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Institute for Transport Studies 
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT 
Participative Transport Planning and 
Social Exclusion: Where do we 
begin? Understanding different 
perspectives through the co-production 
of knowledge 
Joanna Elvy 
RGS Annual Conference – Thursday 28th August 2014
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next
Context 
• Transport related social exclusion is a widely 
documented problem (cf. Lucas, 2012) 
• Attention of policy makers has shifted to a 
focus on economic growth and carbon 
reduction 
• Additional pressure on socially excluded as a 
result of cuts to local public transport and 
community/voluntary transport funding
Transport & Social Exclusion 
• Any group or individual who is excluded or at risk of 
exclusion from undertaking everyday social activities 
due to the nature or lack of transport provisions 
• The groups at risk include but are not limited to (SEU, 
2003 and SDC, 2011): 
– older people 
– children and young people 
– ethnic minorities 
– lone parents 
– people with disabilities 
– people on low incomes
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next
Academic perspective 
• Important that the voices of socially excluded 
groups and individuals are included 
• Participatory transport planning - potential for co-production 
of knowledge and solutions to suit 
specific problems and contexts 
• The localism agenda and unequal capacities for 
involvement (Lucas, 2012) 
• Previous research highlights need for more 
effective public participation in transport planning (cf. 
Ward, 2001; Hodgson and Turner, 2003; Bickerstaff and Walker, 2005; Dibben, 2006; Michels and De 
Graaf, 2010)
Identified gaps in research 
• Impacts of transport policy and decision making on socially 
excluded (cf. Lucas and Currie, 2011, Lucas, 2012, Lucas and Jones, 2012) 
• Mimi Sheller’s call for a ‘twin transition’ of sustainable 
mobility and mobility justice (a socially inclusive sustainable 
mobility?) 
• Disaggregated perspectives within participatory transport 
planning 
• A refocus of the public participation debate (cf. Healey, 1997, Flyvbjerg, 
1998, Bickerstaff and Walker, 2005, Taylor, 2007) onto its impacts on participants 
and non-participants. 
• A more nuanced understanding of the role of social capital 
(Schwanen et al., 2014) on participatory transport planning and 
transport related social exclusion.
Organisational Perspective 
• Follow up from content analysis of LTP3s (Elvy, 
2014) to explore co-production of knowledge within 
current participatory transport planning involving 
socially excluded groups and individuals. 
• Same study area as LTP3 content analysis - 
England (excl. London) 
• An exploratory online questionnaire survey (252 
invitations) and selected follow up interviews
Organisational Perspective 
• 42 fully completed responses grouped into: 
– Representatives of English councils, operators and LEPs (n=18) 
– Representatives of community, voluntary and lobby groups and 
organisations (n=24) 
• 7 follow-up interviews (ongoing) including: 
– The NW England Local Councillor (transport cabinet member) 
– The SE England chief transport planner 
– The West Midlands 50+ engagement coordinator 
• ...case study selection for further research
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next
Participation types 
• 10 most commonly used types
Socially excluded groups 
involved 
• Ethnic Minorities not listed or identified
Reasons for inviting those 
groups 
• Open question... 
SSppeecciiffiicc iinnssiigghhtt//eexxppeerriieenncceess ((xx77)) 
IInnvviitteedd aass aa rreeccooggnniisseedd oorrggaanniissaattiioonn ((xx55)) 
AAss UUsseerrss//MMeemmbbeerrss ooff tthhee PPuubblliicc ((xx22)) 
Everyone wwaass iinnvviitteedd ((xx22)) 
FFooccuuss oonn ssppeecciiffiicc iissssuueess ((xx33)) 
FFoorr ccoommmmuunniittyy bbeenneeffiitt ((xx22)) 
RReepprreesseennttaattiioonn // SSttaattuuttoorryy DDuuttiieess ((xx33))
Influence on LTP process 
• Did those groups and individuals influence outcomes?
Feedback of that influence 
• Was influence fed back to those groups/individuals?
