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www.ijcsit-apm.com International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 1
IJCSIT, Vol. 1, Issue 3 (June 2014) e-ISSN: 1694-2329 | p-ISSN: 1694-2345
A REVIEW ON TECHNIQUES FOR
INCREASING CONNECTIVITY AND LIFE
OF ZIGBEE NETWORKS1
Roop kamal kaur, 2
Dr. Dinesh Arora
1,2
Gurukul Vidyapeeth Institute of Engg. & Technology, Banur, Punjab, India
1
roopkamal7@gmail.com, 2
drdinesh169@gmail.com
Abstract: Zigbee is a wireless communication standard
based on IEEE 802.15.4. Zigbee standard is designed for
wireless sensor network and control networks with low
power consumption, low data rate and low cost. Sensor
devices are randomly established in some applications and
some of these devices may become isolated from the
network due to the constraints of configuration parameters
in Zigbee networks. Due to the isolated nodes, an expected
network operation become unreached. In this paper, we
are defining techniques for reducing the isolated nodes in
the Zigbee network. To reduce the isolated nodes, a
connectivity improving mechanism is proposed which
utilizes a connection shifting scheme to increase the join
ratio of established devices. Another approach to reduce
isolated node is Extended joining procedure which can
efficiently reconstructs the part of the network. We also
introduce a swapping method which extends the life of the
network and balance the energy consumption of the
nodes. This paper also proposes an optimized connectivity
scheme which decreases the isolated nodes and prolongs
the life of the network. In this paper we are describing
these approaches in detail.
Keywords: Zigbee network, connectivity, isolated,
wireless sensor networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
Zigbee is a wireless communication standard based on
IEEE 802.15.4. Zigbee standard is designed for wireless
sensor network and control networks with low power
consumption, low data rate and low cost. Zigbee is used in
various applications: Electrical meters with in home
displays, traffic management systems, industrial
automation, building automation, lighting control, energy
automation etc.
Zigbee includes two layers specified by 802.15.4 : PHY
and MAC. The PHY layer defines the physical and
electrical characteristics of the network. The basic task of
the PHY layer is data transmission and reception. The
MAC layer is responsible for beacon generation if device
is a coordinator, implementing carrier sense multiple
access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA), handling
guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism, data transfer
services for upper layers.
Zigbee Stack
This gives an overview of Zigbee specification. ZigBee is
built on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee
provides routing and multi-hop functions to the packet-
based radio protocol.
Fig. 1 Zigbee stack
Zigbee stack resides on a Zigbee logical device and there
are three logical device types:
a. Coordinator
b. Router
c. End device
Wireless standards comparasion
Wireless
parameter
Bluetooth Wi-fi Zigbee
Frequency 2.5GHz 2.5GHz 2.5GHz
Physical/MA
C layers
IEEE
802.15.1
IEEE
802.11b
IEEE
802.15.4
Range 9m 75 to 90m Indoors:
upto 30 m
Outdoors(li
ne of
sight): upto
100m
Current
Consumption
60 mA
(Tx mode)
400 mA
(Tx mode)
20 mA
(Standby
mode)
25-35 mA
(Tx mode)
3 µA
(Standby
mode)
Raw data rate 1 Mbps 11 Mbps 250 Kbps
Protocol stack
size
250 KB 1 MB
32 KB
4 KB (for
limited
function
end
devices)
Typical >3 sec variable, 1 30 ms
International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 2 www.ijcsit-apm.com
network join
time
sec
typically
typically
Interference
avoidance
method
FHSS(Fre
quency
hopping
spread
spectrum)
DSSS(Dire
ct sequence
spread
spectrum)
DSSS(Dire
ct sequence
spread
spectrum)
Minimum
quiet
bandwidth
required
15
MHz(dyn
amic)
22
MHz(static
)
3MHz(stati
c)
Maximum
number of
nodes per
network
7
32 per
access
point
64 K
Number of
channels
19 13 16
Zigbee Features
Throughput: 250 Kbps at 2.4 Ghz with 16 Channels/40
Kbps at 915 Mhz with 10 Channels.
Battery life: Low power design ,Around 1000 Days.
