Regional approach to developing and deploying stress tolerant maize in West and Central Africa

Regional approach to developing
and deploying stress tolerant
maize in West and Central
Africa

S.O. Ajala

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org

Most important
maize stresses
• Drought

• Low and declining soil fertility

• Striga

• Stem borers


African Maize Stress (AMS) Project

“Developing and disseminating
Stress tolerant maize for
sustainable food security in
West, Central and East Africa”


Development
Objective
To increase food security and
income generation of African
farm families by increasing the
productivity and sustainability
of maize-based cropping
systems subject to
- drought,
- low and declining soil fertility,
- Striga and
- maize stem borer attack


East Africa (CIMMYT)
10 countries

West and Central Africa (IITA)
11 (8 WECAMAN and 3
additional) countries


“This is one of the top three
projects funded by the
UNDP worldwide”

AMS I project endorsement


AMS II


Components of • Develop stress tolerant maize
the new project varieties and complementary crop
management practices

• Strengthen NARs capacity to develop
stress tolerant maize

• Initiate transfer of research outputs
to farmers and promote linkages with
development projects


Objective 1 Develop stress tolerant maize varieties
and complementary crop management practices

• Exchange of stress tolerant germplasm
• Development of stress tolerant germplasm
• Increase screening efficiency
• Development of complementary crop
• Conduct of farmer participatory breeding
a approaches


Objective 2: Strengthen NARs capacity to develop
stress tolerant maize

• Maintain key regional screening and testing
sites
• Prepare/present short courses/workshops
• Training - Visiting scientists
• Offer hands-on experience in stress
breeding at key sites
• Strengthen NARs institutional capacity to
sustain research/technology diffusion


Objective 3 : Transfer research outputs to farmers and
promote linkages with development projects

• Adjudicate competitive grants to link
research and development
• Assist in on-farm testing
• Foster seed production
• Predict technology impact and adoption
constraints
• Prepare and disseminate publications


Action-plan to achieve objectives

- Strengthened WECAMAN
- Back-stop developed screening sites
-Allocated resources to carry-out research and
development work
- Manpower development
- Designed and conducted joint research activities.


Strengthened WECAMAN

AMS I
• < 1997 , WECAMAN was for NGS ecology only
• > 1997, network coverage is for all maize ecologies in WCA.

AMS II
• Co-funded WECAMAN activities (Nippon Foundation and
USAID)
• Organized and funded a Seed System Development Workshop
• Supported Community Based Seed Production efforts
• Co-hosting of WECAMAN Research Committee meeting in
Benin and Nigeria
• Monitoring visits


Strengthened WECAMAN – 2
Call for proposals

STP 1 = Development of complementary crop

STP 2 = Operational support to screening sites

STP 3 = Linking research to development (seed
production and impact studies)

STP4 = On-farm trials of improved cultivars and


Strengthened WECAMAN – 3

No of proposals selected for funding by AMS II in 2006

Country STP1* STP2 STP3 STP4 Total

Benin 1 1 1 3
Burkina Faso 1 1 1 3
Cameroon 1 1 2 4
Cote d’Ivoire 1 1 2
Ghana 1 1 2 4
Guinea 1 1 2
Mali 1 1 2
Nigeria 1 2 3 6
Senegal 1 1 1 3
Chad 1 1 2
Togo 1 1 2
Total 6 12 15 33
*Re-submit innovative proposals

Developed screening sites

Country Location Lat Long Alt(masl) Function

Senegal Nioro 13.667 -15.767 240 Drought
Burkina Vallee de Kou 11.110 - 4.333 430 Drought
Nigeria Zaria 11.183 7.583 640 Low - N
Ghana Nyakpala 9.517 - 1.017 120 Low - N
Cameroon Garoua 9.333 13.383 240 Striga
Benin Ina 9.967 2.733 340 Striga


Allocated resources - 2

Country STP1 STP2 STP3 STP4 Total

Benin 7000 7000 6000 20000
Burkina Faso 7000 7000 6000 20000
Cameroon 7000 8000 12000 27000
Cote d’Ivoire - 6000 6000 12000
Ghana 7000 8000 12000 27000
Guinea - 6000 6000 12000
Mali - 6000 8000 14000
Nigeria 7000 14000 14000 35000
Senegal 7000 6000 6000 19000
Chad - 6000 6000 12000
Togo - 6000 6000 12000
Total - 42000 80000 88000 210000


