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Bringing New People to Family Planning: The
Broader Impact of Fertility Awareness Methods




                                           1
FAM INTRODUCTION




                                                 Slides 4 to 18




© 2004 Eileen Dietrich, Courtesy of Photoshare

                                                                  2
Fertility Awareness Methods

• Modern FAMs are effective options for
  many women who want to space
  pregnancies without using a hormonal
  method.
• FAMs offer an opportunity to involve the
  partner in optimal birth spacing and timing.
• They have no side effects and are
  economical.
                                           3
How FAM work
• Identify “fertile window” (days intercourse can
  result in pregnancy) of the menstrual cycle

• Use one or more “indicators” to identify
  beginning and end of fertile window. FAM
  method users:
    − monitor indicators to identify fertile
     window
    − avoid unprotected intercourse (use barrier
     methods or abstain) on fertile days

                                               4
Why develop new FAM?

•   Very low use of current FAM methods.
•   Very poor understanding of fertility in the general
    population.
•   Significant unmet need for family planning.
•   Most health providers do not have time to counsel
    their patients/clients in FAM.
•   Many women/couples who express interest in a FAM
    do not actually use them
•   FAM can contribute to efforts to reduce the gap
    between contraceptive commodity needs and donor
    capacity.                                       5
Percentage of Married Women
     Using Contraception




   Source: PRB 2005 World Population Data Sheet and ORC Macro DHS   6
Percentage of Married Women
        Using Periodic Abstinence




Source: ORC Macro. 2006. MEASURE DHS STATcompiler   7
Context for FAM
       FAM in the context of:
       • Healthy Timing and
         Spacing of
         Pregnancies (HTSP)
       • Informed choice in
         family planning



                              8
What is HTSP?
   Is it different from birth spacing?
• Previous birth spacing
  recommendations refer
  to when to give birth.
• HTSP is about
  pregnancy spacing:
  when to become
  pregnant – rather
  than when to give
  birth.                                 9
What are the advantages of waiting two years
after having a baby to become pregnant again?

   Increases likelihood of healthy outcomes
    for the baby and the mother
   Reduces neonatal, infant and child
    mortality
   Reduces maternal mortality
   Improves nutritional status of children
   Addresses unmet need for contraception
    among postpartum women
   Benefits family economically
                                               10
                                                    10
Healthy Timing & Spacing of Pregnancies

  • After a live birth couples should use an
    effective family planning method of
    their choice, continuously for at least 2
    years before trying to become
    pregnant again.
  • The SDM can offer women and couples
    at least 95% protection from
    pregnancy when the method is used
    correctly.
                                            11
Method Characteristics
                        Standard Days Method with CycleBeads

Method Eligibility       Women with cycles between 26 and 32
Criteria (who can use    days long
the method)              Couples who can avoid unprotected sex on days 8 to19

Exceptions (who         Women in postpartum or breastfeeding must have had at least 4 periods
cannot use)             about a month apart.
                        Women who recently used a hormonal method must have 3 periods
                        about a month apart after stopping hormonal.
Effectiveness           95% with correct use
                        88% with typical use
                        Pregnancies for every 100 woman-years
How it works            The woman considers herself fertile on days 8 to19 of the menstrual the
                        cycle. She and her partner use condoms or abstain on those days to
                        prevent pregnancy.
Key Research and        • Multi-site prospective study
Findings                • Services provided in existing programs
                        • Clients followed monthly for 13 cycles
                        • Couples used the method correctly in 97% of cycles
                        • 478 women in the study, 43 got pregnant
                        • With correct use, the failure rate is 4.8
                        • With typical use the failure rate is 12.0
Contraceptive Failure of User-Directed Methods



  *Percentage of women who
                                                       Correct Use    Typical Use
  became pregnant 1st year of use
                                          OCs                    .3       8
                                   Condom                         2       15
        **Standard Days Method                                    5       12
                               Diaphragm                          6       16
                            Spermicides                          18       29
                               No Method                         85       85

    *Adapted from Contraceptive Technology, 18th edition, 2004
    **Source: Arévalo et al. Contraception, 2002
Comparing effectiveness of FP methods




                                   Source: Family
                                   Planning: A Global
                                   Handbook for Providers
                                   2007, WHO
STANDARD DAYS METHOD®
      OVERVIEW




                 Slides 49 to 66




                               15
What is the Standard Days
         Method
• Identifies days 8-19 of the cycle as
  fertile
• Is appropriate for women with menstrual
  cycles between 26 and 32 days long
• Helps a couple avoid unplanned pregnancy
  by knowing which days they should not
  have unprotected sex
• Helps a couple plan pregnancy by knowing
  which days they should have sex
                                             16
CycleBeads

The SDM is used with CycleBeads®, a
color-coded string of beads to help a
woman:

• Track her cycle days
• Know when she is fertile
• Monitor her cycle length

                                        17
18
SDM Offered Worldwide
  Albania        Guinea        Rwanda
  Angola         Haiti         Senegal
  Armenia        Honduras      Tajikistan
  Azerbaijan     India         Tanzania
  Bangladesh     Kenya         Timor Este
  Benin          Malawi        Turkey
  Bolivia        Mali          Uganda
  Burkina Faso   Mauritius     Ukraine
  Burundi        Mozambique    United States
  DR Congo       Nicaragua     Zambia
  Ecuador        Nigeria
  El Salvador    Pakistan
  Ethiopia       Peru
  Ghana          Philippines
  Guatemala      Romania