Scalability: Highly scalable network that can accomodate
up to 64,000 nodes using a single coordinator.
Cost: As compared to Wi-Fi,Zigbee Routers and sensors
cost very less and hence are more suitable for bulk
deployment.
Network Topology: Zigbee uses Mesh Topology, Star
Topology and Peer-to-peer Topology and and can work
any one of them.
Zigbee Network Joining Scheme
Three types of devices are defined by Zigbee are: Zigbee
Coordinator (ZC), Zigbee Router (ZR), Zigbee End
Device (ZED). In Zigbee Neworks only one ZC and
multiple ZRs are used. In Zigbee only ZC and ZRs are
responsible for packet
forwarding and can accepts join request. Every device can
join to one device at most. Zigbee can support three types
of topologies: Star , Mesh, Tree. Hardware requirement of
a device is very simple to join in a network with tree
topology. Figure shows Zigbee network with tree
topology.
Fig. 2 Zigbee Network with tree topology
A mechanism that is Distributed Address Assignment is
designed which is also known as Cskip, to allocate
network addresses for the joined node in Zigbe networks.
To allocate their child nodes, each device has an address
space. Three configuration parameters defined by Zigbee
to control the network are nwkMaxChildren,
nwkMaxDepth and nwkMaxRouters.
[I] Connectivity Improving Mechanism
Figure 3 shows an example of Zigbee network. The
network configuration parameters described in the
previous section will cause some join failures is shown in
Fig 3(a). Now assume that three parameters
nwkMaxChildren, nwkMaxRouters, nwkMaxDepth are
equal to 3, 2, and 3 respectively. Through node A or B
node will get ZR node will get failures to join the network
due to the excesses of the children of A or B even though A
and B are both in the communication range of D.Due to
the excess of depth limitation, D will still get failure to
join to C. Due to this reason, node D becomes an isolated
node of the Zigbee network.Because only the joined nodes
are allowed to accept the join requests of other unjoined
nodes in the network so it is unable to accept any join
request comes from other nodes. So the ZR device M and
ZED device N will become isolated nodes, too. The node
P will become isolated from the network because of the
similar situation. Fig 3(b) shows the network connectivity
improvement. Node G has a capacity of one ZR children,
in fact, the ZR child E of node A does not have to join the
network through A.An other choice can be node G to
which allows ZR node E to join. Node A will become
joinable for the isolated node D, if node E selects G rather
than node A to join. Then ZR node M and ZED node N
will be allowed to join to D. After the ZED node R
performed the change of join target from Z to G, similarly
ZED node P can successfully join to node Z. Connection
change of node E from node A to G and connection
change of node R from Z to G is called shifting. Shifting
node E and R will make the Zigbee network an increase of
four nodes. By this improvement not only the reduction of
isolated sensors and wasted costs is improved but the
performance growth of the Zigbee sensor network is also
improved.
Fig. 3 Illustration of Zigbee connectivity issue
Zigbee MAC Beacon Format
Figure 4 shows the format of Zigbee MAC beacon. MAC
payload consists of four fields: Superframe specification,
GTS Field, Pending address field and Beacon payload.
And beacon payload is further divided into 10 fields.
Every fields do different tasks. Figure 4(a) shows that
reserved field consists of tw parts. Each part is of one bit.
One bit is for swapping and one bit is for shifting
information.
www.ijcsit-apm.com International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 3
Fig. 4 Payload format of zigbee MAC beacon
Fig. 4(a) The MAC beacon payload with the shiftable flag
[II] Extended Joining Scheme
Extended joining scheme consists of two methods. First
method is to reconstructs the part of the network to
connect more devices (Enhancement Connectivity
Scheme) and the second method is swapping to improve
the connectivity. If a potential parent receives join requests
from multiple isolated nodes then its selection cannot
achieve the best connectivity of the network while using
the method in the previous scheme.
Description
Extended joining process is shown in the figure 5. In this
example there are five isolated nodes that contains B and I
as ZRs and J, K and R as ZEDs. In Fig. 5, node G has a
capacity to accept one more child so children C of
potential parent A and children M of potential parent L
can connect to G. In this method, beacons are used to
announce the acceptance of th child. So nodes A and L use
beacons to announce the acceptance of more children.If
node B wants to join to its potential parent A and node I
wants to join to its potential parent L then they have to
scan how many isolated nodes come within their
communication range. Now, From an example, node B has
one child and node I has two children. Due to network
parameters, node G has capacity to accept one more child.