Manpower
development

• Training (3)

• Visiting Scientists (3)

• Monitoring visits (3)

• Travelling workshop (1)

• Graduate students (4)

• Publications (>20)


Joint research activities

Drought = IITA, ISRA, INERA, IRAD
(Menkir, Badu-Apraku, Kamara, Ndiaye,
Sanou, The)

*Low - N = IITA, IAR, CRI/SARI, NCRI
(Ajala, Kamara, Alabi, Ogunremi, Ennin,
Abdullai)

Striga = IITA, INRAB, IRAD, NCRI
(Menkir, Badu-Apraku, The, Yallou, Ogunremi)

*Stem borers = IITA, IAR&T, IRAD, CRI, UNILORIN, NCRI
(Ajala, Olaoye, Aroga, The, Ogunremi)


Development and deployment of maize
genotypes with resistance to stem borers


Stem borers in
WC Africa

• Sesamia calamistis - Pink stem borer
• Eldana sacharina - Sugarcane borer
• Busseola fusca - African stem borer

Yield loss 20-70%


Resistance to
stem borers

• Different borer species
attack at different stages of
development

• Resistance factors operating
in the early stages of plant
development may not
necessarily be operating in
later stages.


Screening
methods
- Natural/hot spot

- Artificial
At the
appropriate
stages of plant
growth


Emphases

• Varieties with cross resistance

• Improving on levels of resistance

• Improving on selection efficiency

• Varietal deployment


Achievements

Development/improvement of 12
populations completed

- TZBR Comp 1 – W

- TZBR Comp 2 – W

- TZBR Comp 1 – Y

- TZBR Comp 2 - Y


Achievements - 2

- TZBR Eld 4 – W

- TZBR Eld 4 - Y

Formed by intermating selections from 10
populations and improving product through
a cycle of S1 selection


Achievements - 3

Improved through a cycle of recurrent selection

- Ama TZBR – W C3A

- Ama TZBR – W C3B

- BR 9922 DMRSR C2

- BR 9928 DMRSR C2

- BR 9943 DMRSR C2

- TZBR Eld 3 C5


Achievements - 4

Initiated conversion of three adapted populations
for resistance to stem borers

- Acr99 TZL Comp4 DMRSR

- DMRESR-W

- DMRESR-Y


Primary data obtained from the evaluation of 200 S1 lines from
Acr99 TZL Comp 4 DMRSR for conversion to stem borer
resistance in 2007

Trait Mean Min Max Range CV(%)

Borer Rat (1-9) 4.2 2 7 5 22
Stalk Break (%) 4.7 0 65.0 65.0 78
Yield Inf (kg/ha) 0 864.7 2884.2 2884.2 64
Yield Un (kg/ha) 1603.7 350.5 4271.2 3920.7 22


Varieties being used in on-farm trials

• Ghana - TZBR Eld 3

• Nigeria - Ama TZBR -W
TZBR Eld 3
BR 9928 DMRDR
BR 9943 DMRSR

• Cameroon - BR 9922 DMRSR
BR 9928 DMRSR

• Mali - TZBR Eld 3


On-farm evaluation of Ama TZBR-W in 23 farmers fields
in the second season of 2006 at Abia State, Nigeria

Treatment Plant aspect Ear aspect Number of No of
(1-5) (1-5) cobs marketable
cobs

Cassava + local 4.3a* 4.5a 77b 47b
maize
(farmers practice)

Cassava + Ama 2.0b 2.3b 227a 192a
TZBR-W
(farmers practice)

SED 0.4 0.4 21.5 20.8
*Means with same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05
Source: G. Olaoye (unpublished)


Stem borers - Summary

• New varieties developed

• Levels of resistance enhanced in existing varieties

• Conversion of adapted varieties for stem borer
resistance, initiated

• Availability of stem borer resistant varieties
announced and shipped to collaborators

• Funds provided for on-farm trials of varieties

• Plans underway to release two varieties in Nigeria


Development of low-N tolerant maize
varieties


Savannas of
WCA • Savannah is the most productive
environment for maize production

• Soils in the savannas are generally low
in organic matter and available
nitrogen

• Availability and use of fertilizer also
limit maize productivity


Concern

Although,
Combined use of organic manure and nitrogen
fixing cover crop can make a difference to
maize production

However, there is the concern on
- declining levels of soil fertility
- high proportion of crop residue
being fed to livestock, burned or
consumed by termites

Therefore,
Maize genotypes with improved N-use
efficiency (greater grain yield per unit
available soil N) can increase productivity of
maize based system

Especially,
In combination with technologies that improve
soil fertility
- crop rotation
- organic manure
- judicious use of inorganic fertilizers.

