1) The document lists the work experience of Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao from 1992 to 2009 at various institutes including the National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 2) It then provides an outline for a presentation on sustainable soil fertility management and emerging issues and future challenges. The outline includes topics on potassium nutrition, nutrient deficiencies in rainfed agriculture, carbon sequestration strategies, and soil fertility management strategies from an African context. 3) Yield stagnation in grain legumes may

1. Sl. Name of the Institute Name of post From To
No.
Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao Work Experience
1) National Academy of Agricultural Scientist (P) 1992 1993
Research and Management,
Hyderabad, India
2) Indian Institute of Soil Science, Scientist 1992 1998
Bhopal, India
3) Indian Institute of Senior Scientist 1998 2003
Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
4) Central Research Senior Scientist 2003 2005
Institute for Dryland Agriculture
Hyderabad, India
5) Central Research Principal Scientist 2006 Till
Institute for Dryland Agriculture date
Hyderabad, India
6) Director General, International Crops Soil Scientist 2006 Jan,
Research (On Deputation) January 2009
Institute for the Semi Arid (3 Years)
Research, Patancheru (CGIAR), India
7) Tel –Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel One Year Jan 1999 Dec
(Post Doctoral) 1999

2. Sustainable Soil Fertility
Management: Emerging Issues
and Future Challenges
Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao
Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh,
India
At
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
Ibadan, Nigeria
On 30-4-2009

3. Out Line
Potassium nutrition of crop plants. Why to include
nonexchangeable potassium in soil testing ?
Whether nutrient management can break yield
stagnation in grain legumes.
Emerging nutrient deficiencies in rainfed agriculture! Are
dryland soils are not only thirsty but also hungry ?
Carbon sequestration strategies: Trends from long term
manurial trials
CGIAR Experiences
Strategies for soil fertility management – from African
context- Way forward !

4. I) Potassium nutrition of crop plants. Why to include
nonexchangeable potassium in soil testing ?
Nutrient uptake in long-term fertilizer experiments under intensive
cropping systems in India
Cropping Soil Yield Nutrient uptake (kg/ha/year)
type (t/ha)
N P K Total
Maize- Incepti 6.8+0.6 240 45 250 535
wheat- sols
cowpea
(F)
Maize- Molliso 9.5+1.9 260 65 295 620
wheat- ls
cowpea
(F)
Soybean- Vertisol 6.3 285 44 225 554
wheat s
Soybean- Alfisols 4.2 220 35 170 425
wheat

5. Fertilizer consumption ratios in India
Consu 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2004 2005
mption -61 -71 -81 -91 -02 -05 -06
N 1.4 9.0 21 43 59 62 67
P2O5 0.4 3.3 7 17 23 24 27
K2O 0.2 1.4 4 7 9 11 13
Total 2 14 32 68 90 97 107
P2O5:K2 0.37: 0.37: 0.33: 0.40: 0.37: 0.39: 0.40:
O 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.18 0.18
(N=1.0)
Food Production in India Sub Continent
50  220 Million Tonnes

6. An illustrative balance sheet of NPK in Indian
Agriculture (2001) (balance „000)
Nutrient Additions Removal Balance
N 10,933 9,613 1,310
P2O5 4,188 3,702 486
K2O 1,454 11,657 -10,202
Total 16,565 24,971 -8,406
Net Balance of K is Negative

7. Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Potassium Status in Different Soil Types of
India
Exchangeable K in different soil types of India Nonexchagneable K in different soil types of
India
Surface Surface
140 Sub-surface 1200
Exchangeable K (mg kg )
Sub-surface
)
-1
-1
Nonexchangeable K (mg kg
120 1000
100
800
80
600
60
40 400
20 200
0 0
Inceptisols Vertisols Alfisols Inceptisols Vertisols Alfisols
Acidic red and lateritic soils, light textured and acidic alluvial and shallow
black soils are deficient in K
Srinivasa Rao et al., Soil Science (2001)