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next
The NW England Local 
Councillor 
• Council led engagement 
• Traditional methods 
• Going out into the community – unsuccessful 
• Bus Users Group and Area Forums 
• “Silence is compliance” 
• Participation dominated by “usual suspects” 
• Diluted representation? most deprived ward sits within 
same area forum as affluent rural ward 
• Sustainable transport – LSTF focus on business park
The SE England chief transport 
planner 
• Independence of engagement groups 
• Initial promise (diverse attendance) 
• Internal politics 
• Groups dominated by single issue and single personality 
• Attempts to create new channels to bypass this 
• Engagement with disability groups, older groups and 
young groups 
• Conventional participation dominated by older people 
• Identified a need to work with the public on future 
innovations (e.g. taxi bus scheme)
The West Midlands 50+ engagement 
coordinator 
• Runs an over 50 forum (quarterly) with 60-120 attendees 
• Staffed project - £60,000 pa budget 
• “Transport always comes up no matter what the issue” 
• Outreach officer enables trust to be built up between 
individuals (e.g. Asian community) – leads to attendance 
• People involved reported feeling more engaged, confident 
and socially active 
• Scheme not reaching Muslim men, people with mental 
health problems, “poorly educated and cash poor” as well
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next?
Challenges of co-production? 
Transferability 
between 
spatial, social 
and cultural 
contexts 
Sensitivity to 
context 
Handling 
power relations 
Embracing 
difference and 
disagreement 
Understanding 
people 
Use of 
appropriate 
language and 
terminology 
Non response
• Context 
• Academic and organisational 
perspectives 
• Survey findings 
• Interview findings 
• Concluding remarks 
•What next?
A need for a framework? 
• Bryson et al (2012) and Faehnle and Tyrvainen (2013) 
• Context specific participatory governance frameworks can 
potentially enable more effective public participation 
Context specific? 
Transferable? 
Can it be used by the 
public? 
participation with 
limited resources? 
Can it be used by 
policy makers? 
Enabling more 
effective 
Can it promote 
‘productive’ social 
capital? 
Risks of framework 
fatigue? 
Considerations 
for potential 
framework 
development
What next? 
• Aim: to understand 
the role of social 
capital in 
participatory 
transport planning 
processes which 
seek to promote 
and provide 
opportunities for 
socially inclusive 
sustainable mobility
Acknowledgments 
• Frances Hodgson and Karen Lucas 
• ESRC and the White Rose DTC 
• ITS PGR Writing Group members and other proof readers 
• The anonymous survey participants and interviewees 
• The RGS Transport Geography Research Group 
• Lisa Davison and Angela Curl
References 
• BICKERSTAFF, K. & WALKER, G. 2005. Shared visions, unholy alliances: Power, governance and deliberative processes in local transport planning. Urban Studies, 
42, 2123-2144. 
• BRYSON, J.M., QUICK, K.S., SLOTTERBACK, C.S. & CROSBY, B.C. 2012. Designing Public Participation Processes. Public Administration Review. DOI: 
10.111/j.1540-6210.2012.02678.x. 
• DIBBEN, P. 2006. The 'socially excluded' and local transport decision making: Voice and responsiveness in a marketized environment. Public Administration, 84, 
655-672. 
• ELVY, J. 2014. Public participation in transport planning amongst the socially excluded: an analysis of 3rd generation Local Transport Plans. Case Studies on 
Transport Policy, 2, 41-49. 
• FAEHNLE, M. & TYRVAINEN, L. 2013. A framework for evaluating and designing collaborative planning. Land Use Policy, 34, 332-341. 
• FLYVBJERG, B. 1998. Rationality and power : democracy in practice, London, University of Chicago Press. 
• HEALEY, P. 1997. Collaborative planning : shaping places in fragmented societies, Basingstoke, Macmillan. 
• HODGSON, F. C. & TURNER, J. 2003. Participation not consumption: The need for new participatory practices to address transport and social exclusion. Transport 
Policy, 10, 265-272. 
• LUCAS, K. 2012. Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20, 105-113. 
• LUCAS, K. & CURRIE, G. 2011. Developing socially inclusive transportation policy: transferring the United Kingdom policy approach to the State of Victoria? 
Transportation, 39, 151-173. 
• LUCAS, K. & JONES, P. 2012. Social impacts and equity issues in transport: an introduction. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 1-3. 
• MICHELS, A. & DE GRAAF, L. 2010. Examining citizen participation: Local participatory policy making and democracy. Local Government Studies, 36, 477-491. 
• SCHWANEN, T., LUCAS, K., AKYELKEN, N., SOLSONA, D.-C., CARRASCO, J.-A. & NEITENS, T. 2014. Rethinking the links between social exclusion and transport 
disadvantage through the lens of social capital (Unpublished Manuscript). University of Oxford. 
• SHELLER, M. 2011. Sustainable Mobility and Mobility Justice: Towards a twin transition. In: GREICO, M. & URRY, J. (eds.) Mobilities: New Perspectives on 
Transport and Society. Farnham: Ashgate. 
• SOCIAL EXCLUSION UNIT (SEU) 2003. Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion, London, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 
(ODPM). 
