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International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 52|
Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in
Yogurt Fermentation
Huong H. L. Ly1
, Huong T. Nguyen2
1,2
(Department of Biotechnology – Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology)
I. Introduction
Glucuronic acid (C6H10O7) was a carbohydrate compound that condensed formula
HCO(CHOH)4COOH. It was formed by the oxidation of sixth carbon of glucose [1]. Glucuronic acid was found
in Glycyrrhiza and some studies also mentioned that Kombucha contained glucuronic acid. It has been known as
an anti-oxidation factor because it’s combination with free radicals to form harmful component to enhance
human immune system [2]. Additionally, glucuronic acid could be combined with fucose sulfate and manose
sulfate in U-fucoidan which led to apotosis of cancer cells in gastrointestinal system.
Microbial synthesis of glucuronic acid has been concerned recently. In 2008, Khan et al enhanced the
glucuronic acid production in tea fungus fermentation [3]. Yang et al (2010) proved that glucuronic acid
concentration in Kombucha tea could be increased by combination of acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid
bacteria. Optimization of glucuronic acid synthesis in Kombucha was mentioned in 2010 and 2011 by Yavari
[5,6]. In 2014, Nguyen et al combined acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Kombucha for increasing
glucuronic acid formation [7].
Study on glucuronic acid formation in the combination of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in
yogurt is a new research that has supported for researches of bioactive components in probiotic yogurt
fermentation. In this research, the screening with Plackett-Burman matrix design and the response surface
methodology with central composite design were used to optimize affecting factors that influent to glucuronic
acid production.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1. Starters
Microorganism used in this study was two identified strains: high probiotic activity Lactobacillus
acidophilus and high capacity of glucuronic acid formation Gluconacetobacter nataicola that were 16S rDNA
sequenced by Nam Khoa Biotek Company. The nucleotide sequencing was analyzed by free BLAST Search
software.
2.2. Culture media
In this research, sterilized fresh milk was used for culturing and fermenting. L. acidophilus was
reserved in Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRS) and G. nataicola was reserved in Heschin-Schramm agar (HS)
medium.
2.3. Experimental planning methods
2.3.1. Determination of factors affecting the glucuronic acid production
Glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation was influenced by many factors. There were seven
factors were selected including G. nataicola initial density, L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration,
fermentation temperature, initial pH, fermentation time, and shaking speed. The antecedent factors were
properly selected for carrying out next experiments. Table I showed the ranges of each factor.
Abstract: Drinking yogurt fermentation with two bacteria strains Lactobacillus acidophilus and
Gluconacetobacter nataicola was optimized to get maximal glucuronic acid concentration. A Blackett –
Burman matrix was designed to screen the effect of seven factors to glucuronic acid concentration in
yogurt. The design in Response surface methodology (RSM) with Central composite design (CCD) was
applied to get maximum value of glucuronic acid concentration was 59.81mg/L in fermentation at 4.43
log CFU/mL of G. nataicola density, 5.1 log CFU/mL of L. acidophilus density, 9.96% sucrose, initial
pH 5 and incubation time 32°C.
Keywords: Glucuronic acid, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Gluconacetobacter nataicola, Plackett-Burman,
RSM-CCD.
Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 53|
Table I. Experimental range of factors
Factor
Density of
G. nataicola
(log CFU/mL)
Density of
L. acidophilus
(log CFU/mL)
Sucrose
(%)
Temperature
(°C)
pH
Time
(hours)
Shaking
speed
(rpm)
Range
3 4 5 25 4 12 60
4 5 7.5 30 4.5 24 90
5 6 10 35 5 36 120
6 7 12.5 40 5.5 48 150
15 45 6 180
2.3.2. Plackett-Burman matrix design for screening factors affecting the glucuronic acid production
Plackett-Burman matrix was designed base on the results of affecting factors that effected to glucuronic
acid formation in yogurt fermentation in order to determine strong factors affecting glucuronic acid
concentration and their influences [8].
In Plackett-Burman matrix, there were seven factors included G. nataicola initial density, L.
acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration, fermentation temperature, initial pH, fermentation time, and
shaking speed. Base on experimental range of optimzed single factor in table I, these factors were studied with
the highest (1) and the lowest level (-1), respectively. Important factors were examined base on 12 experimental
design matrix (table II). Selected factors with p value lower than 0.05 were applied to response surface method
with central composite design (RSM-CCD).
2.3.3. Response surface method with central composite design (RSM-CCD)
Factors with high statistical significance (p < 0.05) were selected by Plackett-Burman matrix has been
carried out RSM-CCD for glucuronic acid concentration optimization. These selected factors were examined in
five levels (-2, -1, 0, +1, +2) of CCD 28 experiments [9] (table III). Data was analyzed by Stagraphics
Centurion XV.I. The most effective level of each factor for maximum glucuronic acid concentraion were
determined base on the analyzation.
2.4. Glucuronic acid quantified method
Glucuronic acid concentration was determined by K-Uronic acid kits and measured absorption at
340nm by UV-Vis spectro 6000 spectrophotometer.
III. Results And Discussion
3.1. Optimization of single factors affecting glucuronic acid concentration
Glucuronic acid was produced in the growth and development of G. nataicola in yogurt fermentation.
This process was mainly affected by objective factors.
In this study, initial density of G. nataicola for fermentation media was firstly concerned because G.
nataicola played the main role in the production of glucuronic acid. After 24 hours, highest glucuronic acid was
33.96 mg/L at 4 log CFU/mL of initial density. Increasing of density to 6 log CFU/mL, the concentration of acid
dropped down to 29.84 mg/L. High population of G. Nataicola led to the decrease of glucuronic acid formation;
because the bacteria competed for nutrition for growth and development. Therefore, suitable density of G.
nataicola for fermentation was 4 log CFU/mL.
