Small Arms Transfers: Authorized but Unseen
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Presented by Christelle Rigual for SIPRI at the 10th biennial International Security Forum (ISF), held in Geneva, 22 to 24 April. For more information, visit the ISF 2013 website: http://www.isf.ethz.ch/
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Small Arms Transfers: Authorized but Unseen
- 1. Small Arms Transfers: Authorized but Unseen 23 April 2013 10th International Security Forum 2013 Christelle Rigual, Small Arms Survey
- 2. Presentation Outline ■ What are undocumented authorized small arms transfers? ■ Which states fail to provide full info. on their international transfers?
- 3. WHAT ARE UNDOCUMENTED AUTHORIZED SMALL ARMS TRANSFERS? Section I
- 4. Authorized Transfers • Transfers are: ‘activities of international trade comprising export, import, transit, trans-shipment and brokering’ (Arms Trade Treaty, Art. 2, §2) of small arms, light weapons, their parts, accessories, and ammunitions • Authorized Transfers: ‘international transfers that are authorized by the importing, exporting, or transit states. (Dreyfus, Marsh and Schroeder, 2009, p. 9–10). • Transparent transfers are reported through national and/or international instruments.
- 5. Undocumented transfers: a typology • Undocumented authorized transfers – No reports, partial report or misreport of authorized transfers by major exporters/producers – From minor exporters/producers • Transfers from previous imports or from surpluses • Undocumented re-exports (including unauthorized re-exports) • Illicit transfers – Unauthorized transfers – Diversion (from surpluses/stocks/transfers of lawful users) – Authorized but contradicting international standards
- 6. WHICH STATES FAIL TO PROVIDE FULL INFO. ON THEIR INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS? Section II
- 7. Gaps in Transparency • Top ten least transparent countries, according to the Small Arms Survey Transparency Barometer 2012 (among major exporters) Least transparent major exporters , 2010 1 Iran 1 North Korea 1 United Arab Emirates 4 South Africa 5 Saudi Arabia 6 Russian Federation 7 Singapore 8 China 9 Taiwan 10 Cyprus 10 Brazil Source: Lazarevic, 2012, p. 311
- 8. Major Exporters and Undocumented Transfers • Selected Major actors under-reporting (i,.e. not reporting all categories of weapons, missing partners …) » Belgium » China » Russia » United States
- 9. Minor Exporters and Undocumented Transfers • Undocumented re-exports from state stockpiles – Angola deliveries of light weapons and ammunitions to Côte d’Ivoire in 2002 – Albanian surpluses delivered to Benghazi in 2011
- 10. Unauthorized Re-exports • Authorized import of weapons, with provision of end-user certificate, then violated by the importing country who re- exports the weapons to an unauthorized end-user. – United Arab Emirates and Qatar’s Swiss re-exports – Sudan re-transfers
- 11. Concluding Remarks ■ Many routes for undocumented authorized transfers – Nationally authorized but no reported – Might contradict international standards ■ Many possible untransparent actors – Major exporting countries under-reporting – Less known actors (non-exporters/producers) exporting from surpluses/previous imports
- 12. SMALL ARMS SURVEY 2012 • MOVING TARGETS Small Arms Survey 2012 Moving Targets 23 April 2013 10th International Security Forum Any questions? www.smallarmssurvey.org
Editor's Notes
- ‘The Monitoring Group has established that senior Government of Eritrea officials are also involved in arms trafficking through the Sudan and Egypt, and has obtained independent eyewitness testimonies, as well as intelligence reports, of several such incidents taking place between 2008 and 2011 (UNSC, 2011a, p. 95).
- I leave the floor to PaulHoltom who will discuss in greater details Small Arms and Light Weapons exports of an important hidden actor of the small arms trade, China.