                                           19
Determining the Fertile Window
                                 Ovulation




        5 days (sperm life)          12 to 24 hours
                                     (ovum life)




    Day 8               Day 19
                                                      20
Efficacy Study of the SDM

• Multi-site prospective study
• Services provided in existing programs
• Clients were followed monthly for 13 cycles
• Couples used the method correctly in 97%
  of cycles
• 478 women in the study, 43 got pregnant
• With correct use, the failure rate is 4.8
• With typical use the failure rate is 12.0
    Source: Arevalo, M. et al. 2002. Contraception 65:333-338.   21
Contraceptive Failure of
             User-Directed Methods
        % of women who became pregnant during 1st year of use


                                                  Correct Use                     Typical Use
                                    OCs                  .3                                  8
                               Condom                     2                                 15
    Standard Days Method                                  5                                 12
                          Diaphragm                       6                                 16
                       Spermicides                       18                                 29
                        No Method
                                                         85                                 85


Source: Hatcher, R.A. et al. 2004. Contraceptive Technology. New York: Ardent Media, Inc.        22
The Road to Scaling-up SDM




                             23
What Have We Learned About Offering
          SDM to Clients?




                                  24
SDM User Profile


                                              Six Countries1   U.S.2


Mean Age                                           29           27
Mean Parity                                        2.8          .4
Previous use of:
Nothing/ineffective method
                                                  52%           0%
Condom (inconsistent)                             38%          87%
Pills/injection                                   33%          96%
IUD                                               10%           2%
   1
       Interviews with users in 6 countries                            25
   2
       Survey of internet purchasers
Reasons for Choosing the SDM

                                              Six Countries1   U.S.2


Doesn’t affect health                             70%          80%

           No side effects                        20%          30%

                      Economical                  30%           5%

       Easy to learn/use                           10%         45%
   1
       Interviews with users in 6 countries                            26
   2
       Survey of internet purchasers
How Couples Manage the Fertile Days


                                           Abstain   Condom


         Rural India                        70%       30%

        Urban India                         13%       87%

            Philippines                     70%       30%

                      U.S.                  15%       85%

                 Rwanda                     67%      20%**
 **Rwanda 13% used withdrawal.
                                                              27
 Source: Project reports and U.S. Survey
Counseling Time at GoJ Clinics
 Comparison of SDM, Sterilization, and Pill
                         SDM                Pill        Sterilization
                        (n=59)            (n=59)          (n=59)
Interpersonal            78%               78%              83%
relations
Information               64%               58%             44%
exchange

Session length          17 min.           13 min.          15 min.



  Source: Simulated clients, endline Jharkhand, India                28
SDM Attributes

Who might be interested in using SDM?
• Someone who has never used a FP method
• Woman who doesn’t desire hormonal method or
  devices
• Adolescent woman
• Woman who has little to no access to a health care
  facility
• Couple who uses condoms to delay pregnancy
• Breastfeeding woman with regular menses
                                                   29
Reasons for Choosing the SDM

                                                     Six Countries1          U.S.2


Doesn’t affect health                                           70%          80%

             No side effects                                    20%          30%

                        Economical                              30%           5%

          Easy to learn/use                                     10%          45%
 1
     Interviews with users in 6 countries; 2 Survey of internet purchasers           30
Lessons Learned
• Providers’ attitudes toward the SDM improve with
  training and experience.
• The SDM can be offered by different kinds of
  providers.
• The SDM can be taught in clinic and community
  settings.
• Involving men increases method satisfaction and
  continuation.
• Women can learn to use the SDM during a 20-minute
  session.
• Offering the SDM helps programs reach new clients.
• Many couples use condoms on fertile days.
                                                       31
SDM COUNSELING




                 Slides 67 to 82




                              32
How is the SDM offered to Clients?


•   Screening
•   Teaching
•   Support couple’s use
•   When to return



                                     33
Screening
Who Can Use the SDM?
  Women with cycles 26 to 32 days long
    (women who have their monthly periods are within this range)

  Couples who can avoid unprotected sex
   on days 8 to19

                                 SDM does not protect
                                 against STIs or HIV

                                                                   34
Key Points - Screening
• Ask simple questions to know if client has her
  monthly periods regularly.
• Determine if client and partner will be able to
  manage 12 fertile days.
• Women who recently had a baby or are
  breastfeeding must wait to have regular cycles
  before using SDM.
• Ask when last period started to determine if
  client can start using SDM now or must wait
  for next period to start.                     35
Screening to See if the SDM is
   Appropriate for the Woman
 Is her cycle within the 26 and 32-day range?
 Simple questions to assess cycle length and
  regularity.
      Do you get your periods about once a month?
      Do you get your periods when you expect them?
      When did your last period start?
 Most women have a general idea of when their
  periods will come.
 Women who know when their last period
  started can use the SDM right away.
 Women who do not know can begin the SDM
  when their next period starts.               36
Criteria for Starting the SDM

 Date of the last period known              Start immediately



 Date of last period unknown         Start on first day of next period


                                 Wait 90 days after injection and to have
   Contraceptive Injection
                                 two periods about a month apart

                                 Wait until last 3 periods are about a
   Pill, patch, implant, IUD     month apart (after stopping the hormonal
                                 method)

  Postpartum/breastfeeding       Wait until she has 4 periods and the two
                                 most recent are about a month apart