After the joining of So node M to node G, node L accepts
node I as its child and isolated nodes J and K can
successfully join in the network through node I but nodes
B and R cannot join in the network. Our Extended Joining
Procedure decreases three isolated nodes. After the first
part of Extended Joining Process, Fig. 6 shows the Zigbee
Network of Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 An example of Extended Joining Process
Fig. 6 The Zigbee Network of Fig. 5 after our Extended Joining
Process
[a] Swapping Process
In the Swapping process, swapping of nodes will be done
so that connectivity and life of the Zigbee Networks can
be improved. In Fig. 5, node P announces the acceptance
of more ZRs as its children. When node P receives the
joining request from the node B then node P disconnects
its child node Q and connects a new node B as its child.
Now, node B is successfully connected with a node P and
node B has capacity to accept more nodes as its child. So,
node Q and node R will be connected to node B as its
child. Figure 7 shows our Swapping process.
Fig. 7 Zigbee Network of Fig. 5 after our Swapping process
The Swapping Process is stopped when two
situations occur. First, when all residual energies of leaf
ZRs are lower than that of internode ZR, then the
swapping process is stopped. Second, it is necessary that
the communication range of the selected node has to reach
to all those nodes that connects to the internode ZR. If this
condition is not satisfied by all children then the swapping
process is stopped. The process of swapping is as follows:
Step 1. The ZR sets the swapping flag as TRUE, if the
residual electric voltage of the battery in an internode ZR
International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 4 www.ijcsit-apm.com
is lower than the threshold and announces that its energy is
exhausted.
Step 2. The internode ZR selects highest residual electric
voltage leaf ZR after receiving statuses of residual electric
voltages from all leaf ZRs. Swapping process is terminated
if residual energies of all the leaf ZRs are lower than that
of internode ZR.
Step 3. The internode ZR, then notifies about the selected
leaf ZR and also then transfer the routing infomation to the
selected leaf ZR.
Step 4. After that, the selected leaf ZR announces to all the
nodes that it is the new router and wait for the replies from
all the devices.
Step 5. If the selected leaf ZR fails to receive replies from
some devices that connecs to the internode ZR then leaf
ZR has to send the transfer failure message to the
internode ZR.
Step 6. If the transfer failure message is received by the
internode ZR then the leaf ZR with the highest residual
electric voltage is selected by the internode ZR from the
remaining leaf ZRs.
Step 7. The selected leaf ZR becomes a new internode ZR
after receiving all the replies and send acknowledge to the
old internode ZR that the tranfer is successfully done.
Step 8. The old internode ZR stops routing while it
receives the successful transfer message and becomes the
leaf ZR of the new internode ZR.
[III] Optimized Connectivity Scheme
An energy depletion limitation is found in the swapping
process. When energy is depleted then the internode
Zigbee router send requests to its child nodes and then find
all the replacements bases of residual energy that should
be more than threshold. Swapping process is terminated if
energy level is less and router goes to sleep[3].
A new technique is proposed called Optimized
Connectivity Scheme.In Optimized Connectivity Scheme
the Zigbee router swapping process is updated by energy
level checking of the isolatd nodes. Energy level of each
isolated is checked. By selecting nodes having better
energy carrying capacity, the connectivity and life of the
Zigbee Networks is increases. These all techniques shows
how the connectivity and life of the Zigbee Networks
increases and isolated nodes decreases. These can be
implemented using Opnet simulator.
CONCLUSION
Zigbee is a wireless communication standard based on
IEEE 802.15.4. Zigbee standard is designed for wireless
sensor network and control networks with low power
consumption, low data rate and low cost. Zigbee is uesd is
in various applications like home automation, industrial
automation, building automation etc. This paper is based
on increasing the connectivity and life of the Zigbee
Networks by various techniques and hence improve the
network efficiency. In these techniques specific depth is
considered so that scalability can be increased. As
compared to the previous techniques, throughput is high in
optimized connecivity scheme due to the energy saving
while swapping devices.