8. Cumulative K release from Bangalore profile Cumulative K release from Solapur profile
under finger millet production system under rabi sorghum based production system
400
0-15 3000 0-15
Cum ulative K release
Cum ulative K release
350 15-30
2500 15-30
300 30-45
30-45
(m g/kg)
(m g/kg)
45-60 2000
250 45-60
60-75 1500
200
75-90
60-75
1000 75-90
150 90-105
500 90-105
100
I II III IV V VI VII VIII I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Extraction No Extraction No
Cumulative K release from Hoshiarpur profile
under maize based production system
Greater
2550 Srinivasa Rao et
cumulative K release
variations in K 0-15
al. Indian Soc.
2050 15-30
status
(mg/kg)
1550 30-45 Soil Sci (2006)
mineralogically 45-60
1050
different soil 60-75
550
types I II III IV V VI VII VIII
75-90
90-105
Extraction No

9. X-Ray diffraction intensity ratio of the peak heights of
001/002 basal reflection in the silt and clay fraction of
some A.P.soils
Soil Series Taxonomy Parent Size Fraction
Material
50-2 um <2 um
Kasireddipalli Vertisol Deccan 1.56 1.04
basalt
Patancheru Alfisol Granite 1.77 1.80
gneiss
Nalgonda Alfisol Granite 2.00 1.87
gneiss
Mica or illite content in clay or silt fraction of soil is important factor for K
supplying power of particular soil
Srinivasa Rao et al. J. Plant Nutrition and Soil Sci. 1998

10. Exchangeable K (mg/kg)
350
300
250 Continues cropping reduces soil
200 K to minimum levels Vertisol
150
100
50
0
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Successive Crops
2.5
1980 1994
K Buffering Power
2
20 years of cropping reduced K 1.5
buffering capacity of soils in
Inceptisol 1
0.5
0
C N NP NPK NPK+FYM
Srinivasa Rao et al. Australian J. Soil Sci. (1999)
Srinivasa Rao et al. Communications in Soil Pl. An (2001)
Srinviasa Rao et al. J. Plant Nutri. Soil Sci. (1994)

11. 4000
3500 K Removal
3000 Change in Soil K
kg K ha-1
2500
Change in soil reserve K is in
2000
tune of crop K uptake
1500
1000
500
0
C N NP NPK NPK+FYM
Nonexchangeable K fraction
in soil and its release rate is
utmost important
Srinivasa Rao et al. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (2001)

12. Nonexchangeable K release rate constants of Inceptisols as influenced by 14
years of Rice-Rice cropping, fertilization and manuring in 0.01 M citric acid
(Zero order X 102)(Hyderabad)
Treatment 1980 1994
0-73 h 0-217 h 0-73 h 0-217 h
Control 53 29 33 22
100% N 40 26 33 20
100% NP 36 23 29 16
100% NPK 63 32 52 25
100% NPK+FYM 75 37 53 28
Drastic reductions in K release rates from Inceptisol after
14 years of cropping
Srinivasa Rao et al. Australian J. Soil Sci. (1999)

13. Severe potassium depletion results in soil
clay degradation in rhizosphere of cereals
X Ray Diffractogram of soil clay before and after
potassium depletion

14. Categorization of soils based on soil K reserves and K recommendations for different rainfed regions in India
Cate Exchangeable Non- Locations Recommendation
gory K exchangeable
K
1 Low Low Bangalore, Inclusion of K in fertilization is must as
Anantapur fingermillet based production system at
Bangalore is K exhaustive and soil K status is
low
2 Low Medium S.K.Nagar, K fertilization is essential as maize and
Ballowal-Saunkri, pearlmillet systems are K exhaustive and
Rakh-Dhiansar
soil K levels are low.
3 Low High Agra, Ranchi, K additions at critical stages of crops
Varanasi improve yield levels.
4 Medium Low Akola Continuous cotton system needs K addition at critical
stages as nonexchangeable K fraction does not contribute
to plant K nutrition substantially.
5 Medium Medium Phulbani As soils are light textured, maintenance doses of
K may be required for upland rice systems
6 Medium High Hisar, Arjia, Crops may not need immediate K
Faizabad additions.
7 High Low Bijapur Long term sorghum system would need
K additions after few years
8 High Medium Rajkot, Kovilpatti, K application is not required
Bellary, Solapur, immediately.
Indore
9 High High Jhansi, Rewa K application is not required.
Srinivasa Rao et al. Australian J. Soil Research (2007)