Breeding methodology

• Screening of germplasm from diverse
sources

• Generation of low-N tolerant populations

• Recurrent selection to improve on levels of
N-tolerance in desirable populations

• Line development to generate inbreds
tolerant to low soil-N


Performance of varieties with tolerance to other stresses
identified under low-N (30 kg N/ha) in 2006

Grain yield Stay Stay Ears
Entry LN green 1 green 2 number ASI
Acr 97 TZL Comp 1 2469 2.3 3.3 25 2.9
TZL Comp 1-W C6 2343 2.3 3.6 25 3.6
DT-SR-W C1 F2 2260 2.3 4.1 25 3.5
LNTP-Y C5 2241 2.1 3.8 28 3.0
DT SYN-1 W 2239 2.1 4.1 22 3.5
TZPB Prol C3 2207 2.1 3.9 24 3.0

Mean 2053 2.4 3.9 24 3.0
SED 210.2 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.4
CV (%) 26.8 29.8 14.9 21.6 32.4


Performance of top 8 S1 lines from BR 9928 DMRSR evaluated for
low-N tolerance in 2007

Entry Stay green Ear aspect Ear/plant Grain Yld LN Grain Yld HN
65 4.5 3.0 0.46 725.35 1411.73
92 5.5 3.5 0.47 815.97 1866.07
50 5.5 3.5 0.45 633.55 1904.68
10 4.5 3.5 0.40 677.34 1391.36
138 5.0 4.0 0.45 819.11 1668.39
48 5.5 4.0 0.46 772.62 1346.75
144 4.5 4.0 0.52 728.53 1106.44
166 4.5 3.5 0.53 867.85 743.48

Mean of selected 15 5.2 3.8 0.48 750.77 1365.35
BR 9928 DMRSR 7 4.5 0.40 492.99 1611.12
SED 1.59 1.12 0.15 254.78 536.08
Sel Dif (%) -25.71 -15.56 19.01 52.29 -15.25


Performance of top 10 S1 lines from TZL Comp 1 C6
evaluated for low-N tolerance in 2007

ENTRY Ear/plant Stay green Grain Yld LN Grain Yld HN
18 0.54 8.0 233.87 982.58
8 0.33 8.5 262.59 965.65
3 0.28 9.0 160.02 1145.76
19 0.44 9.0 233.87 975.74
51 0.42 9.0 160.02 1108.16
184 0.29 8.0 160.02 1487.50
26 0.25 8.5 160.02 999.95
44 0.34 9.0 336.44 947.83
89 0.33 9.0 160.02 1419.68
134 0.42 7.5 160.02 925.87

Mean of Selected 15 0.32 8.7 188.46 1130.18
TZL Comp 1C6 0.19 7 160.02 1178.20
SED 0.21 1.4 54.04 381.95
Sel Diff (%) 68.88 24.3 17.78 -4.08


Performance of the top 5 entries from 151 FS families of LNTP-Y
C5 selected under low (30 kg N/ha) and high (90 kg N/ha) in 2005

Grain Grain Days to Stay
Entry yield LN yield HN silk green Ears/plant ASI RSI*
FS 55 2651 5240 62 4 0.7 -0.1 184
FS 42 3258 3490 61 3 0.8 0.8 194
FS 100 3242 3654 64 3 0.8 0.2 203
FS 113 2477 3829 62 4 0.8 -0.6 205
FS 14 2936 4044 64 4 0.9 0.9 213

Mean of 151 entries 2143 3754 65 5 0.8 1.3
Mean of selected 15 2603.5 4068.5 62.9 4.0 0.8 0.2
SED 561.5 1082.5 2.0 0.8 0.8 1.2
Sel differential (%) 21.5 8.4 -3.7 -13.0 - -87.4