REFERENCES
[1] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification, V1.0, Dec. 2004.
[2] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee-2007 Specification, Oct. 2007.
[3] C.M. Wu, R.S. Chang, P.I. Lee, J.H. Yen, “An innovative
scheme for increasing connectivity and life of ZigBee networks,”
Spri Business Media, LLC 2011.
[4] Song TW, Yang CS (2008) A connectivity improving
mechanism for Zigbee wireless sensor networks, In: Proceedings
conference on embedded and ubiquitous computing, pp 495
[5] IEEE Standard Committee, IEEE Standard 802, Part 15.4:
Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
Networks (LR-WPANs), Oct. 2003.
[6] K.K. Lee, S.H. Kim, and H.S. Park, “Cluster Labelbased
ZigBee Routing Protocol with High Scalability”, 2nd
International Conference on Systems and Networks
Communications (ICSNC'07), Cap Esterel, France, Aug. 25- 31,
2007, pp.12.
[7] G. Ding, Z. Sahinoglu, P. Orlik, J. Zhang, and B. Bhargava,
“Tree-Based Data Broadcast in IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 5 (11),
2006, pp. 1561-1574.
[8] T. Clouqueur, V. Phipatanasuphorn, P. Ramanathan, and
K.K. Saluja, “Sensor Deployment Strategy for Target Detection”,
1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks
and Applications (WSNA'02), Atlanta, USA, Sep. 28, 2002, pp.
42-48.
[9] Antonopoulos E, Kosmatopoulos K, Laopoulos T (2009)
Reducing power consumption in pseudo-ZigBee sensor
networks. In: Proceedings of instrumentation and measurement
technology conference, Singapore, pp 300–304
[10] Casilari E, Cano-Garcia JM, Campos-Garrido G (2010)
Modeling of current consumption in 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor
motes. Trans Sens 2010(10):5443–5468. doi:10.3390/
s100605443
[11] Cook DJ, Das SK (2004)Wireless sensor networks. Smart
environments: technologies, protocols, and applications. Wiley,
New York.
[12] Dil B, Dulman S, Havinga P (2006) Range-based
localization in mobile sensor networks. In: Proceedings of third
European workshop on wireless sensor networks, Zurich,
Switzerland, pp 164–179
[13] Ding G, Sahinoglu Z, Bhargava B, Orlik P, Zhang J (2006)
Reliable broadcast in ZigBee networks. In: Proceedings of 2nd
annual IEEE communications society conference on sensor and
ad hoc communications and networks, Santa Clara, USA, pp
510–520
[14] Ding G, Sahinoglu Z, Orlik P, Zhang J, Bhargava B (2006)
Tree-based data broadcast in IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 5(11):1561–1574
[15]IEEE 802.15.4 standard (2003) Wireless medium access
control and physical layer specifications for low-rate wireless
personal area networks (LR-WPANs). IEEE Computer Society
Press, Los Alamitos
[16] Kim T, Kim D, Park N, Yoo S, Lopez TS (2007) Shortcut
tree routing in ZigBee networks. In: Proceedings of 2nd
international symposium on wireless pervasive computing
(ISWPC’07), San Juan, Puerto Rico, pp 42–47
[17] Lin S, Liu J, Fang Y (2007) ZigBee based wireless sensor
networks and its applications in industrial. In: Proceedings of the
2007 IEEE international conference on automation and logistics,
NJ USA, pp 1979–1983
[18] Pan MS, Tsai CH, Tseng YC (2009) The orphan problem in
ZigBee wireless networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput,
8(11):1573–1584
[19] Wheeler A (2007) Commercial applications of wireless
sensor
[20] J. Zheng, J.M. Lee, Senior Member and Michael Anshel,
“Toward Secure Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks,”
Computing, vol. 5, no. 10, October 2006.