15. K content in healthy and affected banana leaves and
corresponding soil test K in soils of Krishna district
Location Healthy Affected
Range Mean Range Mean
K content (%)
Nujvid 3.00-3.55 3.25 1.00-1..65 1.25
Vijayawada 2.25-3.50 3.10 1.62-1.85 1.73
Soil Test K (kg/ha)
Nujvid 250-330 286 117-196 145
Vijayawada 319-418 395 220-286 234
Drastic reductions in K content of banana in K deficient soils

16. Cassava tuber yield response to major nutrients
Treatm Puthiragoundanpal Paravakkadu
ents ayam
Yield Yield Yield Yield
Increase Increase
(t/ha) (%) (t/ha) (%)
Kc80 (1:1:1) 37.9 - 34.9 -
K160 (1:1:2) 43.0 14 42.9 23
K240 52.4 38 48.1 38
(1:1:2.5)
K320 48.2 27 46.8 34
(1:1:2.5)
C.D (5%) 4.5 3.3
cCommon doses: 90 kg N, 90 kg P2O5, 47 kg Ca, 40 kg S, 6
kg Zn, and 1 kg B/ha
Kamaraj et al (2008)

17. K Deficiency
•Therefore, nonexchangeable K content
in soil should be included in soil testing.
•Method for estimation standardized
•Results into efficient utilization of
costly input which is completely
imported
Awards
International Potash Institute, Switzerland
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Indian Science Congress Association
Indian Society of Soil Science
Indian Science Congress

18. II) Whether nutrient management can break yield
stagnation in grain legumes ?
25
20
15
Area (m ha)
10 Production (m t)
5
0
1964 1974 1984 1994 2004 2007
Productivity = around 0.6 t ha-1 (Remained Same)
Population in India increased to 1030 millions
Per capita grain legume availability decreased from 60 g in 1951 to 28
grams in 2005 ?

19. II) Whether nutrient management can break yield
stagnation in grain legumes ?
Constraints in Grain Legume Production
Grain legumes continued to be rainfed crops
Cultivation on marginal lands
Neglect of input application
Poor crop management
Biotic stresses
Lack of extension programme

20. Fig. 1 : Emerging nutrient deficiences as a result of increased
production
Production (mt)
250
200 Food Production Pulse Production
150
100
50
0
Nutrient Defic iencies
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
N
N N N N N
Fe
Fe Fe Fe Fe
P
P P P
Zn
Zn Zn Zn
K
K K K
S
S S
Mn
Mn Mn
B
B
?
Srinivasa Rao et al. IIPR Bulletin (2003)

21. Available nitrogen content in different soil types in food
legume growing regions
0-15cm
300 15-30cm
Available N (kg ha )
-1
250
200
150
100
50
0
Delhi
Ranchi
Varanasi
Sehore
Faizabad
Gulbarga
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Kanpur
Raipur
N
Deficiency
in
Chickpea
and
Fieldpea

22. Available P status in different soil types in food
legume growing regions of India
50
45 0-15cm
Available P (kg ha -1)
40 15-30cm
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Delhi
Ranchi
Varanasi
Sehore
Faizabad
Gulbarga
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Kanpur
Raipur
P Deficiency in
Chickpea in
Greenhouse and
Field Conditions
Won International Plant Nutrition
Institute Prize

23. Available S status in different soil types in
chickpea growing regions of India
0-15cm
30
15-30cm
25
Available S (kg ha -1)
20
15
10
5
0
ad
r
r
i
e
re
ad
i
a
hi
ch
as
pu
pu
or
rg
el
lo
ab
ab
an
an
an
eh
ai
ba
D
ga
R
iz
er
R
ar
K
S
ul
an
Fa
yd
G
V
B
H
Sulphur
Deficiency in
Lentil and
Fieldpea

24. Available zinc status in different soil types in food
legume growing regions
1 0-15cm
0.9 15-30cm
Zinc status (mg kg-1)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Delhi
Ranchi
Varanasi
Sehore
Faizabad
Gulbarga
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Kanpur
Raipur
Zn Deficiency
in Chickpea
Initial-Later
Stages

25. Available iron status of different soil types in food
legume growing regions
30 0-15cm
15-30cm
25
Iron status (mg kg-1)
20
15
10
5
0
Delhi
Ranchi
Varanasi
Sehore
Faizabad
Gulbarga
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Raipur
Kanpur
Iron
Deficiency
in Chickpea
and Lentil

