1. MANTHAN TOPIC:
“Towards cleaner india:Providing clean drinking water and proper
sanitation facility to all “
OBJECTIVE : “ Providing innovative solutions for safe drinking water and proper
sanitation"
3. Drinking water supply and sanitation in India continue to be
inadequate
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
India has 16 per cent of the world’s population and four per cent of its fresh water
resources.
Depleting ground water table and deteriorating ground water quality are threatening
the sustainability of both urban and rural water supply in many parts of India.
The supply of cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing
water scarcity and conflicts among users
As in other Indian cities, the response to water scarcity is to transfer more water over
large distances at high costs.
This Challenge Paper focuses on sanitation, as the world has met the water Millennium
Development Goal, but will likely miss the sanitation target
Drinking water supply and sanitation in India continue to be inadequate, despite
longstanding efforts by the various levels of government and communities at improving
coverage
None of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distribute water
for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure.
The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has significant negative health impacts
including diarrhoea
Depleting ground water table and deteriorating ground water quality are threatening
the sustainability of both urban and rural water supply in many parts of India. The supply
of cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing water scarcity
and conflicts among users.
4. Scope of problem,causes and effects:
An astonishing one‐third of the indian population, 60% people, does not have access to basic sanit
ation and over 20% people defecate out in the open. In light of the evidence that the world commun
ity is making progress in thewater sector, and because sanitation is typically the neglected half of the
water and sanitation chanllenge
Large public sector investments to provide clean water and sewerage were jointly responsible for
most of the rapid decline in the child mortality rate in the early 20th century
And yet, the continued burden of unsafe and inadequate sanitation is easy to identify. Inadequate
,sanitation caused a cholera outbreak in Haiti in late 2010 that has now made half a million people si
ck and cost some 7,000 lives in rural ares due to unsafe drinking water and lack of proper sanitation
Diarrheal diseases are still a leading cause of death for children under five, second only to respirat
ory infections
The burden extends beyond health
The sanitation that serves those households not in the sewered core is not networked; I
t is on‐site ,sanitation, i.e., latrines or septic tanks, an investment for which the owner of the house
bears primary ,responsibility.
In high density, low‐income urban areas, where one or more families share a single room, finding
space for a latrine is problematic and constructing a new latrine when an exis-
ting one fills is ,usually out of the question
Poor water quality spread diseses causes death and hampers socio economis progress
Around,5 million people die due to water born diseases
Water related diseses put an economic burden both on house hold and nations economy
5. CAUSE AND EFFECT CHAIN
OUTPUT LEVEL: Rehabilitation and building of
drinking water systems
Increased affordability of safe water for the
population
POVERTY REDUCTION
Increased access to safe water
Reduced rate of water related diseases
Improved Health and social development
Missing
Middle
Time
6. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
The benefits of sanitation as a public health solution seem self‐evident. Quotations like thi
s one from a recent Lancet (2008) editorial are easy to find: “It is already well known that i
mproved sanitation could prevent 1∙5 million deaths from diarrheal illnesses a year, enhanc
es dignity, privacy, and safety, especially for women and girls, benefits the economy
every rupee spent on sanitation generates economic benefits worth around nine more—
and is better for the environment.”
Under those conditions latrines have to be emptied and the fecal sludge, has to be transp
orted to a place where it can be dumped safely if health benefits of sanitation are to be ,rea
lized
Basic sanitation is the simplest form of sanitation, usually just a latrine that meets the mi
nimum requirements to contain pathogens (such as a latrine cover to keep out flies), but oft
en not pleasant to use
In low density rural areas, households are expected to have enough space to construct a b
asic latrine on their plot, at an adequate distance away from their living space and from the
ir water source,and to rebuild a new latrine if the old one fills up decentralised,
autonomous and financially self-sustaining provision of water supply and sanitation
services;
Smell and flies are key barriers to satisfaction with basic sanitation. There are many latrin
e designs that ,attempt to reduce smell and prevent flies from spreading disease through fo
rms of ventilation and ,systems of double vaults or pits, allowing the waste in one pit to dec
ompose while the other fills up.