L. acidophilus played the main role in yogurt fermentation and also effectively stimulated glucuronic
acid formation of G. nataicola [4]. L. acidophilus initial density for highest glucuronic acid was 5 log CFU/mL
(34.33 mg/L); it was not significant with concentration of glucuronic acid at 6 log CFU/mL of L. acidophilus
density (33.14 mg/L). The increasing of glucuronic acid followed L. acidophilus density had been mentioned by
Yang (2010) in the rearch on the symbiosis of acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Kombucha [4]. The
increase of glucuronic acid in the symbiosis of L. acidophilus and G. nataicola was importantly meaning to the
biological activity enhancing in yogurt fermentation.
The effective level of each factor was found by measuring the maximal concentration of glucuronic
acid by following step by step experimental factors. Glucuronic acid was 34.46 mg/L at 10% sucrose, highest in
this experiment. This concentration was go up to 41.28 mg/L at 35°C and 44.14 mg/L at pH 5. Glucuronic acid
concentration was double increase from 21.69 to 43.99mg/L in 12 and 24 hours. After 24 hours, the
concentration remained around 44mg/L and was not significant in increasing. Jonas (1998) stated that efficient
temperature of acetic acid bacteria was 30 - 35°C [14], and a study of Pederson (1995) also confirmed
Gluconacetobacter can successfully develop at low pH. Therefore, this study once again confirmed
Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 54|
Gluconacetobacter fermentation condition [10]. Because after 24 hours the level of glucuronic acid had not
significant, 24 hours was chosen as suitable time for high bio-activity yogurt fermentation. So, single affecting
factors with 10% sucrose, pH 5, 35°C of incubation and 24 hours were selected for fementation.
Heath et al (2012) indicated that shaking speed affected cellulose formation of acetic acid bacteria [11];
also Khan et al (2008) stated there was a companion between cellulose formation and acid production of
Gluconacetobacter xylinus, but there was not significant of acid concentration in different shaking speed for
fermentation [3]. However, drinking yogurt would not be clumped with shaking speed at 120rpm was higher
than other levels. Therefore, 120rpm was chosen for optimization.
Glucuronic acid formation was affected by experimental factors based on the level of glucuronic acid
concentration after fermentation. As a result, these selected factors were used for screening by Blackett-Burman
matrix and then optimization by RSM-CCD method (model) to find optimal conditions for glucuronic acid
formation in yogurt fermentation.
3.2. Plackett-Burman design for sreening factors affecting glucuronic acid production
Screening was a very important step in experimental planning when there were several factors affected
to experimental samples. This process helped to determine real affecting factors and removed non or less
affecting factors in order to simplified the study process.
The results of seven factors affecting the glucuronic acid was screenced by Plackett-Burman matrix
based on glucuronic acid formation in fermentation were shown in table II. The results were analyzed variance
(ANOVA) to determine affecting levels and p value (table III).
Table II. Plackett-Burman matrix in screening factors affecting glucuronic acid production
Expt
G. nataicola
initial density
(log CFU/mL)
L.
acidophilus
initial
density
(log
CFU/mL)
Sucrose
(%)
Temperature
(°C)
pH
Time
(hours)
Shaking
speed
(rpm)
Glucuronic
acid
concentration
(mg/L)
1 2 3 15 45 6 12 180 7.79
2 6 3 15 25 4 12 180 37.42
3 2 7 15 25 6 12 60 20.53
4 6 7 5 45 6 12 180 17.6
5 6 3 15 45 4 36 60 30.62
6 6 7 15 25 6 36 60 36.85
7 2 3 5 25 4 12 60 24.87
8 2 7 5 25 4 36 180 29.11
9 6 3 5 25 6 36 180 17.42
10 2 7 15 45 4 36 180 30.15
11 2 3 5 45 6 36 60 6.28
12 6 7 5 45 4 12 60 36.19
Table III. The influence levels and p value of factors
Factor Influence level p value
G. nataicola initial density 9.5617 0.0051
L. acidophilus initial density 7.6717 0.0112
Sucrose 5.315 0.0366
Temperature -6.262 0.0219
pH -13.65 0.0014
Time 1.005 0.5903
Shaking speed -2.642 0.1993
ANOVA results showed that seven factors affected to the glucuronic acid formation in yogurt
fermentation. There were 5 factors had p value lower than 0.05 that really affected to the glucuronic acid
production included G. nataicola initial density, L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration,
fermentation temperature, and initial pH. Therefore, these 5 factors were applied in RSM-CCD model to
determine optimal points for maximal glucuronic acid.
There were 5 factors were selected to apply in RSM-CCD model included G. nataicola initial density,
L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration, fermentation temperature, and initial pH. In the
optimization model, these were signed as X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, respectively.
Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 55|
3.3. The RSM-CCD modeling for optimization of glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation
RSM-CCD was used as design for modeling glucuronic acid formation in fermentation process. From
this model, the optimal points for maximal glucuronic acid formation were pointed out. Glucuronic acid
concentration when applied RSM-CCD model (table IV) was analyzed and evaluated affecting level and p value
(table V) to determine regression equation.