                                                                         37
Key Points - Teaching
• Explain CycleBeads represent the cycle and each bead is
  a day in the cycle.
• Red is the first day of bleeding. Brown means no
  pregnancy. White means fertile days when pregnancy is
  very likely. Use condoms or abstain on white bead days.
• How to use:




                                                      38
Teaching - How to use the SDM
• Teach client how to use the SDM      Provider Cue Card
  with CycleBeads
• Confirm client knows how to use
  the method and when to return to
  the provider
• Check client knows how to use a
  condom
• Both, the CycleBeads instructional
  insert and the provider cue card
  include essential information to
  help women use the method.
                                       CycleBeads Insert39
Teaching-Monitoring Cycle Length

• Periods must always come
  between darker brown
  bead and last bead.
• If period comes early
  (before darker brown
  bead) or late (does not
  start the day after the
  last bead) more than
  once in a year, switch to
  another method.
                              Source: Package Instructions   40
Supporting the Couple
                During counseling, a service
                provider should:
                •Set the stage
                •Encourage women to discuss SDM
                use with their partners
                •Engage client in a discussion on
                how she/partner will handle the
                fertile days
 BE SURE SHE    •Identify possible challenges and
LEAVES WITH A   solutions
    PLAN!       •Role play talking with her partner
                •Offer to talk with her partner
                                                41
Involving Men- Issues to Consider
• SDM is a couple method. If men understand
  it, couples are more likely to use it
  correctly.
• Special efforts should be made to involve
  men.
• Counseling men is ideal, but men can also be
  taught about the method through: posters,
  flyers, radio, TV and community networks.



                                                 42
When to contact the provider
• If couple has sex on a white bead day
• If couple has difficulty managing fertile days
• If her period starts before the dark brown
  bead (cycle shorter than 26 days)
• If her period has not started by the day
  after moving ring to the last brown bead
  (cycle longer than 32 days)
• If her period has not returned and thinks she
  might be pregnant
• If she wants to use another method         43
Review




         Slides 83 to 93




                           44
Why Offer SDM


       Increases choice
       Expands coverage
       Addresses unmet need
       Empowers women
       Involves men
       Offers low-cost method


                            45
Guidance Documents

    IPPF Medical Bulletin – 2000, 2003
    IRH Reference Guide – 2002
    WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria – 2002, 2004
    WHO Selected Practice Recommendations – 2004
    Contraceptive Technology – 2004, 2007
    USAID Global Health Technical Briefs – 2004
    Pocket Guide to Managing Contraception – 2004
    Pop Report (New Contraceptive Methods) – 2005
    WHO FP Decision-Making Tool – 2005
    WHO Global Handbook for Family Planning – 2008
    Pop Council Balanced Counseling Strategy – 2006
    Ministries of Health norms and policies 2003 – 2010


                                                   46
K4Health-SDM Toolkit
Reference Materials
 Links to scientific
                              Training Materials
  articles
 Technical Briefs         Trainers’ Manual
 SDM Service              Participant Handbook
  Protocol                 Training Video
 Sample Norms             Online Training
 Frequently Asked
  Questions               www.irh.org

            http://archive.k4health.org/toolkits/sdm47
Common Misconceptions about SDM

• “Natural methods don’t work”
• “Is this a modern method? “
• “Is there demand for this method?”
• “Natural methods take too much time in
  counseling”
• “Men don’t collaborate, women have no power to
  decide when to have sex”
• “If we offer this method clients will start
  switching from more effective methods”
• “Illiterate women cannot use this method”
                                              48
Myth: “Women will not have the power to
decide when to have sex.”




   Fact: FAM are best suited for couples that
           can communicate about sex
                                          49
Myth:“If we offer this method, clients
 using modern methods will switch.”




Fact: FAM integration has no negative
  effects on FP use and method mix  50
Myth:“SDM counseling would take too
 much time, just like other natural
            methods.”




 Fact: SDM is easy to teach in about
  the same amount of time as other
              methods                  51
Myth: "It would be hard
for illiterate women to
        use SDM.”
                             Fact: SDM appeals to women
                                from a range of socio-
                                economic backgrounds




    Fact: Low literacy or
illiterate women can learn      Myth: "More educated
how to use SDM correctly         women would not be
                                                    52
                              interested in using SDM.”

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Bringing New People to Family Planning: The Broader Impact of Fertility Awareness Methods