26. Iron Deficiency in
Pigeonpea
Genotypic Variations
in Iron Deficiency in
Chickpea
Srinivasa Rao et al. IIPR Bulletin (2003)

27. Contribution of different soil layers to available nitrogen Contribution of different soil layers to available P in
content in different soil types different soil types
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20%
20%
0%
Delhi
Ranchi
Faizabad
Gulbarga
Hydearabad
0%
Raipur
Sehore
Bangalore
Kanpur
Varanasi
Delhi
Ranchi
Faizabad
Gulbarga
Hydearabad
Raipur
Sehore
Bangalore
Kanpur
Varanasi
0-15cm 0-15cm
15-30cm 15-30cm
30-45cm 30-45cm
Contribution of different soil layers to available K in Contribution of different soil layers to available S in dffiernt
different soil types soil types
100% 100%
Contribution
80% 80%
Contribution
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
hi
d
e
i
ur
r
ad
a
re
0-15cm
si
ch
0-15cm
hi
pu
d
e
i
ur
r
ad
a
re
ba
or
si
ch
rg
el
pu
np
ho
ba
or
na
rg
el
ab
np
ho
an
na
al
D
ai
ba
ab
ra
an
al
D
ai
ba
ra
ra
Ka
Se
ng
R
iz
R
ra
Ka
Se
ea
ng
ul
R
iz
R
15-30cm
ea
15-30cm
ul
Fa
Va
Fa
Va
Ba
G
yd
Ba
G
yd
H
H
30-45cm 30-45cm
Deep rooted crops such as chickpea and pigeonpea can extract nutrients
from sub-soil layers also
Srinivasa Rao et al. Indian J.Fertilizers (2004)

28. Genotypic variations in P use efficiency in chickpea
* Substantial area of chickpea cultivation in India is
concentrated on marginal and sub marginal lands having
limited nutrient supply.
* Low soil fertility, particularly phosphorus deficiency, is one
of the major constraints in increasing chickpea productivity.
* Some genotypes are known to mine the insoluble soil P and
utilize it more efficiently while others utilize applied P in a
better manner.
* Selecting genotypes with high P uptake efficiency is one of
the alternative approaches to manage P deficient soils.

29. Srinivasa Rao et al. J. Plant Nutrition (2006)

30. Srinivasa Rao et al. J. Plant Nutrition (2006)

31. Shoot Drymatter Yield of Chickpea Genotypes at Different
Levels of Applied P on multi-nutrient deficient Inceptisol
9 Control
8
Shoot Yield (g/pot)
13.5 mg/kg
7
6 27mg/kg
5
4
3
2
1
0
GPF 2
GCP 101
GCP 105
GNG 663
DCP 92-3
KPG 59
RSG 888
JG 315
Phule G-5
Pant G-
BG 413
BG 256
HK 94-134
Pusa 209
Radhey
K 850
Vikash
Sadabahar
SAK 1-
Vijay
Genotype
Srinivasa Rao et al., J. Plant Nutrition (2006)

32. •Based on these criteria, BG-256 can be
recommended under P deficient conditions.
•Further, it can be a good source in
chickpea breeding program for evolving
high P efficient genotypes.

33. Relationship between root dry weight and P Relationship between P influx and Zn
uptake in chickpea genotypes at different concentration in chickpea (n=60)
levels of added P
Control 24
Zn concentration (ug/g shoot)
30
13.5 mg/kg 22
25
27mg/kg 20
P uptake (mg/pot)
20
18
15 16
10
14
12
5
10
0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
P influx (m g P/g DW/Day)
Root dry w eight (g/pot)
Better root growth is essential for optimum P nutrition in grain
legumes
P induced Zn deficiency occurs only at higher levels of P
application

34. Effect of P application on Cu concentration in
Effect of P application on Zn concentration in chickpea shoot
chickpea shoot
6
Cu concentration (ug/g
30
Zn concentration (ug/g
5
25
4
20
shoot)
shoot)
15 3
10 2
5 1
0 0
0 13.5 27 0 13.5 27
Applied P (m g/kg soil) Applied P (mg/kg soil)
Effect of P application on Fe concentration in Effect of P application on Mn concentration
chickpea shoot in chickpea shoot
520 300
Fe concentration (ug/g
Mn concentration (ug/g
290
500
280
shoot)
shoot)
480 270
460 260
250
440
240
420 230
0 13.5 27 0 13.5 27
Applied P (m g/kg soil) Applied P (m g/kg soil)
Zn and Cu have positive interaction at lower P levels
Fe has negative relation with P levels
Mn has positive interaction with P
Srinivasa Rao et al. Indian J Food Legumes (2007)