Table IV. The RSM-CCD modeling in glucuronic acid optimization
Experiment
Factor Yaxit glucuronic (mg/L)
Reality
Yaxit glucuronic (mg/L)
ModelX1 X2 X3 X4 X5
1 5 6 12.5 30 4.5 37.87 38.3756
2 4 5 10 25 5 35.02 36.9926
3 3 4 7.5 30 5.5 36.72 35.3364
4 4 5 10 35 6 10.57 15.3543
5 5 4 7.5 30 4.5 42.79 43.6714
6 5 4 12.5 30 5.5 40.85 38.5939
7 3 6 12.5 40 4.5 24.51 26.3456
8 5 4 7.5 40 5.5 19.07 18.5456
9 3 6 7.5 40 5.5 16.06 16.0322
10 3 4 7.5 40 4.5 21.32 23.5314
11 4 3 10 35 5 48.02 48.3259
12 4 7 10 35 5 48.08 47.3409
13 2 5 10 35 5 47.64 46.9526
14 3 6 7.5 30 4.5 30.15 31.5281
15 3 4 12.5 40 5.5 22.09 21.1639
16 3 4 12.5 30 4.5 30.43 30.9097
17 4 5 15 35 5 41.74 42.7976
18 5 6 7.5 30 5.5 42.25 40.8922
19 4 5 10 45 5 9.75 7.34427
20 5 4 12.5 40 4.5 27.19 28.5289
21 5 6 7.5 40 4.5 22.34 24.5772
22 6 5 10 35 5 54.28 54.5343
23 4 5 5 35 5 42.19 40.6993
24 4 5 10 35 4 25.15 19.9326
25 5 6 12.5 40 5.5 21.19 20.2897
26 3 6 12.5 30 5.5 40.06 38.3006
27 4 5 10 35 5 60.08 60.9816
28 4 5 10 35 5 59.45 60.9816
Table V. The influence levels and p value of factors
Factor Influence level p value Factor Affecting level p value
X1 3.79083 0.042 X2 X2 6.19906 0.0065
X2 -0.4925 0.7563 X2 X3 1.52125 0.4425
X3 1.04917 0.5139 X2 X4 -0.63875 0.7426
X4 -14.8242 0.0000 X2 X5 0.96125 0.6229
X5 -2.28917 0.1773 X3 X3 -9.24156 0.0007
X1 X1 -4.74406 0.0220 X3 X4 2.36125 0.2469
X1 X2 -0.80875 0.6783 X3 X5 0.83625 0.6681
X1 X3 -1.52375 0.4418 X4 X4 -19.0316 0.0000
X1 X4 -2.57375 0.2109 X4 X5 -4.44875 0.0489
X1 X5 -1.91875 0.3388 X5 X5 -21.2941 0.0000
ANOVA results indicated independent variables of regression equation in reality model included
factors in table IV that had p < 0.05 (table V). Regression equation was Y= -1777.9 + 44.5429X1 + 30.0419X3 -
2.37203X1
2
+ 3.09953X2
2
– 0.73933X3
2
– 0.38063X4
2
– 0.88975X4X5 – 42.5881X5
2
Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 56|
Regression coefficient (R2
) was 0.981279 showed that 98.1279% experimental data fitted with
expected data in model. According to Castillo (2007), R2
> 0.75 had meaning that designed model fitted with
reality [6]. So, there was a strong compatibility between studied factors and glucuronic acid formation, it
indicated the accuracy of model and the exist of effective points.
The regression equation that showed all the factors are positively affected on the formation of
glucuronic acid. The initial pH factor had the strongest influence level, and the results show that the lower the
pH, the amount of glucuronic acid produced higher. High pH inhibited the biosynthesis of glucuronic acid in
yogurt fermentation. This result is consistent with the conclusions of Hestrin (1954) about limitation in activity
of acetic acid bacteria [12], and this result was again determined the study of Hwang et al (1999). In the study
of cellulose acetic acid bacteria, Hwang et al found that this microbial strain grew effectively in low pH
condition, the higher the pH the growth and development of them decreased.
Yoghurt fermentation temperature also had a huge impact on glucuronic acid production of G.
nataicola. In the range of temperature from 25 to 45°C, when the yogurt fermentation temperature rose, the
growth of bacteria was inhibited, and led to the decrease of glucuronic acid. This issue was also explained based
on the conditions for microbial adaptation. Different microbial strains have different adaptation of temperature.
Research the growth of Gluconacetobacter had shown that the proper temperatures for the growth of
Gluconacetobacter were 12-35°C, while the optimal temperatures were 28-35°C [14]. G. nataicola was a
bacteria of the genus Gluconacetobacter, so they fitted with this temperature range. Therefore, when
temperatures rose too high (40-45°C), the growth and development of G. nataicola were inhibited, and they
formed spores to protect themselves that led to the limitation of metabolic processes and glucuronic acid
production was reduced.
During the fermentation process that enhance glucuronic acid production, G. nataicola was very
important because it directly generated glucuronic acid. In this study, we found that when there were effects of
other factors in the study, the concentration of acid produced depends greatly on the initial density of G.
nataicola. As the density increased, the amount of glucuronic acid greatly generated. This was also been
mentioned in the study of Khan (2008) [3], glucuronic acid content increased along with the increase of
cellulose fibers of Gluconacetobacter. Earlier in 1992, Arie and colleagues found a correlation between the
formation of cellulose and the density of acetic acid bacteria. Therefore, the results showed that initial density
of G. nataicola had a positive impact on the formation of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation. However, if
the density was too high, it led to nutritional competitiveness, also led to the limitation of glucuronic acid
biosynthesis.
The regression equation also showed that the greater of L. acidophilus initial density, the higher of
glucuronic acid production from G. nataicola. This result also coincided with experimental results of Yang et al
in 2010 [4]. In research on the symbiosis of acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Kombucha, Yang
found that the addition of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of acetic acid bacteria; greater glucuronic acid
concentration was produced. Based on the growth and metabolic characteristics of Gluconacetobacter and lactic
acid bacteria, the mechanism could be explained by the growth of lactic acid bacteria faster than the growth of
Gluconacetobacter, so lactic acid bacteria fermented carbohydrates into simple carbon sources which
Gluconacetobacter used as a nutrient source. Therefore, acetic acid bacteria did not need to use cellular
enzymes to process glycolysis, they produced enzymes for pentose phosphate pathway; so, glucuronic acid
greater generated. However, when applied a great number of density of L. acidophilus, led to the decrease of
nutrient and nutrient competitiveness; also decreased the glucuronic acid biosynthesis of G. nataicola.
Sucrose concentration also affected the formation of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation because
this is the nutrient source for microorganisms that involved in the fermentation were L. acidophilus and G.
nataicola. Optimized results showed that when sucrose concentration rose up, the glucuronic acid concentration
also increased, but until a certain limitation; the continued increase in nutrition could inhibit glucuronic acid
generation. This was explained by the term about nutritional needs of microorganisms. Microorganisms require
an adequate level of nutrition in the development process. So, when increasing the nutrient content that exceeds
a certain limit, the enzyme activity is reduced due to substrate pressure on the biosynthesis of enzymes.