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Comprehensive Analysis of the MAC Unreliability Problem in
IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics
www.ijcsit-apm.com International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 5
[22] B.Giovanni, “Experimental Investigation of the
Electromagnetic Interference of Zigbee Transmitters on
Measurement Instruments,” on Instrumentation and
Measurement, pp 172
[23] Y.H. Lin, I.C. Jan, P. C.I. KO, Y.-Y. Chen, J.M. Wong, and
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A REVIEW ON TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASING CONNECTIVITY AND LIFE OF ZIGBEE NETWORKS

  • 1. www.ijcsit-apm.com International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 1 IJCSIT, Vol. 1, Issue 3 (June 2014) e-ISSN: 1694-2329 | p-ISSN: 1694-2345 A REVIEW ON TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASING CONNECTIVITY AND LIFE OF ZIGBEE NETWORKS1 Roop kamal kaur, 2 Dr. Dinesh Arora 1,2 Gurukul Vidyapeeth Institute of Engg. & Technology, Banur, Punjab, India 1 roopkamal7@gmail.com, 2 drdinesh169@gmail.com Abstract: Zigbee is a wireless communication standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. Zigbee standard is designed for wireless sensor network and control networks with low power consumption, low data rate and low cost. Sensor devices are randomly established in some applications and some of these devices may become isolated from the network due to the constraints of configuration parameters in Zigbee networks. Due to the isolated nodes, an expected network operation become unreached. In this paper, we are defining techniques for reducing the isolated nodes in the Zigbee network. To reduce the isolated nodes, a connectivity improving mechanism is proposed which utilizes a connection shifting scheme to increase the join ratio of established devices. Another approach to reduce isolated node is Extended joining procedure which can efficiently reconstructs the part of the network. We also introduce a swapping method which extends the life of the network and balance the energy consumption of the nodes. This paper also proposes an optimized connectivity scheme which decreases the isolated nodes and prolongs the life of the network. In this paper we are describing these approaches in detail. Keywords: Zigbee network, connectivity, isolated, wireless sensor networks. I. INTRODUCTION Zigbee is a wireless communication standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. Zigbee standard is designed for wireless sensor network and control networks with low power consumption, low data rate and low cost. Zigbee is used in various applications: Electrical meters with in home displays, traffic management systems, industrial automation, building automation, lighting control, energy automation etc. Zigbee includes two layers specified by 802.15.4 : PHY and MAC. The PHY layer defines the physical and electrical characteristics of the network. The basic task of the PHY layer is data transmission and reception. The MAC layer is responsible for beacon generation if device is a coordinator, implementing carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA), handling guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism, data transfer services for upper layers. Zigbee Stack This gives an overview of Zigbee specification. ZigBee is built on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee provides routing and multi-hop functions to the packet- based radio protocol. Fig. 1 Zigbee stack Zigbee stack resides on a Zigbee logical device and there are three logical device types: a. Coordinator b. Router c. End device Wireless standards comparasion Wireless parameter Bluetooth Wi-fi Zigbee Frequency 2.5GHz 2.5GHz 2.5GHz Physical/MA C layers IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.15.4 Range 9m 75 to 90m Indoors: upto 30 m Outdoors(li ne of sight): upto 100m Current Consumption 60 mA (Tx mode) 400 mA (Tx mode) 20 mA (Standby mode) 25-35 mA (Tx mode) 3 µA (Standby mode) Raw data rate 1 Mbps 11 Mbps 250 Kbps Protocol stack size 250 KB 1 MB 32 KB 4 KB (for limited function end devices) Typical >3 sec variable, 1 30 ms
  • 2. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 2 www.ijcsit-apm.com network join time sec typically typically Interference avoidance method FHSS(Fre quency hopping spread spectrum) DSSS(Dire ct sequence spread spectrum) DSSS(Dire ct sequence spread spectrum) Minimum quiet bandwidth required 15 MHz(dyn amic) 22 MHz(static ) 3MHz(stati c) Maximum number of nodes per network 7 32 per access point 64 K Number of channels 19 13 16 Zigbee Features Throughput: 250 Kbps at 2.4 Ghz with 16 Channels/40 Kbps at 915 Mhz with 10 Channels. Battery life: Low power design ,Around 1000 Days. Scalability: Highly scalable network that can accomodate up to 64,000 nodes using a single coordinator. Cost: As compared to Wi-Fi,Zigbee Routers and sensors cost very less and hence are more suitable for bulk deployment. Network Topology: Zigbee uses Mesh Topology, Star Topology