35. Integrated sulphur management in Maize-Chickpea cropping
sequence
Four years of sulphur management experiment in maize-chickpea
sequence
FYM and elemental sulphur were the sources
Fractionation of sulphur
Sulphur use efficiency was studied
20 kg S/ha was recommended on large number of frontline
demonstrations and All India Coordinated Research programe on
grain legumes
Srinivasa Rao et al., Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (2004a)
Srinivasa Rao et al., Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (2004b)
Srinivasa Rao et al., Indian Journal of Food Legumes (2003)

36. Root Architecture and Nutrient Acquisition in Faba beans
@ Largest aeroponics laboratory at Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
@ Effects of root pruning: at least 50 % lateral roots along with half tap root is essential for
optimum plant growth
@ Salinity effected more lateral roots
@ Low P concentration affected lateral roots
@ K uptake by young root types studied
Tap and lateral root volume of faba beans at different Surface area of tap and lateral roots of faba beans at
levels of P different levels of P
b b
c
1.8 0.02mM c 25 0.02mM
1.6 b
b 0.2mM
Surface area (cm 2)
0.2mM 20
1.4
Volume (cm 3)
1mM 1mM
1.2 a
1 15
0.8 b b
10 a
0.6
0.4 a 5 a
0.2
0 0
Tap Laterals Tap Laterals
Srinivasa Rao et al. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci (2002. 2003, 2005); Eshel and Srinivasarao Plant and Soil
(2001).

37. Conclusions
@ Rhizobium inoculation, FYM application,
N= 20kg/ha, P2O5=60-80 kg/ha, S= 20 kg/ha;
Zn, B and K = depending upon soil test.
@Efficient genotypes for low and high input
conditions identified

38. Awards
@ International Plant Nutrition Institute-
Fertilizer Association of India Award-2006
@IPNI Prize-2008
@Fellow of Indian Society of Pulses Research
and Development

39. III) Emerging nutrient deficiencies in rainfed agriculture!
Are dryland soils are not only thirsty but also hungry ?
Maintaining soil and crop productivity in the long term in
continuous cropping is a major challenge in rainfed production
systems.
These regions are characterized by low rainfall, sparse vegetation
and poor soil fertility.
The productivity of these soils regions depends on the content of
organic carbon (SOC), which is a critical component of soil quality
(Chander et al. 1997). However, due to high temperature and low
rainfall, organic matter rapidly decomposes.
Regular additions of organic matter is essential to improve soil
organic carbon!

41. Srinivasa Rao and Vittal, Indian J.Fertilizers (2007)

42. Emerging Nutrient Deficiencies in Different Soil Types under Rainfed Production Systems of
India
Location Limiting Nutrient (Low/Deficient)
Varanasi N, Zn, B
Faizabad N
Phulbani N, Ca, Mg, Zn, B
Ranchi Mg, B
Rajkot N, P, S, Zn, Fe, B
Anantapur N, K, Mg, Zn, B
Indore N
Rewa N, Zn
Akola N, P, S, Zn, B
Kovilpatti N, P
Bellary N, P, Zn, Fe
Bijapur N, Zn, Fe
Jhansi N
Solapur N, P, Zn
Agra N, K, Mg, Zn, B
Hisar N, Mg, B
SK.Nagar N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, B
Bangalore N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, B
Arjia N, Mg, Zn, B
Ballowal-Saunkri N, K, S, Mg, Zn
Rakh-Dhiansar N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, B Srinivasa Rao and Vittal, Indian J.Fertilizers (2007)

43. Carbon stocks in soils under diverse rainfed production
systems
450.00
Organic Carbon (Mg/ha)
400.00
Inorganic Carbon (Mg/ha)
350.00
Total Carbon (Mg/ha)
Carbon (Mg/ha)
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
ce
um
n
ze
n
t
et
et
nu
ea
tto
Ri
ill
i ll
ai
h
d
yb
lm
m
M
Co
rg
un
er
So
ar
So
ro
ng
Pe
G
bi
Fi
Ra
Srinivasa Rao et al., Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis (2009)

