1. SPJIMR -Team Spartans
“ Towards cleaner India , providing safe drinking
water and proper sanitation to all. “

2. Clean Drinking Water and Sanitation…
Problems
Access to safe
drinking water
• On an average, a rural
woman walk 12 miles a
day to carry 90 liters of
water
• 840 million people in India
don’t have access to safe
drinking water.
Health Hazards • 37.7 million Indians are
affected by waterborne
diseases annually
• 1.5 million children die of
diarrhea
Economic Burden • Burden of USD 600 million
per annum
• 6.4& of India’s GDP Is
spent on Clean drinking
water and sanitation
Depletion of
Natural water
resources
• Average Rainfall decline of
33 cm per year in North-
western states
• Annual water table
decline exceeding 4
meters throughout India
Causes
Bacterial Contamination
• Due to Organic pollution
• Presence of Coliform
Contamination due to over-exploitation
• Increase in fluoride concentration
• Excess iron, nitrates and brackishness
Effluents and Industrial waste
• Increase fertilizer and pesticide use
• Presence of heavy metal such as Lead, Zinc
Behavioral Practices
• Absence of improved sanitation
• Wastage during use
Cultural Practices
• Immersion of idols in surface water bodies
• Various offerings and bathing in river

3. AVAILABILITY ACCOUNTABILITY ACCESSIBILITY
Traditional Emerging Leading
We suggest a 3-A framework as a solution to all water
related problems..
Making Water
Available
Making Water
Usable
Source:
Continuous improvement
• Water quality monitoring
o Laboratories in Rural
area
o Institutional
framework for water
quality monitoring
• Water treatment plants
o Recycling of waste
water and sewage
treatment
o Decentralized
distillation units
Accountability of both:
• Consumer through
o Meters & Tariffs
o Contribution for
schemes
• Government through
o Speedy arbitration of
conflicts
o Enactment of Safe
Drinking Water Act
(SDWA) on lines of USA
• Measures to Stop wastage
of water
o Maintenance pipelines
o Monitoring theft in
transit
• Joining of water bodies
o To prevent rivers from
drying in summer
o Construction of canals
• Ensuring Supply through
o Rainwater harvesting
o Desalination of sea
water

4. Monitoring, Sensitizing and Tariffing would help make
water Available for all
AVAILABILITY
ACCOUNTABILITY
• Water meters to be installed for proper usage and monitoring, and tariffs collection
• Strong penalty on those who are found to steal water by amendment as per IPC
• Restrictions on wastage of water on mundane uses such as car wash
• Use of technology to prevent misuse of water pumps to extract extra water
• All the major rivers should be connected through dams and canals so that there cannot be water shortage or
excess water at any particular part of the country
The support of all Construction companies, Public & Government is required to ensure availability of water for all
Government Support would involve the following measures
• Theft of water should be considered as crime and active police action should be enforced
• CGWB should draft guidelines on usage of ground water in a restricted way
• A huge government machinery need to be involved
• Need for Collaboration with state government to construct dams and canals
• Support of National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) to locate the rivers which specifically needs to be
connected
Resources required
• Technological resources to make a water meter temper proof
• Enforcement agencies to act proactively
• Team of architects, engineers and construction contractors and workers. It is going to be a huge activity
• Ministry of Environment and Forests to set up special department for this activity
Source of Funding
• This should be included in NRDWP and for the same budget is allocated by both central and state government
• To set aside funds and make it a planned investment in next 5-year plan
• Support of World Bank, UNICEF and Asian Development Bank
• Issue bonds and raise money from general public and give them tax exemption
Steps to be taken
Stakeholders &
Support Required
Resources & Funding
Needed