Substrates increased while the maximum of enzymatical capacity remains constant, led to the decrease of
glucuronic acid production.
Thus, the experimental results showed that all the examined factors in the optimization model had a
strong influence on the formation of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation with varying degrees depending on
each specific factor. Response surface plots (Figure 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d) showed the interaction of factorial pairs and
the optimal value of each factor for maximum response function could be determined from the diagrams. The
regression equation was found to reflect the degree of influence of each factor to glucuronic acid production.
This confirmed the existence of the optimal point in the RSM-CCD modeling.
Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 57|
(a) (b)
Estimated Response Surface
Mat do G nataicola=4.0,Nhiet do=35.0,pH=5.0
4
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6Mat do L acidophilus 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5
Sucrose
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
Hamluongacidglucuronic
Ham luong acid glucuronic
52.0
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
61.0
62.0
63.0
Glucuronicacidconcentration(mg/L)
(c)
Glucuronicacidconcentration(mg/L)
Estimated Response Surface
Mat do L acidophilus=5.0,Nhiet do=35.0,pH=5.0
3
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.6
5
Mat do G nataicola
7.58.59.510.511.512.5
Sucrose
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
Hamluongacidglucuronic
Ham luong acid glucuronic
52.0
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
61.0
62.0
63.0
(d)
Glucuronicacidconcentration(mg/L)
Estimated Response Surface
Vi khuan acetic=15.0,Vi khuan probiotic=10.0,Nhiet do=35.0
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
Sucrose
4.54.74.95.15.35.5
pH
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
Glucuronicacid
Glucuronic acid
51.0
52.2
53.4
54.6
55.8
57.0
58.2
59.4
60.6
61.8
63.0
64.2
Figure 1: Response surface diagram of glucuronic acid concentration
(a) base on temperature and pH, (b) base on sucrose and L. acidophilus initial density, (c) base on sucrose and
G. nataicola initial density, (d) base on sucrose and pH
From the response surface, optimal coordinates of factors were predicted for maximal glucuronic acid
concentration was 62.2763 mg/L with an initial ensity of G. nataicola was 4.43 log CFU/mL. Initial density of
L. acidophilus was 5.1 log CFU/mL, 9.96% sucrose, initial pH 5, and fermentation temperature was 32°C.
Simulation the pattern at the optimal points, maximal 59.81mg/L glucuronic acid had obtained, reaching similar
levels compared with the model was 96.04%. This result was higher than the result obtained by study about
glucuronic acid of Yavari (2010) was about 32% [5], higher than glucuronic acid obtained when co-cultured
lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in Kombucha from 30-50% [7], and obtained 30% Vina results
achieved after optimization of culture conditions was 178mg/L on Kombucha [1].
Therefore, the maximum concentration of glucuronic acid produced in the conditions had been
optimized was 59.81mg/L with G.nataicola initial density was 4.43 log CFU/mL, the initial density of L.
acidophilus was 5.1 log CFU/mL, 9.96% sucrose, pH 5, and fermentation temperature was 32°C. This results
made yogurt product had one more biological activity of glucuronic acid beyond traditional probiotic activity in
yogurt.
IV. Conclusion
In optimization of condions for glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation, the Plackett-Burman
matrix was used for screening factors affecting glucuronic acid formation and the response surface methodology
with RSM-CCD was designed for modelling optimize value. As a result, maximal glucuronic acid concentration
was 59.81mg/L. That was obtained with 4.43 log CFU/mL of G. nataicola initial density, 5.1 log CFU/mL of L.
acidophilus density, 9.96% sucrose, pH 5, and fermentation temperature was 32°C. Traditional probiotic yogurt
could incorporate a new biological activity of glucuronic acid by the presence of acetic acid bacteria (G.
nataicola) combined with traditional probiotic lactic acid bacteria (L. acidophilus).
REFERENCES
[1] Ilmāra Vīna, Pāvels Semjonovs, Raimonds Linde, Artūrs Patetko. 2013. Glucuronic acid containing fermented
functional beverages produced by natural yeasts and bacteria associations. IJRRAS 14 (1), pp. 17-25.
[2] Ilmāra Vīna, Raimonds Linde, Artūrs Patetko, Pāvels Semjonovs. 2013. Glucuronic acid from fermented beverages:
biochemical functions in humans and its role in health protection. IJRRAS 14 (2), pp. 217-230.
[3] Taous Khan, Salman Khan, Joong Kon Park. 2008. Simple Fed-batch Cultivation Strategy for the Enhanced
Production of a Single-sugar Glucuronic Acid-based Oligosaccharides by a Cellulose-producing Gluconacetobacter
hansenii Strain. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2008, 13: 240-247.