  • 1. Bringing New People to Family Planning: The Broader Impact of Fertility Awareness Methods 1
  • 2. FAM INTRODUCTION Slides 4 to 18 © 2004 Eileen Dietrich, Courtesy of Photoshare 2
  • 3. Fertility Awareness Methods • Modern FAMs are effective options for many women who want to space pregnancies without using a hormonal method. • FAMs offer an opportunity to involve the partner in optimal birth spacing and timing. • They have no side effects and are economical. 3
  • 4. How FAM work • Identify “fertile window” (days intercourse can result in pregnancy) of the menstrual cycle • Use one or more “indicators” to identify beginning and end of fertile window. FAM method users: − monitor indicators to identify fertile window − avoid unprotected intercourse (use barrier methods or abstain) on fertile days 4
  • 5. Why develop new FAM? • Very low use of current FAM methods. • Very poor understanding of fertility in the general population. • Significant unmet need for family planning. • Most health providers do not have time to counsel their patients/clients in FAM. • Many women/couples who express interest in a FAM do not actually use them • FAM can contribute to efforts to reduce the gap between contraceptive commodity needs and donor capacity. 5
  • 6. Percentage of Married Women Using Contraception Source: PRB 2005 World Population Data Sheet and ORC Macro DHS 6
  • 7. Percentage of Married Women Using Periodic Abstinence Source: ORC Macro. 2006. MEASURE DHS STATcompiler 7
  • 8. Context for FAM FAM in the context of: • Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies (HTSP) • Informed choice in family planning 8
  • 9. What is HTSP? Is it different from birth spacing? • Previous birth spacing recommendations refer to when to give birth. • HTSP is about pregnancy spacing: when to become pregnant – rather than when to give birth. 9
  • 10. What are the advantages of waiting two years after having a baby to become pregnant again?  Increases likelihood of healthy outcomes for the baby and the mother  Reduces neonatal, infant and child mortality  Reduces maternal mortality  Improves nutritional status of children  Addresses unmet need for contraception among postpartum women  Benefits family economically 10 10
  • 11. Healthy Timing & Spacing of Pregnancies • After a live birth couples should use an effective family planning method of their choice, continuously for at least 2 years before trying to become pregnant again. • The SDM can offer women and couples at least 95% protection from pregnancy when the method is used correctly. 11
  • 12. Method Characteristics Standard Days Method with CycleBeads Method Eligibility  Women with cycles between 26 and 32 Criteria (who can use days long the method)  Couples who can avoid unprotected sex on days 8 to19 Exceptions (who Women in postpartum or breastfeeding must have had at least 4 periods cannot use) about a month apart. Women who recently used a hormonal method must have 3 periods about a month apart after stopping hormonal. Effectiveness 95% with correct use 88% with typical use Pregnancies for every 100 woman-years How it works The woman considers herself fertile on days 8 to19 of the menstrual the cycle. She and her partner use condoms or abstain on those days to prevent pregnancy. Key Research and • Multi-site prospective study Findings • Services provided in existing programs • Clients followed monthly for 13 cycles • Couples used the method correctly in 97% of cycles • 478 women in the study, 43 got pregnant • With correct use, the failure rate is 4.8 • With typical use the failure rate is 12.0
  • 13. Contraceptive Failure of User-Directed Methods *Percentage of women who Correct Use Typical Use became pregnant 1st year of use OCs .3 8 Condom 2 15 **Standard Days Method 5 12 Diaphragm 6 16 Spermicides 18 29 No Method 85 85 *Adapted from Contraceptive Technology, 18th edition, 2004 **Source: Arévalo et al. Contraception, 2002
  • 14. Comparing effectiveness of FP methods Source: Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers 2007, WHO
  • 15. STANDARD DAYS METHOD® OVERVIEW Slides 49 to 66 15
  • 16. What is the Standard Days Method • Identifies days 8-19 of the cycle as fertile • Is appropriate for women with menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days long • Helps a couple avoid unplanned pregnancy by knowing which days they should not have unprotected sex • Helps a couple plan pregnancy by knowing which days they should have sex 16
  • 17. CycleBeads The SDM is used with CycleBeads®, a color-coded string of beads to help a woman: • Track her cycle days • Know when she is fertile • Monitor her cycle length 17
  • 18. 18
  • 19. SDM Offered Worldwide Albania Guinea Rwanda Angola Haiti Senegal Armenia Honduras Tajikistan Azerbaijan India Tanzania Bangladesh Kenya Timor Este Benin Malawi Turkey Bolivia Mali Uganda Burkina Faso Mauritius Ukraine Burundi Mozambique United States DR Congo Nicaragua Zambia Ecuador Nigeria El Salvador Pakistan Ethiopia Peru Ghana Philippines Guatemala Romania 19
  • 20. Determining the Fertile Window Ovulation 5 days (sperm life) 12 to 24 hours (ovum life) Day 8 Day 19 20
  • 21. Efficacy Study of the SDM • Multi-site prospective study • Services provided in existing programs • Clients were followed monthly for 13 cycles • Couples used the method correctly in 97% of cycles • 478 women in the study, 43 got pregnant • With correct use, the failure rate is 4.8 • With typical use the failure rate is 12.0 Source: Arevalo, M. et al. 2002. Contraception 65:333-338. 21
  • 22. Contraceptive Failure of User-Directed Methods % of women who became pregnant during 1st year of use Correct Use Typical Use OCs .3 8 Condom 2 15 Standard Days Method 5 12 Diaphragm 6 16 Spermicides 18 29 No Method 85 85 Source: Hatcher, R.A. et al. 2004. Contraceptive Technology. New York: Ardent Media, Inc. 22
  • 23. The Road to Scaling-up SDM 23
  • 24. What Have We Learned About Offering SDM to Clients? 24
  • 25. SDM User Profile Six Countries1 U.S.2 Mean Age 29 27 Mean Parity 2.8 .4 Previous use of: Nothing/ineffective method 52% 0% Condom (inconsistent) 38% 87% Pills/injection 33% 96% IUD 10% 2% 1 Interviews with users in 6 countries 25 2 Survey of internet purchasers
  • 26. Reasons for Choosing the SDM Six Countries1 U.S.2 Doesn’t affect health 70% 80% No side effects 20% 30% Economical 30% 5% Easy to learn/use 10% 45% 1 Interviews with users in 6 countries 26 2 Survey of internet purchasers
  • 27. How Couples Manage the Fertile Days Abstain Condom Rural India 70% 30% Urban India 13% 87% Philippines 70% 30% U.S. 15% 85% Rwanda 67% 20%** **Rwanda 13% used withdrawal. 27 Source: Project reports and U.S. Survey
  • 28. Counseling Time at GoJ Clinics Comparison of SDM, Sterilization, and Pill SDM Pill Sterilization (n=59) (n=59) (n=59) Interpersonal 78% 78% 83% relations Information 64% 58% 44% exchange Session length 17 min. 13 min. 15 min. Source: Simulated clients, endline Jharkhand, India 28
