1. Water Supply And Sanitation
The Explorers

2. Introduction
• According to the latest estimates of the
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for
Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), released in
early 2013, 36% per cent of the world’s
population – 2.5 billion people – lack improved
sanitation facilities, and 768 million people still
use unsafe drinking water sources. Inadequate
access to safe water and sanitation services,
coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and
sickens thousands of children every day, and
leads to impoverishment and diminished
opportunities for thousands more.

3. • Drinking water supply and sanitation in India continue to be
inadequate, despite longstanding efforts by the various levels of
government and communities at improving coverage. The level of
investment in water and sanitation, albeit low by international
standards, has increased during the 2000s. Access has also
increased significantly. For example, in 1980 rural sanitation
coverage was estimated at 1% and reached 21% in 2008].Also, the
share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has
increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.[] At the
same time, local government institutions in charge of operating and
maintaining the infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the
financial resources to carry out their functions. In addition, only two
Indian cities have continuous water supply and an estimated 69% of
Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.

4. • . As of 2010, only two cities in India — Thiruvananthapuram and Kota — get continuous water
supply.[10] In 2005 none of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million
distributed water for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure.
Owing to inadequate pressure people struggle to collect water even when it is available. According
to the World Bank, none have performance indicators that compare with average international
standards.[11] A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank showed that in 20 cities the average
duration of supply was only 4.3 hours per day. None of the 20 cities had continuous supply. The
longest duration of supply was 12 hours per day in Chandigarh, and the lowest was 0.3 hours per
day in Rajkot.[3] According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out
by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in 2006 in 28 cities, the average duration of supply
was 3.3 hours per day, with a range from one hour every three days to 18 hours per
day.[2] In Delhi residents receive water only a few hours per day because of inadequate
management of the distribution system. This results in contaminated water and forces households
to complement a deficient public water service at prohibitive 'coping' costs; the poor suffer most
from this situation. For example, according to a 1996 survey households in Delhi spent an average
of 2,182 (US$34.70) per year in time and money to cope with poor service levels.[12] This is more
than three times as much as the 2001 water bill of about US$18 per year of a Delhi household that
uses 20 cubic meters per month.

5. Achievements
• Jamshedpur, a city in Jharkhand with 573,000
inhabitants, provided 25% of its residents with
continuous water supply in 2009.[13] Navi Mumbai, a
planned city with more than 1m inhabitants, has
achieved continuous supply for about half its
population as of January 2009.[14] Badlapur, another
city in the Mumbai Conurbation with a population of
140,000, has achieved continuous supply in 3 out of 10
operating zones, covering 30% of its
population.[15] Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of
Kerala state with a population of 745,000 in 2001, is
probably the largest Indian city that enjoys continuous
water supply.

6. Sanitation
• Most Indians depend on on-site sanitation facilities. Recently,
access to on-site sanitation have increased in both rural and urban
areas. In rural areas, total sanitation has been successful (see
below). In urban areas, a good practice is the Slum Sanitation
Program in Mumbai that has provided access to sanitation for a
quarter million slum dwellers.[17] Sewerage, where available, is
often in a bad state. In Delhi the sewerage network has lacked
maintenance over the years and overflow of raw sewage in open
drains is common, due to blockage, settlements and inadequate
pumping capacities. The capacity of the 17 existing wastewater
treatment plants in Delhi is adequate to cater a daily production of
waste water of less than 50% of the drinking water produced.[11] Of
the 2.5 Billion people in the world that defecate openly, some
665 million live in India. This is of greater concern as 88% of deaths
from diarrhoea occur because of unsafe water, inadequate
sanitation and poor hygiene

7. Health impact
• The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water
has significant negative health impacts
including diarrhoea, referred to by travellers as
the "Delhi Belly",[24] and experienced by about 10
million visitors annually.[25] While most visitors to
India recover quickly and otherwise receive
proper care. The dismal working conditions of
sewer workers are another concern. A survey of
the working conditions of sewage workers in
Delhi showed that most of them suffer from
chronic diseases, respiratory problems, skin
disorders, allergies, headaches and eye infection

8. Water supply and water resource
• Depleting ground water table and deteriorating ground water
quality are threatening the sustainability of both urban and rural
water supply in many parts of India. The supply of cities that
depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing
water scarcity and conflicts among users. For
example, Bangalore depends to a large extent on water pumped
since 1974 from the Kaveri river, whose waters are disputed
between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As in other Indian
cities, the response to water scarcity is to transfer more water over
large distances at high costs. In the case of Bangalore,
the 3384 crore (US$538.1 million) Kaveri Stage IV project, Phase II,
includes the supply of 500,000 cubic meter of water per day over a
distance of 100 km, thus increasing the city's supply by two third