[4] Zhiwei Yang, Feng Zhou, Baoping Ji, Bo Li, Yangchao Luo, Li Yang, Tao Li. 2010. Symbiosis between
Microorganisms from Kombucha and Kefir: Potential Significance to the Enhancement of Kombucha Function. Appl
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Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation

  • 1. International OPEN ACCESS Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 52| Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation Huong H. L. Ly1 , Huong T. Nguyen2 1,2 (Department of Biotechnology – Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology) I. Introduction Glucuronic acid (C6H10O7) was a carbohydrate compound that condensed formula HCO(CHOH)4COOH. It was formed by the oxidation of sixth carbon of glucose [1]. Glucuronic acid was found in Glycyrrhiza and some studies also mentioned that Kombucha contained glucuronic acid. It has been known as an anti-oxidation factor because it’s combination with free radicals to form harmful component to enhance human immune system [2]. Additionally, glucuronic acid could be combined with fucose sulfate and manose sulfate in U-fucoidan which led to apotosis of cancer cells in gastrointestinal system. Microbial synthesis of glucuronic acid has been concerned recently. In 2008, Khan et al enhanced the glucuronic acid production in tea fungus fermentation [3]. Yang et al (2010) proved that glucuronic acid concentration in Kombucha tea could be increased by combination of acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Optimization of glucuronic acid synthesis in Kombucha was mentioned in 2010 and 2011 by Yavari [5,6]. In 2014, Nguyen et al combined acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Kombucha for increasing glucuronic acid formation [7]. Study on glucuronic acid formation in the combination of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in yogurt is a new research that has supported for researches of bioactive components in probiotic yogurt fermentation. In this research, the screening with Plackett-Burman matrix design and the response surface methodology with central composite design were used to optimize affecting factors that influent to glucuronic acid production. II. Materials And Methods 2.1. Starters Microorganism used in this study was two identified strains: high probiotic activity Lactobacillus acidophilus and high capacity of glucuronic acid formation Gluconacetobacter nataicola that were 16S rDNA sequenced by Nam Khoa Biotek Company. The nucleotide sequencing was analyzed by free BLAST Search software. 2.2. Culture media In this research, sterilized fresh milk was used for culturing and fermenting. L. acidophilus was reserved in Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRS) and G. nataicola was reserved in Heschin-Schramm agar (HS) medium. 2.3. Experimental planning methods 2.3.1. Determination of factors affecting the glucuronic acid production Glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation was influenced by many factors. There were seven factors were selected including G. nataicola initial density, L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration, fermentation temperature, initial pH, fermentation time, and shaking speed. The antecedent factors were properly selected for carrying out next experiments. Table I showed the ranges of each factor. Abstract: Drinking yogurt fermentation with two bacteria strains Lactobacillus acidophilus and Gluconacetobacter nataicola was optimized to get maximal glucuronic acid concentration. A Blackett – Burman matrix was designed to screen the effect of seven factors to glucuronic acid concentration in yogurt. The design in Response surface methodology (RSM) with Central composite design (CCD) was applied to get maximum value of glucuronic acid concentration was 59.81mg/L in fermentation at 4.43 log CFU/mL of G. nataicola density, 5.1 log CFU/mL of L. acidophilus density, 9.96% sucrose, initial pH 5 and incubation time 32°C. Keywords: Glucuronic acid, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Gluconacetobacter nataicola, Plackett-Burman, RSM-CCD.
  • 2. Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 53| Table I. Experimental range of factors Factor Density of G. nataicola (log CFU/mL) Density of L. acidophilus (log CFU/mL) Sucrose (%) Temperature (°C) pH Time (hours) Shaking speed (rpm) Range 3 4 5 25 4 12 60 4 5 7.5 30 4.5 24 90 5 6 10 35 5 36 120 6 7 12.5 40 5.5 48 150 15 45 6 180 2.3.2. Plackett-Burman matrix design for screening factors affecting the glucuronic acid production Plackett-Burman matrix was designed base on the results of affecting factors that effected to glucuronic acid formation in yogurt fermentation in order to determine strong factors affecting glucuronic acid concentration and their influences [8]. In Plackett-Burman matrix, there were seven factors included G. nataicola initial density, L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration, fermentation temperature, initial pH, fermentation time, and shaking speed. Base on experimental range of optimzed single factor in table I, these factors were studied with the highest (1) and the lowest level (-1), respectively. Important factors were examined base on 12 experimental design matrix (table II). Selected factors with p value lower than 0.05 were applied to response surface method with central composite design (RSM-CCD). 2.3.3. Response surface method with central composite design (RSM-CCD) Factors with high statistical significance (p < 0.05) were selected by Plackett-Burman matrix has been carried out RSM-CCD for glucuronic acid concentration optimization. These selected factors were examined in five levels (-2, -1, 0, +1, +2) of CCD 28 experiments [9] (table III). Data was analyzed by Stagraphics Centurion XV.I. The most effective level of each factor for maximum glucuronic acid concentraion were determined base on the analyzation. 