1. TOWARDS CLEANER INDIA
Providing safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities to all
Team Jal, IIM Lucknow
Shrishti | Priyanka | Udit | Garima | Chandni

2. • 74% of the rural population still defecates in the open
• Unsafe disposal of human excreta facilitates the transmission of oral-fecal diseases
• Even in areas where households have toilets, the contents of bucket-latrines and pits are
emptied without regard for environmental and health considerations
• Wastewater treatment capacity is also woefully inadequate. India has neither enough
water to flush-out city effluents nor enough money to set up sewage treatment plants.
Cause of Poor Sanitation
Drinking Water:
• Only 32% people drink treated water
• 17 per cent fetch drinking water from a
source located more than 500 metres in
rural areas
• Only 30% of India's wastewater is being
treated, with the remainder flowing into
rivers and groundwater.
Sanitation Facility:
• Through its Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC),
the Government sanctioned projects in all of
India’s rural districts,
• 57 million individual household sanitary
latrines (IHHLs) built
• Estimated 119 million units needed to meet
the Government’s goal of eradicating open
defecation by 2015
Improving drinking water and sanitation facility – Motivation Behind the Study
India's existing condition
TotalHouseholds 246.6 Million
Accessto Toilet 46.90%
Use of Public Toilet 3.20%
Excretein open 49.80%
Treatedwater for drinking 32%
• All the run-off from storm water is discharged as sewage
• The sewage systems are in very bad condition and need maintenance, replacement in
addition to a great expansion to keep up with the pace of the growing urbanization.
• All the major 18 rivers in India polluted due to discharges from agricultural, domestic and
industrial uses
Cause of poor drinking water

3. Proposed Solution: Drinking Water
Three possible approaches to deliver clean water
Concept
Central plant for purification &
pipe systems for delivery
Clean at village level and monitor
quality
Clean at point of use (before
consumption itself)
Target segment Urban and sub-urban areas Villages with population>5000 Remote villages population<5000
Merits
Scalable, standardized and
convenient
Cost effective; community
involvement
Independent of water sources (surface,
well, tap)
Challenges Infrastructure, expensive, illegal
tapping
Monitoring, maintenance &
quality problems
Individual level awareness &
responsibility; safe storage needed
Currently exists? Yes Yes but not effective No
Scope of initiatives Difficult to implement in rural
areas- High investment
Leverage existing infrastructure New technological initiatives
Technological Solutions
TFC- Thin film composites for RO filters – fix on tube-wells
Nanoparticle technology- silver ions mechanism for households
Innovative point-of-use products – aquatab, waterguard
Awareness Generation
NGO Partnership & Women as target initiator (involve SHGs)
Sustainable water replenishment by watersheds, conservation
Drinking water cleanliness guidelines – water education for all
PPP – For community welfare initiatives
CSR activities of MNCs focusing on water management
Involve schools to conduct monitoring campaigns with students
Entrepreneurial projects to increase efficiency of execution
Infrastructure Development
Tanks for clean storage in schools, religious places
Distribution Kendra for Aquatabs in every village
Reed beds and duckweed ponds in all villages

4. Proposed Solution: Sanitation Facilities
 Construction of individual and community based toilets
 Stepwise Segment : Based on coverage ratio, first target villages with 0-20% facilities & then 20-40%
 APL and BPL - Create awareness of sanitation for APL & construct toilets for BPL
 Households: Construction of toilets for a household,
 ‘Nari ki prathamic zaroorat ‘: Construct public toilets & bathrooms for women
Defecation
Facilities
Sludge
management
 Remote Areas: Land filling , Incineration & Heat Recovery
 Beneficial Reuse: Direct Application of Digested Sludge
Trenching of Undigested Sludge
 Sewage Sludge: Commercial Electricity Production via production of Bio Gas
Processing Compositing ( naturally recycling organic waste & adding nutrients to make it a fertilizer)
Liquid Waste
Management-
Neeri
Technology
 Caters to the main reason of people not using the defecation facility, i.e., improper Waste management
 Use of Phytorid technology: constructed wetland designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural
and industrial wastewater
 Based on the specific plants, such as Elephant grass
 Treated effluent shall be useful for municipal gardens, fountains and irrigation
Awareness
 Organizing campaigns with the help of NGOs and Private Players like ‘ Importance of Washing Hands’
 Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Clean Village Award) mandates functional toilets in all Government, Government aided
and private schools and all Co -ed Upper Primary schools to have separate toilets for boys and girls.
 Deliver lectures in schools and Gram Sabha to propagate importance of sanitation facilities