44. IV) How to improve soil fertility and soil organic carbon
in dryland soil ?
Availability of biomass is a major problem as it has competitive
usage.
Residue left over or recycling in the field is minimal (only root
biomass)
Fertilizer additions are low: varied between 30-50 kg/ha in rainfed
agriculture as against above 100 kg/ha in irrigated agriculture in
India
Thus, yield levels are stabilized, factor productivity is less, soils are
degraded and resulted in multi-nutrient deficiencies.
Thus maintaining and improving soil organic carbon became major
challenge in rainfed agriculture !

45. Details of location, soil type and production system of studied location
Production AICRPDA State Latitude, Soil type Climate Average
SNo system Centre Longitude and Annual
based Altitude Rainfall
(mm)
1 Groundnut Anantapur Andhra 14 42’ N, 77 40’ E, Alfisols Arid 566
Pradesh 350 m
2 Rabi Sorghum Solapur Maharashtra 17 51’N, 75 32’E, Vertisols Semi- 723
480m arid
3 Finger millet Bangalore Karnataka 12 46’ N, 77 11’ E, Alfisols Semi- 768
810m arid
4 Soybean Indore Madhya 22 51’N, 75 51’E, Vertisols Semi- 900-1000
Pradesh 530m arid
5 Rice Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25 11’N, 82 51’E. Inceptisols Sub- 1080
hum
id
6 Pearlmillet SK Nagar Gujarat 24 30’N, 72 13’E, Entisols Arid 550
152.5m

46. Selected treatments in permanent manurial trials in the studied locations
Treatmental details
Location
Anantapur T1=Control (no fertilizer),
Groundnut T2=100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (20:40:40 N, P2O5, K2O),
21 years old T3=50% RDF+ 4t groundnut shells (GNS) ha-1,
(1985-2005) T4= 50% RDF+ 4 t FYM ha-1
T5=100% organic (5t FYM ha-1).
Bangalore T1-Control
Fingermillet T2- FYM @ 10 t/ha
26 years old T3- FYM@ 10 t/ha + 50 % NPK
(1978-2005) T4-FYM @ 10 t/ha + 100 % NPK
T5- Rec.NPK (25:50 : 25 kg NPK /ha – groundnut; 50: 50:25 Kg NPK/ha –
fingermillet
Solapur T1-Control
Rabi Sorghum T2-25 kg N/ha –Urea
21 years old T3-50 kg N/ha – Urea
(1985-2006) T4-25 kg N/ha – CR
T5-25 kg N/ha – FYM
T6-25 kg N/ha -CR+25 kg N/ha-Urea
T7-25 kg N/ha -FYM+25 kg N/ha-Urea
T8-25 kg N/ha -CR+25 kg N/ha-Leucaena
T9-25 kg N/ha – Leucaena
T10-25 kg N/ha -Leucaena +25 kg N/ha-Urea

47. S.K. Nagar T1-Control;
Pearlmillet T2-100% recommended dose of N;
18 years T3-50% recommended dose of N (fertilizer);
(1988-2006) T4-50% recommended N (FYM);
T5-50% recommended N (fertilizer) + 50% recommended N (FYM);
T6 –Farmers method (5 t of FYM/ha once in 3 years)
Indore T1-Control;
Soybean T2-20 Kg N+ 13 Kg P;
15 years old T3-30 Kg N+ 20 Kg;
(1992-2007) T4-40 Kg N+ 26 Kg;
T5-60 Kg N+ 35 kg P;
T6-FYM 6t/ha+ N20P13;
T7-Soybean residue 5t/ha+N20P13;
T8-FYM@6t/ha;
T9-Crop residues of Soybean @ 5t/ha.
Varanasi T1-Control;
Upland Rice T2-100% RDF (inorganic);
21 years old T3-50% RDF (inorganic);
(1986-2007) T4-100% organic (FYM);
T5-50% organic (FYM);
T6-50% RDF+ 50%(foliar);
T7-50% organic (FYM)+ 50%RDF;
T8-Farmers practice

48. Mean annual and seasonal rainfall in relation mean pod
yields of groundnut across the treatments during 20 years
(1985-2005)
Srinivasa Rao et al. (2009)