2.4. Glucuronic acid quantified method Glucuronic acid concentration was determined by K-Uronic acid kits and measured absorption at 340nm by UV-Vis spectro 6000 spectrophotometer. III. Results And Discussion 3.1. Optimization of single factors affecting glucuronic acid concentration Glucuronic acid was produced in the growth and development of G. nataicola in yogurt fermentation. This process was mainly affected by objective factors. In this study, initial density of G. nataicola for fermentation media was firstly concerned because G. nataicola played the main role in the production of glucuronic acid. After 24 hours, highest glucuronic acid was 33.96 mg/L at 4 log CFU/mL of initial density. Increasing of density to 6 log CFU/mL, the concentration of acid dropped down to 29.84 mg/L. High population of G. Nataicola led to the decrease of glucuronic acid formation; because the bacteria competed for nutrition for growth and development. Therefore, suitable density of G. nataicola for fermentation was 4 log CFU/mL. L. acidophilus played the main role in yogurt fermentation and also effectively stimulated glucuronic acid formation of G. nataicola [4]. L. acidophilus initial density for highest glucuronic acid was 5 log CFU/mL (34.33 mg/L); it was not significant with concentration of glucuronic acid at 6 log CFU/mL of L. acidophilus density (33.14 mg/L). The increasing of glucuronic acid followed L. acidophilus density had been mentioned by Yang (2010) in the rearch on the symbiosis of acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Kombucha [4]. The increase of glucuronic acid in the symbiosis of L. acidophilus and G. nataicola was importantly meaning to the biological activity enhancing in yogurt fermentation. The effective level of each factor was found by measuring the maximal concentration of glucuronic acid by following step by step experimental factors. Glucuronic acid was 34.46 mg/L at 10% sucrose, highest in this experiment. This concentration was go up to 41.28 mg/L at 35°C and 44.14 mg/L at pH 5. Glucuronic acid concentration was double increase from 21.69 to 43.99mg/L in 12 and 24 hours. After 24 hours, the concentration remained around 44mg/L and was not significant in increasing. Jonas (1998) stated that efficient temperature of acetic acid bacteria was 30 - 35°C [14], and a study of Pederson (1995) also confirmed Gluconacetobacter can successfully develop at low pH. Therefore, this study once again confirmed
  • 3. Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 54| Gluconacetobacter fermentation condition [10]. Because after 24 hours the level of glucuronic acid had not significant, 24 hours was chosen as suitable time for high bio-activity yogurt fermentation. So, single affecting factors with 10% sucrose, pH 5, 35°C of incubation and 24 hours were selected for fementation. Heath et al (2012) indicated that shaking speed affected cellulose formation of acetic acid bacteria [11]; also Khan et al (2008) stated there was a companion between cellulose formation and acid production of Gluconacetobacter xylinus, but there was not significant of acid concentration in different shaking speed for fermentation [3]. However, drinking yogurt would not be clumped with shaking speed at 120rpm was higher than other levels. Therefore, 120rpm was chosen for optimization. Glucuronic acid formation was affected by experimental factors based on the level of glucuronic acid concentration after fermentation. As a result, these selected factors were used for screening by Blackett-Burman matrix and then optimization by RSM-CCD method (model) to find optimal conditions for glucuronic acid formation in yogurt fermentation. 3.2. Plackett-Burman design for sreening factors affecting glucuronic acid production Screening was a very important step in experimental planning when there were several factors affected to experimental samples. This process helped to determine real affecting factors and removed non or less affecting factors in order to simplified the study process. The results of seven factors affecting the glucuronic acid was screenced by Plackett-Burman matrix based on glucuronic acid formation in fermentation were shown in table II. The results were analyzed variance (ANOVA) to determine affecting levels and p value (table III). Table II. Plackett-Burman matrix in screening factors affecting glucuronic acid production Expt G. nataicola initial density (log CFU/mL) L. acidophilus initial density (log CFU/mL) Sucrose (%) Temperature (°C) pH Time (hours) Shaking speed (rpm) Glucuronic acid concentration (mg/L) 1 2 3 15 45 6 12 180 7.79 2 6 3 15 25 4 12 180 37.42 3 2 7 15 25 6 12 60 20.53 4 6 7 5 45 6 12 180 17.6 5 6 3 15 45 4 36 60 30.62 6 6 7 15 25 6 36 60 36.85 7 2 3 5 25 4 12 60 24.87 8 2 7 5 25 4 36 180 29.11 9 6 3 5 25 6 36 180 17.42 10 2 7 15 45 4 36 180 30.15 11 2 3 5 45 6 36 60 6.28 12 6 7 5 45 4 12 60 36.19 Table III. The influence levels and p value of factors Factor Influence level p value G. nataicola initial density 9.5617 0.0051 L. acidophilus initial density 7.6717 0.0112 Sucrose 5.315 0.0366 Temperature -6.262 0.0219 pH -13.65 0.0014 Time 1.005 0.5903 Shaking speed -2.642 0.1993 ANOVA results showed that seven factors affected to the glucuronic acid formation in yogurt fermentation. There were 5 factors had p value lower than 0.05 that really affected to the glucuronic acid production included G. nataicola initial density, L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration, fermentation temperature, and initial pH. Therefore, these 5 factors were applied in RSM-CCD model to determine optimal points for maximal glucuronic acid. There were 5 factors were selected to apply in RSM-CCD model included G. nataicola initial density, L. acidophilus initial density, sucrose concentration, fermentation temperature, and initial pH. In the optimization model, these were signed as X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, respectively.
  • 4. Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 55| 3.3. The RSM-CCD modeling for optimization of glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation RSM-CCD was used as design for modeling glucuronic acid formation in fermentation process. From this model, the optimal points for maximal glucuronic acid formation were pointed out. Glucuronic acid concentration when applied RSM-CCD model (table IV) was analyzed and evaluated affecting level and p value (table V) to determine regression equation. Table IV. The RSM-CCD modeling in glucuronic acid optimization Experiment Factor Yaxit glucuronic (mg/L) Reality Yaxit glucuronic (mg/L) ModelX1 X2 X3 X4 X5 1 5 6 12.5 30 4.5 37.87 38.3756 2 4 5 10 25 5 35.02 36.9926 3 3 4 7.5 30 5.5 36.72 35.3364 4 4 5 10 35 6 10.57 15.3543 5 5 4 7.5 30 4.5 42.79 43.6714 6 5 4 12.5 30 5.5 40.85 38.5939 7 3 6 12.5 40 4.5 24.51 26.3456 8 5 4 7.5 40 5.5 19.07 18.5456 9 3 6 7.5 40 5.5 16.06 16.0322 10 3 4 7.5 40 4.5 21.32 23.5314 11 4 3 10 35 5 48.02 48.3259 12 4 7 10 35 5 48.08 47.3409 13 2 5 10 35 5 47.64 46.9526 14 3 6 7.5 30 4.5 30.15 31.5281 15 3 4 12.5 40 5.5 22.09 21.1639 16 3 4 12.5 30 4.5 30.43 30.9097 17 4 5 15 35 5 41.74 42.7976 18 5 6 7.5 30 5.5 42.25 40.8922 19 4 5 10 45 5 9.75 7.34427 20 5 4 12.5 40 4.5 27.19 28.5289 21 5 6 7.5 40 4.5 22.34 24.5772 22 6 5 10 35 5 54.28 54.5343 23 4 5 5 35 5 42.19 40.6993 24 4 5 10 35 4 25.15 19.9326 25 5 6 12.5 40 5.5 21.19 20.2897 26 3 6 12.5 30 5.5 40.06 38.3006 27 4 5 10 35 5 60.08 60.9816 28 4 5 10 35 5 59.45 60.9816 Table V. The influence levels and p value of factors Factor Influence level p value Factor Affecting level p value X1 3.79083 0.042 X2 X2 6.19906 0.0065 X2 -0.4925 0.7563 X2 X3 1.52125 0.4425 X3 1.04917 0.5139 X2 X4 -0.63875 0.7426 X4 -14.8242 0.0000 X2 X5 0.96125 0.6229 X5 -2.28917 0.1773 X3 X3 -9.24156 0.0007 X1 X1 -4.74406 0.0220 X3 X4 2.36125 0.2469 X1 X2 -0.80875 0.6783 X3 X5 0.83625 0.6681 X1 X3 -1.52375 0.4418 X4 X4 -19.0316 0.0000 X1 X4 -2.57375 0.2109 X4 X5 -4.44875 0.0489 X1 X5 -1.91875 0.3388 X5 X5 -21.2941 0.0000 ANOVA results indicated independent variables of regression equation in reality model included factors in table IV that had p < 0.05 (table V). Regression equation was Y= -1777.9 + 44.5429X1 + 30.0419X3 - 2.37203X1 2 + 3.09953X2 2 – 0.73933X3 2 – 0.38063X4 2 – 0.88975X4X5 – 42.5881X5 2