5. Implementation Plan: Key steps & resources required
• Involve NGOs in conducting water management workshops involving women and children majorly
• Develop habits for sustaining use of these products & provide recognition/applaud for motivation
Raise Awareness
• Work with local SMEs to procure & deliver the products for trial & generate re-purchase willingness
• Provide training to women on the usage of the product and storage of clean water post treatment
Point of use Products
• Infrastructure development for wastewater management & storage of clean/purified drinking water
• NGOs can conduct frequent campaigns to teach the villagers about product usage & its efficiency
PPP terms and NGO
involvement
• Extension activities to educate them on usage of these products & convey their long-term benefits
• Village goshthis meetings to discuss drinking water issues and usage of available technology for it
Community involvement
for water education
• Promote weekly cleaning of all household storage vessels & monitoring of chemical content in water
• Conduction of monthly check on community drinking water storage tanks and quality reports
Monitoring and
Maintenance
Key Stakeholders
Village men &
women, NGO
personnel, school
students, volunteers,
MNCs, govt. officials
& staff, SHGs,
healthcare staff
Source of funding
Govt. budget,
Corporate CSR
budget, Voluntary
organizations, NGO
sponsors, Global
Agencies for water
management &
conservation
Existing Govt.
Infrastructure
Community Storage
Tanks cleanliness,
Tube wells
renovation, pipelines
cleaned, state govt.
responsible for
monitoring
Rationale
Involvement of
Private players and
NGOs will increase
the reach and
efficiency of
execution. Also, it will
help in basic
awareness

6. No of villages (in mn) Population
1.45 500-999
1.3 1000-1999
1.28 2000-4999
Element Cost / unit No of units Targeted Total Cost
Aqua swabs/Alums - 50% of
villageswith population
<5000 100 4030000 2015000 201,500,000
TFC purifier - targeted at
50% of villages with
population >10,000 6100 3961 1981 12,081,050
Human resource 10,00,000
Maintenance 20,00,000
Infrastructure 50,00,000
Operating cost 1981 4,00,000
Capital cost 1981 8,00,000
Total cost 213,581,050
Total villages (population
<5000) in millions 4.03
Total villages (population
>10,000) in millions 3961
Variable cost of production of a 4” diameter TFC spiral module
10 s.q m of TFC membrane 2,200
Product and feed spacers 2000
Product tube (1.2 m), end caps, adhesive, hard wrap 1600
Energy Cost 50
Labour cost (7 semi-skilled/shift x 2 shifts) 250
Implementation Plan: Clean Water Solution
Water
education
volunteers
in schools &
village
choupals
Products
Front-line
sales staff for
door-to-door
delivery
Quality
testing and
monitoring
staff for
each village
Rural Infrastructure
Development & staff for
construction or product
distribution activities
Construction
workers and
labour for
installations
of RO, TFCs
Private
company
mangers and
govt.
employees for
inspections
Awareness
NGO & SHG
volunteers for
extension and
promotion
activities
Human Resources required at different levels in proposed solution
Total cost for all the proposed solutions was calculated and
overall estimate of required resources was made at each level.
The calculations also include awareness and other campaigns
within the HR cost and other costs have been estimated to
nearest levels for total solution at each step involved

7. Implementation Plan: Sanitation Facilities Solution
Infrastructure
Key Steps
1. Identification of the areas
and households
2. Construction of individual
and community facilities
3. Monitoring that they use
these facilities
Construction of new facilities
will require atleast 500 sqr m
area for a village
Defecation Facilities Liquid Waste Management
Human
Resources
Stakeholders
Local bodies can monitor
Residents of cities and villages
Schools can be used to
increase awareness
Project staff for construction
Maintenance staff
Cleaners and guards
Sludge Management
The local bodies to monitor
Private Entrepreneurs for
constructions
Local bodies for better drainage
system
The construction of plant can
be outsourced to
entrepreneurs
Present staff can be used
Land owners from whom land will
be acquired
Project Staff
Other organisations like fertilizer
companies, Energy organizations
Project Staff for construction of
plant or contract management
1. Water collection : through
drainage system
2. Water processing:
Construction of the plant
3. Redistribution of the
processed water
1. Identify the type of process
for a particular area
2. Collection of waste
3. Processing the waste to
produce electricity
4. Processing the waste to
produce Composite
Total area required for the
system is approximately 35 sq.
m. for 20 M3/Day
Development of drainage
system
Development of waste collection
system
Construction of Waste Processing
Plants

8. Implementation Plan: Financial Analysis of Sanitation Facilities
Decentralized
recruitment
Outsourcing
the projects
for speedy
implementati
on
Quality testing
and monitoring
by local bodies.
Construction
workers and labour
for installations of
facilities
Rationale:
Costs of Waste water and Solid Waste management is very high .
This can be justified by long term benefits of these projects and
sustainable growth of the country .
Sources of Fund:
The government has a budget of 15265 crores . Hence this can be
implemented phase-wise .
More budget can be allocated
Public Private partnership can be done and private parties may
gain in operation of these facilities by funding the initial
investment
Human Resource
Defecation Facilities
No. of Households 200
Cost of a Toilet 2500
Total cost of building toilets 625000
Phytorid Plant
Initial Investment 80 lakhs
Annaul Maintenance 8 lakhs
Total Cost 88 lakhs
Electricity Production Plant
One time Expert Consultation 200000
Legal Proceedings 100000
Land Acquisition 100000
Miscellaneous 100000
Recurring Costs 260000
Staff Salaries 240000
Maintenance and Equipments 20000
Total cost to start the project 1020000