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (SDC) 2011. Fairness in a Car-dependent Society, London, Sustainable Development Commission. 
• TAYLOR, M. 2007. Community participation in the real world: Opportunities and pitfalls in new governance spaces. Urban Studies, 44, 297-317. 
• WARD, D. 2001. Stakeholder involvement in transport planning: Participationand power. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 19, 119-130.

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Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge

  • 1. Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Participative Transport Planning and Social Exclusion: Where do we begin? Understanding different perspectives through the co-production of knowledge Joanna Elvy RGS Annual Conference – Thursday 28th August 2014
  • 2. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next
  • 3. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next
  • 4. Context • Transport related social exclusion is a widely documented problem (cf. Lucas, 2012) • Attention of policy makers has shifted to a focus on economic growth and carbon reduction • Additional pressure on socially excluded as a result of cuts to local public transport and community/voluntary transport funding
  • 5. Transport & Social Exclusion • Any group or individual who is excluded or at risk of exclusion from undertaking everyday social activities due to the nature or lack of transport provisions • The groups at risk include but are not limited to (SEU, 2003 and SDC, 2011): – older people – children and young people – ethnic minorities – lone parents – people with disabilities – people on low incomes
  • 6. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next
  • 7. Academic perspective • Important that the voices of socially excluded groups and individuals are included • Participatory transport planning - potential for co-production of knowledge and solutions to suit specific problems and contexts • The localism agenda and unequal capacities for involvement (Lucas, 2012) • Previous research highlights need for more effective public participation in transport planning (cf. Ward, 2001; Hodgson and Turner, 2003; Bickerstaff and Walker, 2005; Dibben, 2006; Michels and De Graaf, 2010)
  • 8. Identified gaps in research • Impacts of transport policy and decision making on socially excluded (cf. Lucas and Currie, 2011, Lucas, 2012, Lucas and Jones, 2012) • Mimi Sheller’s call for a ‘twin transition’ of sustainable mobility and mobility justice (a socially inclusive sustainable mobility?) • Disaggregated perspectives within participatory transport planning • A refocus of the public participation debate (cf. Healey, 1997, Flyvbjerg, 1998, Bickerstaff and Walker, 2005, Taylor, 2007) onto its impacts on participants and non-participants. • A more nuanced understanding of the role of social capital (Schwanen et al., 2014) on participatory transport planning and transport related social exclusion.
  • 9. Organisational Perspective • Follow up from content analysis of LTP3s (Elvy, 2014) to explore co-production of knowledge within current participatory transport planning involving socially excluded groups and individuals. • Same study area as LTP3 content analysis - England (excl. London) • An exploratory online questionnaire survey (252 invitations) and selected follow up interviews
  • 10. Organisational Perspective • 42 fully completed responses grouped into: – Representatives of English councils, operators and LEPs (n=18) – Representatives of community, voluntary and lobby groups and organisations (n=24) • 7 follow-up interviews (ongoing) including: – The NW England Local Councillor (transport cabinet member) – The SE England chief transport planner – The West Midlands 50+ engagement coordinator • ...case study selection for further research
  • 11. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next
  • 12. Participation types • 10 most commonly used types
  • 13. Socially excluded groups involved • Ethnic Minorities not listed or identified
  • 14. Reasons for inviting those groups • Open question... SSppeecciiffiicc iinnssiigghhtt//eexxppeerriieenncceess ((xx77)) IInnvviitteedd aass aa rreeccooggnniisseedd oorrggaanniissaattiioonn ((xx55)) AAss UUsseerrss//MMeemmbbeerrss ooff tthhee PPuubblliicc ((xx22)) Everyone wwaass iinnvviitteedd ((xx22)) FFooccuuss oonn ssppeecciiffiicc iissssuueess ((xx33)) FFoorr ccoommmmuunniittyy bbeenneeffiitt ((xx22)) RReepprreesseennttaattiioonn // SSttaattuuttoorryy DDuuttiieess ((xx33))
  • 15. Influence on LTP process • Did those groups and individuals influence outcomes?
  • 16. Feedback of that influence • Was influence fed back to those groups/individuals?