  • 5. Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 56| Regression coefficient (R2 ) was 0.981279 showed that 98.1279% experimental data fitted with expected data in model. According to Castillo (2007), R2 > 0.75 had meaning that designed model fitted with reality [6]. So, there was a strong compatibility between studied factors and glucuronic acid formation, it indicated the accuracy of model and the exist of effective points. The regression equation that showed all the factors are positively affected on the formation of glucuronic acid. The initial pH factor had the strongest influence level, and the results show that the lower the pH, the amount of glucuronic acid produced higher. High pH inhibited the biosynthesis of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation. This result is consistent with the conclusions of Hestrin (1954) about limitation in activity of acetic acid bacteria [12], and this result was again determined the study of Hwang et al (1999). In the study of cellulose acetic acid bacteria, Hwang et al found that this microbial strain grew effectively in low pH condition, the higher the pH the growth and development of them decreased. Yoghurt fermentation temperature also had a huge impact on glucuronic acid production of G. nataicola. In the range of temperature from 25 to 45°C, when the yogurt fermentation temperature rose, the growth of bacteria was inhibited, and led to the decrease of glucuronic acid. This issue was also explained based on the conditions for microbial adaptation. Different microbial strains have different adaptation of temperature. Research the growth of Gluconacetobacter had shown that the proper temperatures for the growth of Gluconacetobacter were 12-35°C, while the optimal temperatures were 28-35°C [14]. G. nataicola was a bacteria of the genus Gluconacetobacter, so they fitted with this temperature range. Therefore, when temperatures rose too high (40-45°C), the growth and development of G. nataicola were inhibited, and they formed spores to protect themselves that led to the limitation of metabolic processes and glucuronic acid production was reduced. During the fermentation process that enhance glucuronic acid production, G. nataicola was very important because it directly generated glucuronic acid. In this study, we found that when there were effects of other factors in the study, the concentration of acid produced depends greatly on the initial density of G. nataicola. As the density increased, the amount of glucuronic acid greatly generated. This was also been mentioned in the study of Khan (2008) [3], glucuronic acid content increased along with the increase of cellulose fibers of Gluconacetobacter. Earlier in 1992, Arie and colleagues found a correlation between the formation of cellulose and the density of acetic acid bacteria. Therefore, the results showed that initial density of G. nataicola had a positive impact on the formation of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation. However, if the density was too high, it led to nutritional competitiveness, also led to the limitation of glucuronic acid biosynthesis. The regression equation also showed that the greater of L. acidophilus initial density, the higher of glucuronic acid production from G. nataicola. This result also coincided with experimental results of Yang et al in 2010 [4]. In research on the symbiosis of acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in Kombucha, Yang found that the addition of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of acetic acid bacteria; greater glucuronic acid concentration was produced. Based on the growth and metabolic characteristics of Gluconacetobacter and lactic acid bacteria, the mechanism could be explained by the growth of lactic acid bacteria faster than the growth of Gluconacetobacter, so lactic acid bacteria fermented carbohydrates into simple carbon sources which Gluconacetobacter used as a nutrient source. Therefore, acetic acid bacteria did not need to use cellular enzymes to process glycolysis, they produced enzymes for pentose phosphate pathway; so, glucuronic acid greater generated. However, when applied a great number of density of L. acidophilus, led to the decrease of nutrient and nutrient competitiveness; also decreased the glucuronic acid biosynthesis of G. nataicola. Sucrose concentration also affected the formation of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation because this is the nutrient source for microorganisms that involved in the fermentation were L. acidophilus and G. nataicola. Optimized results showed that when sucrose concentration rose up, the glucuronic acid concentration also increased, but until a certain limitation; the continued increase in nutrition could inhibit glucuronic acid generation. This was explained by the term about nutritional needs of microorganisms. Microorganisms require an adequate level of nutrition in the development process. So, when increasing the nutrient content that exceeds a certain limit, the enzyme activity is reduced due to substrate pressure on the biosynthesis of enzymes. Substrates increased while the maximum of enzymatical capacity remains constant, led to the decrease of glucuronic acid production. Thus, the experimental results showed that all the examined factors in the optimization model had a strong influence on the formation of glucuronic acid in yogurt fermentation with varying degrees depending on each specific factor. Response surface plots (Figure 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d) showed the interaction of factorial pairs and the optimal value of each factor for maximum response function could be determined from the diagrams. The regression equation was found to reflect the degree of influence of each factor to glucuronic acid production. This confirmed the existence of the optimal point in the RSM-CCD modeling.