and Peer-to-peer Topology and and can work any one of them. Zigbee Network Joining Scheme Three types of devices are defined by Zigbee are: Zigbee Coordinator (ZC), Zigbee Router (ZR), Zigbee End Device (ZED). In Zigbee Neworks only one ZC and multiple ZRs are used. In Zigbee only ZC and ZRs are responsible for packet forwarding and can accepts join request. Every device can join to one device at most. Zigbee can support three types of topologies: Star , Mesh, Tree. Hardware requirement of a device is very simple to join in a network with tree topology. Figure shows Zigbee network with tree topology. Fig. 2 Zigbee Network with tree topology A mechanism that is Distributed Address Assignment is designed which is also known as Cskip, to allocate network addresses for the joined node in Zigbe networks. To allocate their child nodes, each device has an address space. Three configuration parameters defined by Zigbee to control the network are nwkMaxChildren, nwkMaxDepth and nwkMaxRouters. [I] Connectivity Improving Mechanism Figure 3 shows an example of Zigbee network. The network configuration parameters described in the previous section will cause some join failures is shown in Fig 3(a). Now assume that three parameters nwkMaxChildren, nwkMaxRouters, nwkMaxDepth are equal to 3, 2, and 3 respectively. Through node A or B node will get ZR node will get failures to join the network due to the excesses of the children of A or B even though A and B are both in the communication range of D.Due to the excess of depth limitation, D will still get failure to join to C. Due to this reason, node D becomes an isolated node of the Zigbee network.Because only the joined nodes are allowed to accept the join requests of other unjoined nodes in the network so it is unable to accept any join request comes from other nodes. So the ZR device M and ZED device N will become isolated nodes, too. The node P will become isolated from the network because of the similar situation. Fig 3(b) shows the network connectivity improvement. Node G has a capacity of one ZR children, in fact, the ZR child E of node A does not have to join the network through A.An other choice can be node G to which allows ZR node E to join. Node A will become joinable for the isolated node D, if node E selects G rather than node A to join. Then ZR node M and ZED node N will be allowed to join to D. After the ZED node R performed the change of join target from Z to G, similarly ZED node P can successfully join to node Z. Connection change of node E from node A to G and connection change of node R from Z to G is called shifting. Shifting node E and R will make the Zigbee network an increase of four nodes. By this improvement not only the reduction of isolated sensors and wasted costs is improved but the performance growth of the Zigbee sensor network is also improved. Fig. 3 Illustration of Zigbee connectivity issue Zigbee MAC Beacon Format Figure 4 shows the format of Zigbee MAC beacon. MAC payload consists of four fields: Superframe specification, GTS Field, Pending address field and Beacon payload. And beacon payload is further divided into 10 fields. Every fields do different tasks. Figure 4(a) shows that reserved field consists of tw parts. Each part is of one bit. One bit is for swapping and one bit is for shifting information.
  • 3. www.ijcsit-apm.com International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 3 Fig. 4 Payload format of zigbee MAC beacon Fig. 4(a) The MAC beacon payload with the shiftable flag [II] Extended Joining Scheme Extended joining scheme consists of two methods. First method is to reconstructs the part of the network to connect more devices (Enhancement Connectivity Scheme) and the second method is swapping to improve the connectivity. If a potential parent receives join requests from multiple isolated nodes then its selection cannot achieve the best connectivity of the network while using the method in the previous scheme. Description Extended joining process is shown in the figure 5. In this example there are five isolated nodes that contains B and I as ZRs and J, K and R as ZEDs. In Fig. 5, node G has a capacity to accept one more child so children C of potential parent A and children M of potential parent L can connect to G. In this method, beacons are used to announce the acceptance of th child. So nodes A and L use beacons to announce the acceptance of more children.If node B wants to join to its potential parent A and node I wants to join to its potential parent L then they have to scan how many isolated nodes come within their communication range. Now, From an example, node B has one child and node I has two children. Due to network parameters, node G has capacity to accept one more child. After the joining of So node M to node G, node L accepts node I as its child and isolated nodes J and K can successfully join in the network through node I but nodes B and R cannot join in the network. Our Extended Joining Procedure decreases three isolated nodes. After the first part of Extended Joining