  • 29. SDM Attributes Who might be interested in using SDM? • Someone who has never used a FP method • Woman who doesn’t desire hormonal method or devices • Adolescent woman • Woman who has little to no access to a health care facility • Couple who uses condoms to delay pregnancy • Breastfeeding woman with regular menses 29
  • 30. Reasons for Choosing the SDM Six Countries1 U.S.2 Doesn’t affect health 70% 80% No side effects 20% 30% Economical 30% 5% Easy to learn/use 10% 45% 1 Interviews with users in 6 countries; 2 Survey of internet purchasers 30
  • 31. Lessons Learned • Providers’ attitudes toward the SDM improve with training and experience. • The SDM can be offered by different kinds of providers. • The SDM can be taught in clinic and community settings. • Involving men increases method satisfaction and continuation. • Women can learn to use the SDM during a 20-minute session. • Offering the SDM helps programs reach new clients. • Many couples use condoms on fertile days. 31
  • 32. SDM COUNSELING Slides 67 to 82 32
  • 33. How is the SDM offered to Clients? • Screening • Teaching • Support couple’s use • When to return 33
  • 34. Screening Who Can Use the SDM?  Women with cycles 26 to 32 days long (women who have their monthly periods are within this range)  Couples who can avoid unprotected sex on days 8 to19 SDM does not protect against STIs or HIV 34
  • 35. Key Points - Screening • Ask simple questions to know if client has her monthly periods regularly. • Determine if client and partner will be able to manage 12 fertile days. • Women who recently had a baby or are breastfeeding must wait to have regular cycles before using SDM. • Ask when last period started to determine if client can start using SDM now or must wait for next period to start. 35
  • 36. Screening to See if the SDM is Appropriate for the Woman  Is her cycle within the 26 and 32-day range?  Simple questions to assess cycle length and regularity.  Do you get your periods about once a month?  Do you get your periods when you expect them?  When did your last period start?  Most women have a general idea of when their periods will come.  Women who know when their last period started can use the SDM right away.  Women who do not know can begin the SDM when their next period starts. 36
  • 37. Criteria for Starting the SDM Date of the last period known Start immediately Date of last period unknown Start on first day of next period Wait 90 days after injection and to have Contraceptive Injection two periods about a month apart Wait until last 3 periods are about a Pill, patch, implant, IUD month apart (after stopping the hormonal method) Postpartum/breastfeeding Wait until she has 4 periods and the two most recent are about a month apart 37
  • 38. Key Points - Teaching • Explain CycleBeads represent the cycle and each bead is a day in the cycle. • Red is the first day of bleeding. Brown means no pregnancy. White means fertile days when pregnancy is very likely. Use condoms or abstain on white bead days. • How to use: 38
  • 39. Teaching - How to use the SDM • Teach client how to use the SDM Provider Cue Card with CycleBeads • Confirm client knows how to use the method and when to return to the provider • Check client knows how to use a condom • Both, the CycleBeads instructional insert and the provider cue card include essential information to help women use the method. CycleBeads Insert39
  • 40. Teaching-Monitoring Cycle Length • Periods must always come between darker brown bead and last bead. • If period comes early (before darker brown bead) or late (does not start the day after the last bead) more than once in a year, switch to another method. Source: Package Instructions 40
  • 41. Supporting the Couple During counseling, a service provider should: •Set the stage •Encourage women to discuss SDM use with their partners •Engage client in a discussion on how she/partner will handle the fertile days BE SURE SHE •Identify possible challenges and LEAVES WITH A solutions PLAN! •Role play talking with her partner •Offer to talk with her partner 41
  • 42. Involving Men- Issues to Consider • SDM is a couple method. If men understand it, couples are more likely to use it correctly. • Special efforts should be made to involve men. • Counseling men is ideal, but men can also be taught about the method through: posters, flyers, radio, TV and community networks. 42
  • 43. When to contact the provider • If couple has sex on a white bead day • If couple has difficulty managing fertile days • If her period starts before the dark brown bead (cycle shorter than 26 days) • If her period has not started by the day after moving ring to the last brown bead (cycle longer than 32 days) • If her period has not returned and thinks she might be pregnant • If she wants to use another method 43
  • 44. Review Slides 83 to 93 44
  • 45. Why Offer SDM  Increases choice  Expands coverage  Addresses unmet need  Empowers women  Involves men  Offers low-cost method 45
  • 46. Guidance Documents  IPPF Medical Bulletin – 2000, 2003  IRH Reference Guide – 2002  WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria – 2002, 2004  WHO Selected Practice Recommendations – 2004  Contraceptive Technology – 2004, 2007  USAID Global Health Technical Briefs – 2004  Pocket Guide to Managing Contraception – 2004  Pop Report (New Contraceptive Methods) – 2005  WHO FP Decision-Making Tool – 2005  WHO Global Handbook for Family Planning – 2008  Pop Council Balanced Counseling Strategy – 2006  Ministries of Health norms and policies 2003 – 2010 46
  • 47. K4Health-SDM Toolkit Reference Materials  Links to scientific Training Materials articles  Technical Briefs Trainers’ Manual  SDM Service Participant Handbook Protocol Training Video  Sample Norms Online Training  Frequently Asked Questions www.irh.org http://archive.k4health.org/toolkits/sdm47
  • 48. Common Misconceptions about SDM • “Natural methods don’t work” • “Is this a modern method? “ • “Is there demand for this method?” • “Natural methods take too much time in counseling” • “Men don’t collaborate, women have no power to decide when to have sex” • “If we offer this method clients will start switching from more effective methods” • “Illiterate women cannot use this method” 48
  • 49. Myth: “Women will not have the power to decide when to have sex.” Fact: FAM are best suited for couples that can communicate about sex 49
  • 50. Myth:“If we offer this method, clients using modern methods will switch.” Fact: FAM integration has no negative effects on FP use and method mix 50
  • 51. Myth:“SDM counseling would take too much time, just like other natural methods.” Fact: SDM is easy to teach in about the same amount of time as other methods 51
  • 52. Myth: "It would be hard for illiterate women to use SDM.” Fact: SDM appeals to women from a range of socio- economic backgrounds Fact: Low literacy or illiterate women can learn Myth: "More educated how to use SDM correctly women would not be 52 interested in using SDM.”

