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Visual acuity standards for Beach Lifeguards Mike Tipton, *Emily Scarpello, Tara Reilly, **James McGill University of Portsmouth, UK *Aston University, UK **Southampton General Hospital, UK
Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Visual Acuity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Visual Acuity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Table 1. The relationship between the different acuity scales (NB. to convert logMAR to Snellen: [Inverse log x 6]) 0.301 2 0.5 6/12 0 1 1 6/6 LogMAR MAR Decimal Snellen
Visual Acuity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Background ,[object Object]
Methodology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Methodology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Methodology ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8)  6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8)  6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8)  6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
Discussion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recommendations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acknowledgements ,[object Object],References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Visual Acuity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8)  6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
Recommendations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Visual Acuity Standards

  • 1. Visual acuity standards for Beach Lifeguards Mike Tipton, *Emily Scarpello, Tara Reilly, **James McGill University of Portsmouth, UK *Aston University, UK **Southampton General Hospital, UK
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.  
  • 12. Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8) 6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
  • 13. Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8) 6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
  • 14. Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8) 6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
  • 15.
  • 16.
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  • 19.
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  • 21. Results from Bournemouth (B) and Westward Ho! (W) 6/44 0.87 (0.15) (vi) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 100m 6/18 0.48 (0.13) (v) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 200m 6/10 0.23 (0.19) (iv) W: identify a buoy on the wet beach at 300m 6/36 0.78 (0.25) (iii) W: identify a buoy at 100m out to sea (n=8) 6/11 0.28 (0.18) (ii) W: identify a buoy at 200m out to sea (n=8) 6/43 0.86 (0.23) (iv) B: locate and identify a human head within a 100m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/33 0.74 (0.15) (iii) B: identify a human immersed to the waist at 300m in the sea 6/13 0.33 (0.16) (ii) B: identify an arm waving at 300m in the sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/7 0.06 (0.17) (ii) W: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) 6/8 0.11(0.06) (i) B: locate and identify a human head within a 300m radius out to sea (volunteer immersed to neck) Snellen LogMAR Mean (SD) Condition
  • 22.