5. Involvement of construction cos., NGO’s and technology
efficient solutions would help in Clean Drinking Water
ACCESABILITY
ACCOUNTABILITY
• Setting up a task force to provide guidelines on monitoring
• Involvement of local bodies & NGO’s & Training to people in rural areas
• Construction of new buildings across India must have water treatment facility.
• Industrial wastage should not be discharged into rivers directly without processing.
• Small distillation units should be prepared so that in rural areas, safe water can be made available
Apart from Government & NGO’s, Private manufacturers of distillation units, Construction companies the public at
large is also responsible for ensuring clean drinking water
Government Support
• BIS to help prepare guidelines for water quality monitoring &
• Empower local bodies such as panchayat etc.
• CWC responsible for regulating surface water should be made responsible for this task.
• Promoting Private players to set up treatment plants and manufacture distillation units by giving grants, tax
exempts
• CPCB should be empowered to take stricter actions against industries polluting surface water
Resources required
• Zonal laboratories can be set up with state governments. Additional R&D and administrative staff will be required.
• Additional expenses incurred for maintaining laboratories, conducting trainings, salary of additional staff etc.
• R&D to be done so that effective distillation units can be manufactured and set up in rural areas which can
provide safe drinking water to at least 100 people per day
• Effective monitoring of industries which are prone to discharge untreated industrial waste in rivers
Source of Funding
• Allocate funds to CWC through union budget. Funds can also be allocated from other defunct schemes
• HUDCO must launch a scheme to support private players and fund the installation units in rural areas
Steps to be taken
Stakeholders &
Support Required
Resources & Funding
Needed

6. Though the Impact of the solution would affect all
stakeholders yet the challenges need to be taken care of
IMPACT
• Due to water quality monitoring, rural areas will have supply of safe drinking water
• Increased co-ordination between government agencies
• Water treatment plants and distillation units to ensure more supply of water
• The calamities such as flood and drought can be controlled by joining major rivers
• Speedy arbitration will be helpful in case of water related disputes
• Available of funds to ensure infrastructure development
• Involvement of Panchayats, Irrigation Department, PWD etc. at the local level to ensure governance
Environmental
• Rivers are used as dumping place by
industries.
• Due to deforestation, the ground
water is not recharging.
Political
Due to coalition government, it takes a lot
time to pass a bill. Safe Drinking Water Bill
is not the priority of government.
Economical
• Burden on tax payers as more
infrastructure needs
• Lack of financial market from where
cheap capital can be raised
Technological
• Higher cost of desalination of sea
water
• Lack of efficient R&D
Social
• Religious belief such as
bathing and throwing
ashes is polluting rivers.
• Improper sanitation and
lack of other
infrastructure.
Challenges
and
Mitigating
Factors

7. Sanitation in India...
The Cost of Missing toilets in India
A staggering half of India’s 1.1 billion population lives
without toilets
Over 75 million people in rural India do not have access
to proper sanitation
Of the 1.1 million people in the world who defecate
outdoors, more than half are in India
Each year, India logs the highest number of diarrhea-
related deaths worldwide
More than 30 percent of all deaths among Indian
children under the age of five are diarrhea-related
Of the total wastewater generated in the metropolitan
cities, barely 30 per cent is treated before disposal
“Sanitation is more important than Political independence” – Mahatama Gandhi

8. Measures to Improve…
Role of Local
Government
Micro Finance
Institutions
Slums Infrastructure
Community-based
organizations
• Many slum settlements, especially those that have not been
officially recognized by the government
• Lack pipelines or other infrastructure to support supply of basic
water and sanitation services to people’s homes
• Local officials must be willing to establish and maintain
infrastructure
• to approve in-home water and sewage connections
• to subsidize household-level infrastructure costs.
must link affordable microloans to water sanitation projects.
to provide the up-front capital investment in water sanitation
infrastructure
• One Ahmedabad study found that having individual
households contribute to the costs of the initial
infrastructure “inculcated a sense of ownership” of the
facilities, which helps ensure maintenance of toilets over the
long term.)
• must motivate community demand for adoption of new
facilities
• behavioral change is often the hardest thing to accomplish),
mobilize government initiatives
• assist with technical aspects of construction such as
materials sourcing and design

9. CONCLUSION
• Households, communities, local and national governments, civil society, and private companies all need to
work together. Media and public opinion around the world can influence political leaders to act now.
• Mostly women and children are responsible for fetching and carrying water from distant sources. Thus,
improved water sources , such as piped household water connections, public standpipes , protected wells or
springs, and rainwater collection systems, can have a crucial impact on a community's health and wellbeing.
• Where there is no access to basic sanitation, people must dispose of human waste in places like rivers and
streams, or they must dispose of it in the open.
• Improve potable water storage facilities and work with community members to improve public awareness of
water, sanitation.
• There can be little doubt that water is a basic necessity for the survival of humans. There is interplay of
various factors that govern access and utilization of water resources and in light of the increasing demand for
water it becomes important to look for holistic and people-centered approaches for water management.
• When it comes to dealing with maintaining water quality, the users and in large the communities have to
play a key role in maintaining hygiene near water sources. One has to improve the ways in which we collect
and store water so as to avoid contamination while collection, storage and use.