  • 6. Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 57| (a) (b) Estimated Response Surface Mat do G nataicola=4.0,Nhiet do=35.0,pH=5.0 4 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6Mat do L acidophilus 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 Sucrose 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 Hamluongacidglucuronic Ham luong acid glucuronic 52.0 53.0 54.0 55.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 Glucuronicacidconcentration(mg/L) (c) Glucuronicacidconcentration(mg/L) Estimated Response Surface Mat do L acidophilus=5.0,Nhiet do=35.0,pH=5.0 3 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.6 5 Mat do G nataicola 7.58.59.510.511.512.5 Sucrose 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 Hamluongacidglucuronic Ham luong acid glucuronic 52.0 53.0 54.0 55.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 (d) Glucuronicacidconcentration(mg/L) Estimated Response Surface Vi khuan acetic=15.0,Vi khuan probiotic=10.0,Nhiet do=35.0 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 Sucrose 4.54.74.95.15.35.5 pH 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 Glucuronicacid Glucuronic acid 51.0 52.2 53.4 54.6 55.8 57.0 58.2 59.4 60.6 61.8 63.0 64.2 Figure 1: Response surface diagram of glucuronic acid concentration (a) base on temperature and pH, (b) base on sucrose and L. acidophilus initial density, (c) base on sucrose and G. nataicola initial density, (d) base on sucrose and pH From the response surface, optimal coordinates of factors were predicted for maximal glucuronic acid concentration was 62.2763 mg/L with an initial ensity of G. nataicola was 4.43 log CFU/mL. Initial density of L. acidophilus was 5.1 log CFU/mL, 9.96% sucrose, initial pH 5, and fermentation temperature was 32°C. Simulation the pattern at the optimal points, maximal 59.81mg/L glucuronic acid had obtained, reaching similar levels compared with the model was 96.04%. This result was higher than the result obtained by study about glucuronic acid of Yavari (2010) was about 32% [5], higher than glucuronic acid obtained when co-cultured lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in Kombucha from 30-50% [7], and obtained 30% Vina results achieved after optimization of culture conditions was 178mg/L on Kombucha [1]. Therefore, the maximum concentration of glucuronic acid produced in the conditions had been optimized was 59.81mg/L with G.nataicola initial density was 4.43 log CFU/mL, the initial density of L. acidophilus was 5.1 log CFU/mL, 9.96% sucrose, pH 5, and fermentation temperature was 32°C. This results made yogurt product had one more biological activity of glucuronic acid beyond traditional probiotic activity in yogurt. IV. Conclusion In optimization of condions for glucuronic acid production in yogurt fermentation, the Plackett-Burman matrix was used for screening factors affecting glucuronic acid formation and the response surface methodology with RSM-CCD was designed for modelling optimize value. As a result, maximal glucuronic acid concentration was 59.81mg/L. That was obtained with 4.43 log CFU/mL of G. nataicola initial density, 5.1 log CFU/mL of L. acidophilus density, 9.96% sucrose, pH 5, and fermentation temperature was 32°C. Traditional probiotic yogurt could incorporate a new biological activity of glucuronic acid by the presence of acetic acid bacteria (G. nataicola) combined with traditional probiotic lactic acid bacteria (L. acidophilus). REFERENCES [1] Ilmāra Vīna, Pāvels Semjonovs, Raimonds Linde, Artūrs Patetko. 2013. Glucuronic acid containing fermented functional beverages produced by natural yeasts and bacteria associations. IJRRAS 14 (1), pp. 17-25. [2] Ilmāra Vīna, Raimonds Linde, Artūrs Patetko, Pāvels Semjonovs. 2013. Glucuronic acid from fermented beverages: biochemical functions in humans and its role in health protection. IJRRAS 14 (2), pp. 217-230. [3] Taous Khan, Salman Khan, Joong Kon Park. 2008. Simple Fed-batch Cultivation Strategy for the Enhanced Production of a Single-sugar Glucuronic Acid-based Oligosaccharides by a Cellulose-producing Gluconacetobacter hansenii Strain. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2008, 13: 240-247. [4] Zhiwei Yang, Feng Zhou, Baoping Ji, Bo Li, Yangchao Luo, Li Yang, Tao Li. 2010. Symbiosis between Microorganisms from Kombucha and Kefir: Potential Significance to the Enhancement of Kombucha Function. Appl Biochem Biotechnol DOI 10.1007/s12010-008-8361-6.
  • 7. Optimization of Factors Affecting Glucuronic Acid Production in Yogurt Fermentation | IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 6| June. 2014 | 58| [5] Nafiseh Yavari, Mahnaz Mazaheri Assadi, Kambiz Larijani, Mohammad Bamani Moghadam. 2010. Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Glucuronic Acid Production Using Kombucha Layer on Sour Cherry Juice. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8): 3250-3256, ISSN 1991-8178. [6] Nafiseh Yavari, Mahnaz Mazaheri Assadi, Mohammad Bamani Moghadam, Kambiz Larijani. 2011. Optimizing Glucuronic Acid Production Using Tea Fungus on Grape Juice by Response Surface Methodology. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(11): 1788-1794, ISSN 1991-8178. [7] Nguyen K. Nguyen, Ngan T.N. Dong, Phu H. Le, Huong T. Nguyen. 2014. Evaluation of the Glucuronic Acid Production and Other Biological Activities of Fermented Sweeten-Black Tea by KBC Layer and the Co-Culture with Different Lactobacillus sp. Strains. International Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), vol.4, iss.5, ISSN: 2249–6645. [8] Plackett R. L., Burman J.P., 1946. The design of optimum multifactorial experiments. Biometrika 37: 305-325. [9] Castillo E Del. 2007. Process Optimization A Statistical Approach. Springer Science. New York, USA: 118-122. [10] Pederson C. S., 1995. Microbiology of food fermentation. AVI Publishers, USA. [11] Heath P. B. et al., 2012. Personal cleansing compositions comprising a bacterial cellulose netwoek and cationic polymer. US 8097574B2, USA Patent. [12] Hestrin S., Schramm M. 1954. Factor affecting production of cellulose at the air liquid interface of a culture of Acetobacter xylinum. Journal of General Microbiology, 11: 123-129. [13] Hwang, J.W., Hwang, J.K., Pvun, Y. R., Kim, Y.s. (1999) Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on cellulose production by Acetobacter xylimim BRC5 in agitated culture. J Ferment Bioeng, 88: 183-188. [14] Jonas R. R., Luiz. 1998. Production and application of microbial cellulose. Polymer degradation and stability, 59: 101-106