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. HTSP After a live birth: Couples can use an effective family planning method of their choice, continuously for at least 2 years before trying to become pregnant again The FAM can offer women and couples over 95% protection from pregnancy when the method is used correctly INFORMED CHOICE Offering FAM helps programs reach new clients FAM helps expand options for women who want to use a natural method. Simple FAM are feasible to integrate in a variety of programs FAM are effective when use correctly.
  2. [For countries where “3 to 5 saves lives” has been promoted, facilitator may need to explain that waiting 2 years to become pregnant again results in births no closer than 57 months apart (2 years plus 9 months.)] Couples who wait at least two years after having a baby before becoming pregnant again: Are more likely to have a healthy outcome for their baby – Babies born more than 3 years after their sibling are generally healthier. Also, a baby is more likely to be healthy and have better nutritional status (breastfeeding) if its mother doesn’t have another baby for at least 3 years. The mother will be healthier – There are fewer complications for women who waited two years to become pregnant after their previous birth Reduces neonatal, infant and child mortality. – Few deaths among newborns, infants and children born more than 3 years after their sibling Improves nutritional status of children – Both babies benefit from breastfeeding more than infants born too close together Addresses unmet need for contraception among postpartum women – Most women do not want to become pregnant within two years of their previous birth Economic benefits to family – Fewer births reduce economic demand on families Postpartum contraception reduces the numbers of women becoming pregnant, and therefore at risk of dying from pregnancy-related complications. Pregnancy intervals of less than six months (15-month birth intervals) are associated with 150% increased risk of maternal death. These intervals are also associated with 70% elevated risk of third trimester bleeding, 70% increase of premature rupture of membranes, 30% increase of anemia, and 30% increased risk of postpartum endometritis in the next pregnancy. Fewer newborns, infants and children die if they have been conceived at least 2 years after their sibling was born (World Health Organization. 2006. Report of a Technical Consultation on Birth Spacing: 13-15 June 2005. Geneva) Source : Conde-Agudelo and Belizan 2000 More than 100 million women in less developed countries would prefer to avoid pregnancy, but are not using any form of FP. These women are considered to have an "unmet need" for FP . (Ross and Winfrey 2002) The message is to wait two years to become pregnant, not to wait two years to give birth to another baby
  3. It is important to put this information about efficacy in the context of other user-directed methods. Of 100 women using no method of family planning for 1 year, 85 will become pregnant. Those who use spermicides, a diaphragm, or condoms correctly, every time they have sex, 18, 6, and 2, respectively will become pregnant during the first year of use. OCs, used correctly, are more effective, with less than 1 woman getting pregnant with correct use. Clearly, the SDM is as or more effective with correct and typical use than other user-directed methods.
  4. The Standard Days Method identifies days 8 – 19 of the menstrual cycle as the fertile days, when there is a significant probability of pregnancy. On all the other days of the cycle, pregnancy is most unlikely. The method works best for women who have cycles between 26 and 32 days long. Therefore, to use the Standard Days Method to prevent pregnancy, couples avoid unprotected sex from day 8 through day 19 of each cycle. On all the other cycle days, they can have unprotected sex. To plan pregnancy, the Standard Days Method can help a couple identify the days to have sex. While this is not sufficient for all couples, it can be an important first step.
  5. The Standard Days Method is used with CycleBeads TM , a color-coded string of beads to help a woman Track her cycle days Know when she is fertile Monitor her cycle length Many people also find that CycleBeads are an important factor in gaining the man’s support to use the method. It is very visual – he can literally see when the woman is on a fertile day.
  6. Here are some of the places around the world where the SDM has been introduced.
  7. How cycle days 8 through 19 were selected as the fertile window for the Standard Days Method? Researchers applied various formulae to over 7500 cycles in an existing data set from the World Health Organization, and looked at probability:... the probability of pregnancy on different days around ovulation (from up to 5 days before ovulation…until 24 hours after ovulation taking into consideration the viability of sperm and ovum during this time), and they also looked at the probability of ovulation on different days of the cycle (usually occurring close to the middle of the cycle, give or take a day or two.) As a result they determined that for cycles between 26 to 32 days, a fertile window of cycle days 8 through 19 (shown here in green in the lower graph) provided maximum coverage for efficacy while minimizing the number of days for avoiding unprotected intercourse.
  8. An international multi-center study was conducted. The Standard Days Method was provided to clients of public and private sector family planning programs. Health personnel were trained to offer the Standard Days Method to their clients. Clients who were interested in using the method were screened according to specific criteria. They were taught how to use the method. They were followed every month for a little over one year, to collect data about their menstrual regularity, their use of the method, their satisfaction with the method, whether they had gotten pregnant, etc. Results of the efficacy trial were published in Contraception. References: Arevalo M, Jennings V, Sinai I. Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Days Method. Contraception . 2002;65:333-338.
  9. It is important to put this information about efficacy in the context of other user-directed methods. Of 100 women using no method of family planning for 1 year, 85 will become pregnant. Those who use spermicides, a diaphragm, or condoms correctly, every time they have sex, 18, 6, and 2, respectively will become pregnant during the first year of use. OCs, used correctly, are more effective, with less than 1 woman getting pregnant with correct use. Clearly, the SDM is as or more effective with correct and typical use than other user-directed methods.
