce speeds,
              Alter the traffic control
               Geometric changes
                  Cut trees/grass
               Reduce speed limits
              Roundabouts or signals
5 intersection safety
Y junctions are
very dangerous
We need to eliminate
Y junctions
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
We need to eliminate
Y junctions
Treatment of low angle intersections




                             Modified Treatment
                            •Controls turn speed

                             •Reinforces priority
                              for increased safety
                              • Enhances sight lines
Treatment of low angle intersections
This is not the way to safely
manage traffic for the future.
Keep intersections open and
provide correct traffic control
Roundabouts are the safest form of
   intersection control. Why?




            The art of the crash investigator
Why are roundabouts “safe”?

•   Few conflict points (only four)
•   Good geometry induces slow entry speeds
•   Clearly defined “right of way”
•   Simple decision making process for drivers/riders
•   Low relative impact speed if collisions occur




                   The art of the crash investigator
5 intersection safety
The art of the crash investigator
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
Always look for visual
  deceit at any site
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
Traffic signals
Traffic signals
5 intersection safety
Vehicle actuated traffic signals are best.
      -They reduce lost time.
      -They usually have “in ground” detector loops
      that record the presence of a vehicle and tell
      the controller to give that approach a green
      signal.

      - Much more efficient than fixed time signals –
      and also much safer
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
5 intersection safety
Summary



 Road safety engineering is a profession that can greatly
  reduce road crashes at intersections
I look forward to your questions….

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5 intersection safety

  • 1. Intersection safety Semarang 23rd & 24th April 2012 Phillip Jordan, Consultant Road Safety International Pty Ltd
  • 2. Objectives of this presentation • To explain why we need to consider the safety of intersections. • To give some details of how to improve safety at intersections.
  • 3. An intersection can be defined as : “a place where two or more roads meet at grade”. Intersections are particularly high risk locations because different road users (trucks, buses, cars, pedestrians, and motorcycles) are required to use the same space.
  • 4. Intersections are critical locations in the road network in terms of capacity, level of service and safety. They are the place where opposing streams of traffic have to compete for space and time. They are high risk locations for crashes because road users on conflicting paths in intersections are required to use the same space, and a collision is only avoided if they are separated in time! The art of the crash investigator
  • 5. SERIOUS CASUALTY CRASHES – AUSTRALIA 2010
  • 6. Intersections also present a risk of serious injury or death when a crash occurs because of the potential for high relative impact speeds. Intersections are the location of up to 50% of reported urban crashes in most countries. They are the location of between 10-20% of reported rural crashes in most countries. The art of the crash investigator
  • 7. Intersections can be found in urban and rural areas. They are usually in one of four main groups: – Four way (cross road) intersections – T intersections – Y intersections – Multi-leg intersections The art of the crash investigator
  • 9. The main forms of control at intersections are: – Road Rules (no physical control) - relying on a priority rule to indicate right of way; – Priority road designated by ‘Give Way’ or ‘Stop’ signs; – Roundabout; – Traffic signals, with partial control of right turning traffic; – Traffic signals, with full right turn control; The art of the crash investigator
  • 10. The basic principles you need to consider and try to provide for safe intersections are: • Reduction in the relative speed between vehicles • Give precedence to major traffic movements; • Separate conflicts in space and time; • Define and minimize conflict areas; • Define the vehicle paths; • Provide clear indications of right-of-way requirements; • Provide for all vehicular and non-vehicular traffic likely to use the intersection; • Simplify the driving task; • Minimize road user delay. The art of the crash investigator
  • 11. Conflict points at intersections The fewer conflict points – the safer! 24 points of major conflict
  • 12. Conflict points at intersections The fewer conflict points – the safer! 6 points of major conflict
  • 13. Conflict points at intersections The fewer conflict points – the safer! 4 points of major conflict
  • 14. ASD is the minimum level of sight distance which should be provided at an intersection. It is equal to car stopping sight distance (SSD) – which is defined as the distance travelled by a vehicle between the time when the driver receives a stimulus indicating a need to stop, and the time that the vehicle does come to a stop. This distance is sufficient to allow drivers/riders to be able to see the line marking and kerbing at the intersection. The art of the crash investigator
  • 15. Basic elements of intersection safety
  • 17. • ASD – approach sight distance • ASD addresses overshoot crashes • SISD – safe intersection sight • SISD addresses restart problems distance
  • 20. With intersection right angle crashes – we need to determine if the crash is an overshoot or a re-start Why? Because our countermeasure(s) may be quite different
  • 21. With intersection right angle crashes – we need to determine if the crash is an overshoot or a re-start Overshoot – the driver did not know the intersection was there Re-start – knew it was there, slowed, maybe stopped, but selected a “wrong” gap
  • 22. Overshoot – the driver did not know the intersection was there -------------------------------------------------------- Improve Approach Sight Distance Make intersection more conspicuous Advance warning signs Advanced direction signs Duplicate GW or Stops Lighting Roundabout or signals
  • 23. Re-start – knew intersection was there, slowed, maybe stopped, but selected a “wrong” gap ------------------------------------------------------------ Improve Safe Intersection Sight Distance Maximise sight lines Reduce speeds, Alter the traffic control Geometric changes Cut trees/grass Reduce speed limits Roundabouts or signals
  • 25. Y junctions are very dangerous
  • 26. We need to eliminate Y junctions
  • 31. We need to eliminate Y junctions
  • 32. Treatment of low angle intersections Modified Treatment •Controls turn speed •Reinforces priority for increased safety • Enhances sight lines
  • 33. Treatment of low angle intersections
  • 34. This is not the way to safely manage traffic for the future. Keep intersections open and provide correct traffic control
  • 35. Roundabouts are the safest form of intersection control. Why? The art of the crash investigator
  • 36. Why are roundabouts “safe”? • Few conflict points (only four) • Good geometry induces slow entry speeds • Clearly defined “right of way” • Simple decision making process for drivers/riders • Low relative impact speed if collisions occur The art of the crash investigator
  • 38. The art of the crash investigator
  • 42. Always look for visual deceit at any site
  • 54. Vehicle actuated traffic signals are best. -They reduce lost time. -They usually have “in ground” detector loops that record the presence of a vehicle and tell the controller to give that approach a green signal. - Much more efficient than fixed time signals – and also much safer
  • 59. Summary  Road safety engineering is a profession that can greatly reduce road crashes at intersections
  • 60. I look forward to your questions….