9. Criteria to measure the
impact of the solution
• DALY – Disability Adjusted
Life years
• DALY is used by
WHO, World Bank
currently
• 1 DALY = loss of
one year of
equivalent health
• Reduction in the number
of deaths due to diseases
like Malaria, Water-Borne
Diseases in a year
• % increase in the tap
water penetration in rural
areas
• No of community based
water purifiers fully
operationalized in one
year
Scalability of the solution
• The solution does not requires much
upfront capital investments
• Easy to procure and distribute Aqua
Slabs, Alums and R.O
• Cost effective and scalable to remote
areas as well
• Variable expenses – monitoring and
maintenance
Sustainability of the solution
In long run – Instead of undertaking
initiatives to provide safe drinking water ,
Eliminate the sources of contaminated water
One cannot control the source accessed to
drink water. Hence make pure and safe
drinking water available at all points of
water sources accessed for drinking water
Our solution addressed this challenge and
will thus be sustainable
Monitoring Mechanisms
• Adopt HACCP – Hazard Analysis and
Critical Control Points
• Follow the 8-step process
• Risk assessment
• Establishment of preventive
measures with critical limits
for each control point
• Establishment of
procedures to monitor
• Establishment of corrective
actions
• Verification
• Effective record keeping
• Continuous quality
Improvement
• Set-up water quality testing
stations as well as on-the spot
water quality test campaigns
• Continually engage is raising
awareness and benefits
Impact of the drinking water solution

10. Impact of the Sanitation Facilities Solution
Benefits Sustainability Scalability
Phytorid
Technology for
Waste Water
Treatment
No power requirement
Low capital cost compared with
standard sewage/ effluent
treatment systems
Simple construction
Low maintenance costs
Due to absence of mechanical or
electrical machines the project life is
almost 30-35 years.
Can be implemented phase wise in
all the districts
The costs can be distributed over
the years .
Incineration and
Land Fill
Reduced Construction materials
Low Cost
Reduced road transport as the
material is not transmitted
Effective treatment of water so that
people use indoor toilets
With the current resources it is the
most practical decision to
implement.
Currently the most implemented.
In the long run, we need to scale
down these projects . But for this
overall connectivity of villages must
be improved
Composite
Reduced reliance on inorganic
fertilizers
Resource conservation
Soil conservation
Reduced use of non-renewable fuels
The project can be sustained by
cooperatives or private companies.
Operation costs can be profitably
met with production of fertilizers
Difficult to implement in remote
areas but can be implemented in
large villages and cities
Electricity
Production
Solution will not only help in solving
the problem of solid waste but also
provide electricity at village level
Co-operative structure can also
operate in this , once community has
a capacity, the operations would be
handed over to the co-operative,
with support of the promoters.
Can be scaled up to different
districts with the help of Public
private partnership

11. Challenges and Mitigation Factors
 Awareness needs to start from women and children of the household to penetrate effectively and sustain for long-term development
 Government needs to simplify the current hierarchy in implementation of these projects at village level to reduce time & inefficiencies
 Heat generated in the Incineration Process can be used for Flash Drying to avoid resource loss & air pollution
 Adding nutrients to the residue obtained from composting to make it a fertilizer
Social
• Managing drinking water separately than water for bathing,
cleaning & agricultural is not a prevalent practice in rural areas
• Adoption of sanitation habits might be a taboo in some areas
• Awareness needs to be at grass-root level with focus on women
• Soil contamination through sludge processing
Economic
• Cost for operation does not include maintenance & servicing
• High fixed costs for construction projects for toilets/pipelines
• Hi-tech solutions have obsoleting risk which increases scaling cost
• Scalability for personal solutions has high time- cost associated
Technological
• Complex technical solutions have high risk of adoption failure
• Maintenance is difficult at rural level due to lack of literacy
• Quality monitoring & chemical content difficult to educate them
• Plants requiring electricity continuously is a challenge in villages
• Ash (hazardous waste) likely to be generated from Incineration
process
• Gas emission during Incineration
Political
• Policy issues in implementing a PPP as budget allocation is fixed
• Infrastructural projects require central & state alignments
• Complex structure to operate with NGOs in these activities
• Approval of different nodal agencies for technological projects
• Political issues in Gram Sabha & Panchayati Raj
How to mitigate above challenges?
Challenges

12. References
 http://www.neeri.res.in/pdf/Phytorid.pdf
http://gramvikas.org/uploads/file/Publications/WebPublications/Foundations/11_Indias%20sanitation%20for%
20all.pdf
 http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmpfinal.pdf
http://www.mdws.gov.in/node/1332
 http://www.cess.ac.in/cesshome/wp%5CWater.pdf
http://mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Budget%20Allocation%20During%202013.pdf
 http://www.srtt.org/institutional_grants/pdf/tata_ge.pdf
 http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/drinking-water-quality-rural-india.pdf
http://swsmup.org/wp-content/themes/swajal/pdf/ruraldrinkingwater_guidelines.pdf