  10. Results from operations research and introduction studies tell us about a variety of profiles for women using this method. Some interesting differences between the U.S. and other countries in terms of previous contraceptive use. The countries included here are Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Benin, India, and the Philippines. Whereas about half of women in other countries had never used any method and about 1/3 had ever used condoms, pills, and injections, in the U.S., all women had contraceptive experience. 87% had used condoms and 96% hormonal methods. It appears that in the U.S., some women who have used other methods may be looking for a different kind of method.
  11. In studies conducted in several countries, - six countries plus the U.S. - we find that the overwhelming reason why women choose the SDM is that it doesn’t affect their health and has no side effects. We know that most contraceptives do not have negative health effects for the vast majority of women. Indeed, there is good evidence that some methods actually have health benefits. And we know that most side effects are transitory and manageable. Nonetheless, these are many women who want something natural .
  12. Couples in different settings and with different experiences and backgrounds will use different approaches to managing their fertile days. While there are a range of options, the 2 most frequently reported are abstaining from sex or using a condom. Many couples abstain sometimes and use a condom other times. Here we can see what couples report in 4 quite different settings.
  13. Intervention clinics only
  14. In studies conducted in several countries, - six countries plus the U.S. – it was found that the overwhelming reason why women choose the SDM is that it doesn’t affect their health and has no side effects. We know that most contraceptives do not have negative health effects for the vast majority of women. Indeed, there is good evidence that some methods actually have health benefits. And we know that most side effects are transitory and manageable. Nonetheless, these are many women who want something natural .
  15. About half of women in other countries had never used any method and about 1/3 had ever used condoms, pills, and injections, in the U.S., all women had contraceptive experience. 87% had used condoms and 96% hormonal methods. In studies conducted in several countries, - six countries plus the U.S. - we find that the overwhelming reason why women choose the SDM is that it doesn’t affect their health and has no side effects. We know that most contraceptives do not have negative health effects for the vast majority of women. Indeed, there is good evidence that some methods actually have health benefits. And we know that most side effects are transitory and manageable. Nonetheless, these are many women who want something natural . Couples in different settings and with different experiences and backgrounds will use different approaches to managing their fertile days. While there are a range of options, the 2 most frequently reported are abstaining from sex or using a condom. Many couples abstain sometimes and use a condom other times. Here we can see what couples report in 4 quite different settings.
  16. The SDM counseling fits within the general process of family planning service delivery.
  17. The World Health Organization, in its publication “Medical Eligibility for Contraceptive Use”, states that the SDM, like other fertility awareness-based methods, poses no adverse risk to women who choose to use it. But the SDM is intended for women who meet certain criteria: What are they? The majority of her cycles should be between 26 and 32 days. If a woman does not know the approximate length of her menstrual cycles, this can be determined by a few simple questions. If she has more than 1 cycle outside this range during a year, she should be encouraged to use another method. She and her partner should be able to use the method together. The collaboration of the man is extremely important for the successful use of the method. He needs to understand and accept that on days 8-19 of each cycle, they will need to use a condom or not have intercourse. If the man (or the woman) cannot avoid unprotected intercourse during the fertile days, they should be encouraged to use another method. She should not be at risk of sexually transmitted infections. If either member of the couple is exposed to the risk of sexually transmitted infections, the Standard Days Method, as well as most other methods of family planning, will not protect against these infections. Condoms are the only method that provides protection from these infections.
  18. After participants complete the activity of problem solving with case studies, answer any questions they may have and close this topic of counseling with key “take-home” messages related to screening.
  19. It is important to assess whether the method is appropriate for the individual woman, primarily if most of her cycles are between 26 and 32 days long. To calculate the length of the cycle prospectively, count the days from the first day of her period until the day before the next period is expected to start. Studies in several countries have found that most women have a general idea of: When their last period came When their next period will come Whether it usually comes when they expect it Simple questions to assess cycle length and regularity have been well tested. Women who typically have cycles between 26 and 32 days long and know the day their last period started can begin to use the SDM right away. Those who are not sure about the day of their last period can use the method when they start their next period.
  20. Now, to summarize, when can a woman start using the SDM: For women using no method, a barrier method, or a non-hormonal IUD – if they know the date they started their last period, they can begin using the method immediately. They simply count on the calendar to see which day of their cycle they are on and put the ring on the corresponding bead. Women who are not sure of the date they started their last period, are using the pill, implant or patch, have had a miscarriage or abortion, or have used EC can start on the first day of their next period. Breastfeeding and other postpartum women and those who have been using the 3-month injectable need to wait until their cycles become regular again and their most recent two periods are about a month apart. If a woman is unable to start the SDM right away, she can use CycleBeads to track her cycle length while using a back-up method