  • 17. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next
  • 18. The NW England Local Councillor • Council led engagement • Traditional methods • Going out into the community – unsuccessful • Bus Users Group and Area Forums • “Silence is compliance” • Participation dominated by “usual suspects” • Diluted representation? most deprived ward sits within same area forum as affluent rural ward • Sustainable transport – LSTF focus on business park
  • 19. The SE England chief transport planner • Independence of engagement groups • Initial promise (diverse attendance) • Internal politics • Groups dominated by single issue and single personality • Attempts to create new channels to bypass this • Engagement with disability groups, older groups and young groups • Conventional participation dominated by older people • Identified a need to work with the public on future innovations (e.g. taxi bus scheme)
  • 20. The West Midlands 50+ engagement coordinator • Runs an over 50 forum (quarterly) with 60-120 attendees • Staffed project - £60,000 pa budget • “Transport always comes up no matter what the issue” • Outreach officer enables trust to be built up between individuals (e.g. Asian community) – leads to attendance • People involved reported feeling more engaged, confident and socially active • Scheme not reaching Muslim men, people with mental health problems, “poorly educated and cash poor” as well
  • 21. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next?
  • 22. Challenges of co-production? Transferability between spatial, social and cultural contexts Sensitivity to context Handling power relations Embracing difference and disagreement Understanding people Use of appropriate language and terminology Non response
  • 23. • Context • Academic and organisational perspectives • Survey findings • Interview findings • Concluding remarks •What next?
  • 24. A need for a framework? • Bryson et al (2012) and Faehnle and Tyrvainen (2013) • Context specific participatory governance frameworks can potentially enable more effective public participation Context specific? Transferable? Can it be used by the public? participation with limited resources? Can it be used by policy makers? Enabling more effective Can it promote ‘productive’ social capital? Risks of framework fatigue? Considerations for potential framework development
  • 25. What next? • Aim: to understand the role of social capital in participatory transport planning processes which seek to promote and provide opportunities for socially inclusive sustainable mobility
  • 26. Acknowledgments • Frances Hodgson and Karen Lucas • ESRC and the White Rose DTC • ITS PGR Writing Group members and other proof readers • The anonymous survey participants and interviewees • The RGS Transport Geography Research Group • Lisa Davison and Angela Curl
  • 27. References • BICKERSTAFF, K. & WALKER, G. 2005. Shared visions, unholy alliances: Power, governance and deliberative processes in local transport planning. Urban Studies, 42, 2123-2144. • BRYSON, J.M., QUICK, K.S., SLOTTERBACK, C.S. & CROSBY, B.C. 2012. Designing Public Participation Processes. Public Administration Review. DOI: 10.111/j.1540-6210.2012.02678.x. • DIBBEN, P. 2006. The 'socially excluded' and local transport decision making: Voice and responsiveness in a marketized environment. Public Administration, 84, 655-672. • ELVY, J. 2014. Public participation in transport planning amongst the socially excluded: an analysis of 3rd generation Local Transport Plans. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 2, 41-49. • FAEHNLE, M. & TYRVAINEN, L. 2013. A framework for evaluating and designing collaborative planning. Land Use Policy, 34, 332-341. • FLYVBJERG, B. 1998. Rationality and power : democracy in practice, London, University of Chicago Press. • HEALEY, P. 1997. Collaborative planning : shaping places in fragmented societies, Basingstoke, Macmillan. • HODGSON, F. C. & TURNER, J. 2003. Participation not consumption: The need for new participatory practices to address transport and social exclusion. Transport Policy, 10, 265-272. • LUCAS, K. 2012. Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20, 105-113. • LUCAS, K. & CURRIE, G. 2011. Developing socially inclusive transportation policy: transferring the United Kingdom policy approach to the State of Victoria? Transportation, 39, 151-173. • LUCAS, K. & JONES, P. 2012. Social impacts and equity issues in transport: an introduction. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 1-3. • MICHELS, A. & DE GRAAF, L. 2010. Examining citizen participation: Local participatory policy making and democracy. Local Government Studies, 36, 477-491. • SCHWANEN, T., LUCAS, K., AKYELKEN, N., SOLSONA, D.-C., CARRASCO, J.-A. & NEITENS, T. 2014. Rethinking the links between social exclusion and transport disadvantage through the lens of social capital (Unpublished Manuscript). University of Oxford. • SHELLER, M. 2011. Sustainable Mobility and Mobility Justice: Towards a twin transition. In: GREICO, M. & URRY, J. (eds.) Mobilities: New Perspectives on Transport and Society. Farnham: Ashgate. • SOCIAL EXCLUSION UNIT (SEU) 2003. Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion, London, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM). • SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (SDC) 2011. Fairness in a Car-dependent Society, London, Sustainable Development Commission. • TAYLOR, M. 2007. Community participation in the real world: Opportunities and pitfalls in new governance spaces. Urban Studies, 44, 297-317. • WARD, D. 2001. Stakeholder involvement in transport planning: Participationand power. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 19, 119-130.