The conventional solution, the gold standard, and for many governments still the only acc
eptable long‐term solution to the sanitation challenge, is the flush toilet. A toilet is a water
closet that is linked to a sewer network that transports human waste diluted in a large volu
me of clean water to a wastewater treatment plant where it takes considerable energy to re
move the waste from that water. Using large volumes of water treated to drinking water qu
ality to flush excrement down expensive pipes in order to ,spend more money to try to clean
that water up again is not necessarily a smart idea anywhere.
7. Particularly in areas with multi‐level apartment blocks these systems may have an advantage over ,latrines but the
y have not been widely ad
opted. A challenge for a future paper might be to estimate,carefully the potential market for this approach, barriers t
o adoption, and potential net benefits.
In urban areas where latrine and septic tanks have to be emptied, and the fecal sludge has to be disposed off safel
y, its management is a challenge associated with on‐site or non‐sewered sanitation.
In locations where there is a relatively active market for mechanized latrine emptying with vacuum trucks fecal slu
dge that is dumped safely is generally kept in large drying beds and left to decompose for at least six months
Certainly, new solutions for fecal sludge management, whether it is technology or business and regulatory models ,t
hat end such unsafe disposal, are required if hundreds of millions of people are going to be served by ,non‐networke
d solutions and realize the gains of safe sanitation
integrated water resources management taking environmental impacts into account recognition of water as an
economic as well as a social good; more beneficiary participation; and a greater focus on capacity building
SUPPORTING AWARNESS DRIVES: one of the major challenge is to make people aware on the need to consume
safe drinking water..the government needs to support civil society and organization involved in increasing
awareness.an integrated campaign will result in wide spread information dissemination amongst the masses on the
ways and means of preventing contamination of water resources
TESTING AND REMEDIAL ACTION: there is an urgent need to enhance the moniterning network by establishing
monetaring sections acress all regions and seasonal assessments of all water sources.in case of contamination being
detected an action plan for dealing with sources should be provided.the challenge lies in establishing well equipped
laboratories with well trained staff
CAPACITY BUILDING OF COMMUNITIES: the roles of panchayats are becoming more impotant and stress is being
laid on community based approaches in dealing with water related problems . a prerequisite for increasing
community participaton is training of people from the communities so that they are able to make well informed
decessions
UNITE AGENCY COORDINATION: one major bottle neck in an effective policy formulation and implementation has
been the current institutional setup involving various government agencies.there is a frangmented approach at the
state and central level with the involvement of numerous agencies in the supply and management of water . better
coordination among the minister s and departments would ensure effective implementation
MAKING SERVICE PROVIDER ACCOUNTABLE: article 21 of the constitution of india relates to the protection of life
and personal liberty and the right to pollute- free water is guaranteed under this provision . the user has right to
know whether water being provided at source is free from any contamination as claimed by authorities.finanacila
expenditure on water supply schemes testing water
8. AWARNESS: The users should be made aware of the importance of preventing contamination of water and also of the importance of
clean and healthy surroundings near water sources.effective IEC campaigns by civil society will play a important role in spreading
awareness.one has to keep in mind that such campaigns should be based on local needs and problems and use tools that are easily
understandable by the people
ACCOUNTABILITY: Users should alse realize their individual responsilbilty in maintaining the quality of water supplied to them.cultural
and behavior practices like open defecation bathing of cattle results in contamination of water resources ,the responsibility of
maintaining the safety of water provided also reset with the users
COMMUNITY BASED WATER QUALITY MONITERING: Many water quality problems are caused due to communities being unaware of
the different aspects of managing and maintaining the quality of water resourses.raising their awareness of appropriate practice will
help them realize the grim realities of depleting water asouces and at the same time help in engaging thme in monitoring and
maintainence.
Creating a demand for safe sanitation services:
It can be done through social marketing of sanitation and behavior change in communication for rural sanitation.