Process, Fig. 6 shows the Zigbee Network of Fig. 5. Fig. 5 An example of Extended Joining Process Fig. 6 The Zigbee Network of Fig. 5 after our Extended Joining Process [a] Swapping Process In the Swapping process, swapping of nodes will be done so that connectivity and life of the Zigbee Networks can be improved. In Fig. 5, node P announces the acceptance of more ZRs as its children. When node P receives the joining request from the node B then node P disconnects its child node Q and connects a new node B as its child. Now, node B is successfully connected with a node P and node B has capacity to accept more nodes as its child. So, node Q and node R will be connected to node B as its child. Figure 7 shows our Swapping process. Fig. 7 Zigbee Network of Fig. 5 after our Swapping process The Swapping Process is stopped when two situations occur. First, when all residual energies of leaf ZRs are lower than that of internode ZR, then the swapping process is stopped. Second, it is necessary that the communication range of the selected node has to reach to all those nodes that connects to the internode ZR. If this condition is not satisfied by all children then the swapping process is stopped. The process of swapping is as follows: Step 1. The ZR sets the swapping flag as TRUE, if the residual electric voltage of the battery in an internode ZR
  • 4. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology 4 www.ijcsit-apm.com is lower than the threshold and announces that its energy is exhausted. Step 2. The internode ZR selects highest residual electric voltage leaf ZR after receiving statuses of residual electric voltages from all leaf ZRs. Swapping process is terminated if residual energies of all the leaf ZRs are lower than that of internode ZR. Step 3. The internode ZR, then notifies about the selected leaf ZR and also then transfer the routing infomation to the selected leaf ZR. Step 4. After that, the selected leaf ZR announces to all the nodes that it is the new router and wait for the replies from all the devices. Step 5. If the selected leaf ZR fails to receive replies from some devices that connecs to the internode ZR then leaf ZR has to send the transfer failure message to the internode ZR. Step 6. If the transfer failure message is received by the internode ZR then the leaf ZR with the highest residual electric voltage is selected by the internode ZR from the remaining leaf ZRs. Step 7. The selected leaf ZR becomes a new internode ZR after receiving all the replies and send acknowledge to the old internode ZR that the tranfer is successfully done. Step 8. The old internode ZR stops routing while it receives the successful transfer message and becomes the leaf ZR of the new internode ZR. [III] Optimized Connectivity Scheme An energy depletion limitation is found in the swapping process. When energy is depleted then the internode Zigbee router send requests to its child nodes and then find all the replacements bases of residual energy that should be more than threshold. Swapping process is terminated if energy level is less and router goes to sleep[3]. A new technique is proposed called Optimized Connectivity Scheme.In Optimized Connectivity Scheme the Zigbee router swapping process is updated by energy level checking of the isolatd nodes. Energy level of each isolated is checked. By selecting nodes having better energy carrying capacity, the connectivity and life of the Zigbee Networks is increases. These all techniques shows how the connectivity and life of the Zigbee Networks increases and isolated nodes decreases. These can be implemented using Opnet simulator. CONCLUSION Zigbee is a wireless communication standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. Zigbee standard is designed for wireless sensor network and control networks with low power consumption, low data rate and low cost. Zigbee is uesd is in various applications like home automation, industrial automation, building automation etc. This paper is based on increasing the connectivity and life of the Zigbee Networks by various techniques and hence improve the network efficiency. In these techniques specific depth is considered so that scalability can be increased. As compared to the previous techniques, throughput is high in optimized connecivity scheme due to the energy saving while swapping devices. REFERENCES [1] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification, V1.0, Dec. 2004. [2] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee-2007 Specification, Oct. 2007. [3] C.M. Wu, R.S. Chang, P.I. Lee, J.H. Yen, “An innovative scheme for increasing connectivity and life of ZigBee networks,” Spri Business Media, LLC 2011. [4] Song TW, Yang CS (2008) A connectivity improving mechanism for Zigbee wireless sensor networks, In: Proceedings conference on embedded and ubiquitous computing, pp 495 [5] IEEE Standard Committee, IEEE Standard 802, Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), Oct. 2003. [6] K.K. Lee, S.H. Kim, and H.S. 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