  21. After participants complete the activity of practicing teaching a client how CycleBeads work, summarize the key messages related to teaching the mechanics of how the beads work on a daily basis to know if the woman is on fertile or infertile day.
  22. After screening for cycle length any possible special circumstances, the next step is to explain the client how to use the methods and how the beads work. Asking clients to explain back is a good way to determine whether the instructions are clear and clarify them as needed. Remind clients that the instructions for use also are included in the insert that accompanies the beads. A cue card to use during the teaching is available to help the provider remember the key points to cover.
  23. Note to facilitator: Both the video animation of how CycleBeads work and the script for a demonstration mention how a woman can continue to monitor that her periods come on time. However, emphasis on this aspect is critical to ensure the method is appropriate for her in the future. While a woman’s cycle may be within the correct range to use the Standard Days Method, it is possible that over time her cycles may change. Thus, she needs to continue to know that her periods should always come between the dark brown bead and the last brown bead ( show that section of the necklace ). To the extent possible avoid language about “needing to have cycles within 26 to 32-day range”. Rather, show on the necklace when she must get her periods to know they’re coming on time and be able to have this method work for her. Explain that: • If you start your period before you put the ring on the DARK BROWN bead, it means it has come too soon to use the method. • If you have not started your period by the day after you put the ring on the last BROWN bead, it means your period is too late to use this method. • Contact your provider if you have more than on cycle out of range.
  24. Providing counseling in the SDM involves teaching the client how to use CycleBeads to help her know on which days she can get pregnant and days pregnancy is unlikely. It also involves checking for client’s understanding and confirmation that she knows how to use CycleBeads and how to avoid getting pregnant if she so desires.   Finally, counseling involves helping the client use the method with her partner, i.e. helping her identify any potential issues that may prevent them from using the method effectively and exploring options for dealing with those issues.
  25. Any time we consider adding a new method to our program, we need to think seriously about what we expect to gain by offering this particular method. In the case of the SDM, it is very likely that providers don’t have any experience with it or even with any similar methods, so they may be very skeptical. Current clients may be adequately served by existing methods, and most clients – and potential clients – don’t know about the method. What are some reasons why we might want to offer the SDM? (Note: Ask audience/trainees this question before clicking on answers. Be prepared to address issues of provider bias.)
  26. You have heard about how the SDM underlying science, research, program experiences and how it is offered to clients. You have seen what’s included in a training of service providers at the facility level and seen the methodology and practiced it. As master trainers, you’re probably thinking what other tools exist to help you adapt and use other resources in your respective programs and organizations. We would like to show you what other materials exist for clients, providers, programs, for addressing policy makers, but most importantly, for training different levels of providers. There is a large collection of materials both, generic and tailored by programs in different countries. All these are available in the CD included in your packet plus our website at www.irh.org. Some of those materials include: - online SDM training for providers - provider job aids - reference guide for counseling clients - informational SDM video - counselor training video - provider training manual - pamphlets, brochures, etc. As programs in the field continue to refine and adapt these resources, we collect them and disseminate them to a variety of audiences. As we close this workshop, w e hope we can stay in touch to share your experiences in training and for us to continue sharing new resources and information. In addition to including you in periodic updates, we are working on setting-up an online community on the ibp-initiative's knowledge gateway and our IEC Program Officer Susana Mendoza will contact you in a few weeks to invite you to join. In the meantime, please access our website for more information and here is Susana’s card in case you’d like to contact her directly.
  27. These are common issues that you will hear about FAM in general and the SDM in particular, and the evidence to dispel misconceptions.
  28. Fact : SDM is best suited for couples that can communicate about sex SDM is unlikely to succeed with couples whose relationship is characterized by gender inequity and gender-based violence For correct SDM use, it is important: That both the woman and man agree about whether or not they want a pregnancy That both understand how SDM works FP counselors encourage couples to decide how to manage the fertile days beforehand
  29. Research shows that SDM brings new users to family planning In fact, in the state of Jharkhand, India, 87% of new SDM users are new to family planning
  30. Comparison of SDM, sterilization, and pill counseling at government clinics (Jharkhand, India) - Session length” SDM 17 ; Pill 13 min.; Sterilization 15 min - Information exchange: SDM 64%; Pill 58%; Sterilization 44% (Simulated clients)
  31. It is entirely possible for low literacy and illiterate women to use this method. There is no need for them to be able to read in order to use it. CycleBeads serve as a helpful visual tool for women, regardless of whether or not they are literate IRH has developed low-literacy inserts to support method use SDM is offered in over thirty countries worldwide, including the United States, in both the public and private sectors Women worldwide choose SDM because: It is natural and free of health side effects It teaches them about their fertility and helps them monitor their cycle lengths CycleBeads help women negotiate & discuss sex with their partners