Meeting the demand for safe sanitation services:
Once the demand has been created, ensuring delivery of these services through capacity building of mission and providing a wide
range of suitable sanitation technologies
INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR PROPER SANITATION
This presentation proposes three novel sanitation solutions such as:
1.Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS++):
Various forms of an approach that emphasizes behavior change, particularly the community’s responsibility to share in the creation
of open defecation free communities, particularly in rural areas;
2.Sanitation as a Business:
New approaches to on‐site sanitation that combine technical innovation to empty latrines and process waste with innovative busin
ess or service models to create sustainable sanitation services, particularly in low‐income urban areas;
3.The Reinvented Toilet:
Efforts to stimulate technical innovation, particularly harnessing advances in physics, chemistry, and engineering, to create a radica
lly reinvented toilet that recycles human waste into reusable products at the household scale. ………………………………………
9. “ We believe the innovation required is achievable and that there is credible evidence that the
fraction of roll‐out costs to achieve adoption that would need to be borne by the public sector
is sufficiently small as to make such an investment feasible and attractive “
Programme aims and
objectives
Develop preliminary marketing mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion)
Product identification and
development
Identify and develop marketable sanitation facilities & services (e.g. latrine technologies /options, latrine
information service, latrine centre)
Set up supply mechanism
Identify potential suppliers of latrines & other related services
Assess and develop their capacity to provide desired services
Identify and/or set place(s) where consumers can access the sanitation services being marketed (eg toilet
centres)
Work with the public sector to establish strategy for disposal of sludge from toilets
Message and material
development
Identify partners with expertise for the design and development of marketing concepts
Develop marketing concepts and creative design
Pre-test and refine creative design
Develop promotion strategy
Implement promotion
campaign
Produce promotion materials (e.g. posters, flyers, radio jingle, billboard)
Launch a campaign (e.g. road show, launch event)
Run a promotion campaign for about 3 months
Monitor and feedback
Monitor the programme (spread/ response to the campaign, quality of services provided etc)
Feedback and modify the programme as appropriate
11. IMPACT OF SOLUTION
Rural water interventions, which we consider briefly (as water was covered extensively in the previous Copenhagen Consensus round), hav
e similar modest pay‐offs. In the case of urban sanitation, the theoretical benefits of basic onsite sanitation will not be achieved unless specif
ic innovations are put in place
investments in technological and institutional innovations to reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness of sanitation services to empty
and treat human waste collected in latrines and septic tanks would have a very large pay‐off
Why has the sanitation challenge proved so elusive for many countries? The simplest answer is the cost of current technologies. For about t
wo hundred years the water closet – the flush toilet with its smell‐limiting water seal that brought the “outhouse” indoors –
and the associated sewer networks have been the technology of choice for all who can afford it
Faced with such costs and the potential to decouple water and sanitation services, many governments and households have prioritized wat
er over sanitation
Why does sanitation lag so far behind water? There is a strong a priori case to suspect significant disease externalities and intra‐family distri
butional inequities that would lead to inefficiently low private investment. Standard public finance arguments would thus support public con
tributions to sanitation
Conventional waste water treatment plants are not only expensive to construct, but costly to operate ,because of their high energy require
ments
12. The Global Intervention Logic
Environment
Institutional
Reform
Infrastructure
(construction
/
maintenance)
Improved
Health
Reduced
vulnerability of
Ecosystem to
climatic events
Poverty
Reduction
Sustainable
National Water
Supply
Increased Access
to Basic
Sanitation
Strong Link
Link
Improved
Conservation &
Preservation of
Water
Social
Development
Greater Equity in
Allocation of
Water &
Sanitation
Improved
Quality of Water
& Sanitation
GLOBAL IMPACTSINTERMEDIATE
IMPACTS
SPECIFIC IMPACTSRESULTS/
OUTCOMES
OUTPUT
CLUSTERS
Increased
Affordability of
Water &
Sanitation
Increased Access
to Water
Economic
Growth
Economic
Improved Use of
Water &
Sanitation
Increased
Employment
Effects
Improved Conditions
for Economic Growth
Reduced Rate of
Water Related
Diseases
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