49. Trends in yield levels of groundnut (Alfisol) due to different integrated
nutrient management under rainfed conditions (moving averages)

50. 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm
180.0 280 kg/ha 35.0
160.0
30.0
140.0
Available N (kg/ha)
Available P (kg/ha)
25.0
120.0
100.0 20.0
80.0 15.0
60.0
10.0
40.0
5.0
20.0
0.0 0.0
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha
shells shells
Treatment Treatment
Effect of 20 years of cropping, fertilization, groundnut Effect of 20 years of cropping, fertilization,
shells and FYM addition on Available N of Alfisol groundnut shells and FYM addition on Available P
profile of Alfisol profile
* After 20 years manuring and fertilization, available N was still low in
all the treatments.
* However available P reached to medium to high range

51. 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm
180.0 16.0
160.0 14.0
Available K (kg/ha)
140.0
12.0
Ex. Ca (me/100g)
120.0
10.0
100.0
8.0
80.0
60.0 6.0
40.0 4.0
20.0 2.0
0.0 0.0
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t 50%RDF+4t 5 t FYM/ha Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha
gnut shells FYM shells
Treatment Treatment
0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm
3.5 35.0
3.0 30.0
Ex. Mg (me/100g)
Available S (kg/ha)
2.5 25.0
2.0 20.0
1.5 15.0
1.0 10.0
0.5 5.0
0.0 0.0
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t 50%RDF+4t 5 t FYM/ha shells
gnut shells FYM
Treatment
Treatment
Even after 20 years of manuring, available K, Ca, Mg and S are in the medium
range

52. 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm
0.80 0.40
0.70 0.35
Available Zn (mg/kg)
Available B (mg/kg)
0.60 0.30
0.50 0.25
0.40 0.20
0.30 0.15
0.20 0.10
0.10 0.05
0.00 0.00
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha
shells shells
Treatment Treatment
Available Zn Available B
Twenty years of integrated nutrient management options followed
have not improved available Zn and B contents above critical limits

53. Organic Carbon in Alfisol Profile after 20 Years of Cropping and Manuring
0.7
0.6
0.5
Organic Carbon, %
0-20cm
0.4 20-40cm
40-60cm
0.3 60-80cm
80-100cm
0.2
0.1
0
Cont rol 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t 50%RDF+4t 5 t FYM / ha
gnut shells FYM
Treatment

54. Microbial Biomass Carbon and POC in Alfisol Profile after 20 Years of
Cropping and Manuring
160 0.45
140 0.40
0.35
120
0-20cm 0-20cm
MBC(ug/g soil)
0.30
100 20-40cm
POC (%)
20-40cm 0.25
40-60cm
80 40-60cm
0.20 60-80cm
60-80cm
60 80-100cm
0.15
80-100cm
40 0.10
20 0.05
0 0.00
Cont rol 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t 50%RDF+4t 5 t FYM / ha
Cont rol 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t 50%RDF+4t 5 t FYM / ha
gnut shells FYM
gnut shells FYM
Treatment Treatment
MBC POC
Srinivasa Rao et al. (2007)

55. 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm 0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm
45 8
Dehydrgenage (ug TPF/g soil/24 hr)
Aryl Sulfatase (ugPNF/g soil/hr)
40 7
35
6
30
5
25
4
20
3
15
2
10
5 1
0 0
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha
shells shells
Treatment Treatment
0-20cm 20-40cm 40-60cm 60-80cm 80-100cm
25.0
Effect of 20 years of cropping,
Urease (ug NH4/g soil/hr)
20.0
fertilization, groundnut shells and
15.0
FYM addition on a) dehydrogenase,
10.0 b) Aryl sulfatase, c) Urease activity of
Alfisol profile at Anantapur
5.0
0.0
Control 100%RDF 50%RDF+4t gnut 50%RDF+4t FYM 5 t FYM /ha
shells
Treatment

56. Build up of organic carbon in Alfisol (0-20 cm) after 20
years of cropping, fertilization and manuring
0.7
Organic carbon (%)
0.6
0.5 Buildup
0.4 Initial
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Control 1 RDF 50%RDF+4t 50%RDF+4t 5 t FYM/ha
00%
gnut shells FYM
Treatment

57. Bangalore: Long Term Manurial Experiment in Acid Alfisol
(1978-2005)