ECOSOC YOUTH FORUM 2024 Side Events Schedule-18 April.
Water Management in the Dry Zone, Irrawaddy Basin, Myanmar
1. Water Management in
the Dry Zone,
Irrawaddy Basin, Myanmar
Robyn Johnston, Paul Pavelic,
Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu,
Matthew McCartney
Water for a food-secure world
International Water Management Institute Photo: Matthew McCartney/IWMI
www.iwmi.org
2. IWMI Dry Zone Study 2013
Commissioned by Livelihoods and Food
Security Trust
What are the best investments in water to
improve food security and livelihoods in the
Dry Zone of Myanmar?
Water Resources Assessment
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H046133.pdf
Village surveys
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H046134.pdf
Synthesis and priority investments
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H046135.pdf
Photo: Matthew McCartney/IWMI
4. Socio-economic context
• Total population of 10.1 million
• 40% below poverty line
• 40-50% of the rural population is landless
• 25-35% do not have reliable access to safe domestic
water supplies (seasonal shortages)
• Availability of water is major constraint to rural
livelihoods Photos: Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu/IWMI
5. Water strategies
Domestic/ village
Rainwater harvesting
- village ponds
Groundwater
- shallow wells
- deep tubewells
River pumping
Carting / water sellers
25-35% without
access to safe water
Agriculture
Reservoir & canal irrigation
River pumping
Groundwater
- formal schemes
- individual pumping
Village ponds / tanks
Spate irrigation
15-20% of cropland
is irrigated
6. Rainfall vs PET
Pakokku, Central Dry Zone
McCartney et al 2013
11. Reservoirs
• 7,760 Mm3 in 60 large
reservoirs
• 1,020 Mm3 in ~ 2,000
small reservoirs
• Village ponds
• Total runoff ~39,000 Mm3
Thaphanseik
3550 Mm3
McCartney et al 2013
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H046133.pdf
12. Groundwater
• Mix of alluvial and hard rock
aquifers
• Widely used for village and
domestic supplies (shallow dug
wells and pumped tube wells)
• Annual recharge ~ 4,770 Mm3
(30 – 90 mm)
Domestic 646
Industrial 14
Agriculture 113
Total use (2000) Mm3 773
McCartney et al 2013 http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H046133.pdf
13. Irrigation in DZ
DZ Irrigated areas '000 ha
Formal schemes
509
(MOAI +WRUD)
Dry season
2012(IWMI)
267
Johnston et al 2013
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H046135.pdf
14. Irrigation in DZ
Graph: McCartney et al 2013
http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H0
46133.pdf; Table: Maung Maung
Naing-ftp://
ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai4
08e/ai408e01.pdf
15. Irrigation in Hla Taw (Sagaing):
Canal from Hla Taw reservoir (A).
Tertiary canals to fields in poor
condition (B).
Most fields were fallow in March (C)
he group and record the
A discussion
C
B
Photos: Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu
16. Diesel pump station in Tup Ywa on Irrawaddy river
Lift 110 feet; nominal command 1,500 acres.
Actual irrigation 300 acres (energy costs and availability)
Photo: Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu
17. Formal irrigation schemes
• Underperformance - complex mix of problems
• Access to water is more limiting than availability
– volume used in irrigation (~7,540 MCM/yr)
is <3% of Irrawaddy flows
• Very high real cost in maintenance and energy
Myanmar Auditor General’s report in 2012:
“67 river water pumping stations have achieved
16.3% of their target, providing water to 48,833
acres out of the 299,895 acres originally planned”
18. Informal irrigation in
Budalin: groundwater
pumping to establish
thanaka trees and
vegetables he group and
record the discussion
Photos: Robyn Johnston and
Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu
19. Groundwater
• Critical for domestic supplies
• Growing use for irrigation
– individual pumping
– energy cost constrains use
• Recharge rates indicate a MODERATE
resource
– enough for additional 110,000 -330,000
ha depending on crop
• Sustainable management of shared
resource by individual users
Photo: Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu/IWMI
20. Village ponds for domestic use,
livestock, home gardens
McCartney/IWMI
22. Rainwater harvesting and storage
• Simple, proven technologies common in DZ
– multiple use – domestic and livestock priority
• Type, design are specific to location
– earth dams, sand dams, ring / turkey nest
• Preferred intervention in village surveys for all
farmer types and landless
• Maintenance issues and costs
– sedimentation, damage to structures
(flooding, cattle)
23. Water access in Ta Ein Te village:
village pond (A) dries out completely in the
dry season (B), WRUD pumps from the river
to keep water in it for as long as possible.
Villagers then use groundwater pumped
from a deep tubewell for drinking (>100 ft)
(C); and a shallow open well (~20 ft) with
poor water quality for washing (D). Pumping
to the reservoir improves the quality of the
shallow well
Photo: Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu/IWMI
B
A
D
C
Photos: Google Earth; Robyn Johnston (right)
24. Coordination
• Department of Irrigation
• WRUD (Water Resources Utilisation Department)
• Ministry of Rural Development (domestic water)
• MOECAF (environmental issues)
• Ministry of Transport
– Dept of Meteorology and Hydrology
– Directorate of Water Resources and River
Improvement )
National Water Resources Management Committee
World Bank $30m for Irrawaddy Basin Plan