9. Responsibility for water supply and
sanitation
• Water supply and sanitation is a State responsibility under the Indian Constitution.
States may give the responsibility to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in rural
areas or municipalities in urban areas, called Urban Local Bodies (ULB). At present,
states generally plan, design and execute water supply schemes (and often operate
them) through their State Departments (of Public Health Engineering or Rural
Development Engineering) or State Water Boards.
• Highly centralised decision-making and approvals at the state level, which are
characteristic of the Indian civil service, affect the management of water supply
and sanitation services. For example, according to the World Bank in the state of
Punjab the process of approving designs is centralised with even minor technical
approvals reaching the office of chief engineers. A majority of decisions are made
in a very centralised manner at the headquarters.[30] In 1993 the Indian
constitution and relevant state legislations were amended in order to decentralise
certain responsibilities, including water supply and sanitation, to municipalities.
Since the assignment of responsibilities to municipalities is a state responsibility,
different states have followed different approaches. According to a Planning
Commission report of 2003 there is a trend to decentralise capital investment to
engineering departments at the district level and operation and maintenance to
district and gram panchayat levels

10. Policy and regulation
• The responsibility for water supply and sanitation at the
central and state level is shared by various Ministries. At
the central level three Ministries have responsibilities in the
sector: The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (until
2011 the Department of Drinking Water Supply in the
Ministry of Rural Development) is responsible for rural
water supply and sanitation; the Ministry of Housing and
Urban Poverty Alleviation and the Ministry of Urban
Development share the responsibility for urban water
supply and sanitation. Except for the National Capital
Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories, the central
Ministries only have an advisory capacity and a limited role
in funding. Sector policy thus is a prerogative of state
governments.

11. National Urban Sanitation Policy.
• In November 2008 the government of India launched a national urban
sanitation policy with the goal of creating what it calls "totally sanitized
cities" that are open-defecation free, safely collect and treat all their
wastewater, eliminate manual scavenging and collect and dispose solid
waste safely. As of 2010, 12 states were in the process of elaborating or
had completed state sanitation strategies on the basis of the policy. 120
cities are in the process of preparing city sanitation plans. Furthermore,
436 cities rated themselves in terms of their achievements and processes
concerning sanitation in an effort supported by the Ministry of Urban
Development with the assistance of several donors. About 40% of the
cities were in the "red category" (in need of immediate remedial action),
more than 50% were in the "black category" (needing considerable
improvement) and only a handful of cities were in the "blue category"
(recovering). Not a single city was included in the "green category"
(healthy and clean city). The rating serves as a baseline to measure
improvements in the future and to prioritize actions. The government
intends to award a prize called Nirmal Shahar Puraskar to the best
sanitation performer

12. Community-led total sanitation
• In 1999 a demand-driven and people-centered sanitation program
was initiated under the name Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
or Community-led total sanitation. It evolved from the limited
achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation
in India, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, which had
minimal community participation. The main goal of Total Sanitation
Campaign is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2017.
Community-led total sanitation is not focused on building
infrastructure, but on preventing open defecation through peer
pressure and shame. In Maharashtra where the program started
more than 2000 Gram Panchayats have achieved "open defecation
free" status. Villages that achieve this status receive monetary
rewards and high publicity under a program called Nirmal Gram
Puraska

13. Demand-driven approaches in rural
water supply
• Most rural water supply schemes in India use a centralised, supply-
driven approach, i.e. a government institution designs a project and
has it built with little community consultation and no capacity
building for the community, often requiring no water fees to be
paid for its subsequent operation. Since 2002 the Government of
India has rolled out at the national level a program to change the
way in which water and sanitation services are supported in rural
areas. The program, called Swajaldhara, decentralises service
delivery responsibility to rural local governments and user groups.
Under the new approach communities are being consulted and
trained, and users agree up-front to pay a tariff that is set at a level
sufficiently high to cover operation and maintenance costs. It also
includes measures to promote sanitation and to improve hygiene
behaviour. The national program follows a pilot program launched
in 1999.[

14. Thank You
• We would like to implement all the given ideas
which are already tried and tested method so
that all the recovery would be done in a short
period of time and effectively .