*RSI = Rank summation index


Evaluation of cycles of selection from two low-N tolerant maize
populations in Mokwa and Zaria in 2006
30N 90N
Grain Days Plant Ear Grain Plant
yield to ht. aspect yield Days ht.
Entry (kg/ha) silk (cm) (1-9) ASI (kg/ha) to silk (cm)
Low N Pool C1 2376 66 173 4.3 3.0 3336 66 195
Low N Pool Y-C4 2677 64 185 3.8 2.6 3071 65 176
Low N Pool Y-C6 2915 63 173 3.8 2.9 3580 64 181
LNTP x LNP C1 2554 66 185 4.1 3.0 3609 63 198
LNTP x LNP C3 2900 65 181 3.9 2.3 3985 64 180

TZB-SR 1656 67 186 4.1 3.4 1828 67 184
Oba Super 2 3078 64 178 3.8 2.9 3102 65 191
S.E. 224.9 1.3 6.7 0.3 0.5 366.7 0.7 6.6
CV 32.7 3.4 9.9 20.8 38.5 29.7 2.8 9.8
VAR ** * ns ns ns ** ** *


Mean maize grain yield and some agronomic characteristics
at six locations in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana 2007

Plant Number of 1000 kernel
Treatment Grain yield population good cobs weight

kgha-1 ha-1 ha-1 g
LNTP-W 1/2 fert 1,235 44,705 38,637 165
LNTP-W full fert 1,323 47,057 38,611 160
LNTP-Y 1/2 fert 1,236 46,267 40,191 159
LNTP-Y full fert 1,693 48,099 43,810 161
FARMER 1/2 rate 1,069 48,767 39,809 165
FARMER full rate 1,039 48,646 38,351 157

SE fert*var 158 2,564 2,567 7

Source: Stella Ennin AMS Report 2007

Low-N - Summary

• Levels of tolerance to Low-N enhanced in three
populations

• Conversion of three adapted populations for
tolerance to low soil nitrogen, initiated

• Funds provided for on-farm trials of varieties

• Plans underway to release two Low-N varieties in
Nigeria and Ghana


Technology dissemination

• Technological innovations in resource-limited
agricultural systems will continue to play an
important role in solving food insufficiency in
developing countries.

• Development of technologies alone will not translate
to increased food production unless
– such technologies are appropriately
deployed and
– farmers are empowered to sustain them.


Approaches to
technology • Extension system of the
1960s
dissemination

– Wasteful
– Prescriptive
– No back-up inputs
– No training


Approaches (2) • Training and Visit (T and V)
Merits
– Well-trained agents
– Suitable messages
– Improved management and technology testing
– Active participation of farmers

Criticism
– Poorly managed
– Irrelevant technologies often promoted

Suggestions for improvement
– Full farmer participation
– Meeting needs of women
– Private sector involvement
– Improvement in quality of agricultural education


Limitation
• Farmer empowerment
– Farmers should be empowered to test and
promote technologies

Technology dissemination efforts should
concentrate on developing innovative
mechanisms that empower farmers to help
themselves


Low-N and DT maize
in Bauchi State, • 100 kg of LNTP-Y C5 maize variety
Nigeria
• 100 kg of Drought Tolerant Maize variety
(TZE Comp 3 DT)

• Each farmer was provided with 1 kg of
the new seed to plant as island within
the farmer’s main field.

• Simultaneously with the evaluations, 2
farmers were identified to produce seeds
in isolation. Thus initial seeds needed to
further transfer the varieties were made
available locally


Demonstration of LNTP-Y C5 Maize in in 42 locations of Bauchi
State Nigeria in 2006

Name Location No of cobs Wt of cobs (kg)
LNTP Control LNTP Control

Adamu Moha’D Bunjang 545 532 141.7 102.0
Ibrahim Dumisai T/Marijini 696 590 155.6 121.3
Ja’Afara Zaranda Zaranda 698 610 162.0 129.0
Eliz. John Zuall 698 608 165.0 130.0
Jummai Haruna Nabordo 696 696 160.0 145.0
Musa Galadima Dass 461 450 92.5 81.1

Source – Umar A. Gital, EA Dass


Demonstration of TZE Comp3 DT Maize in in 60 locations of
Bauchi State Nigeria in 2006

Name Location No of cobs Wt of cobs (kg)
TZE Control TZE Control

Ibrahim Barde Dabardak 450 328 70.0 48.0
Gambo Sulai Kofa 395 268 65.0 70.0
Ladan Ahamed Lusa 308 286 61.0 52.0
Haruna Waziri Gajuwal 420 390 70.0 49.3
Iliya Isa Wandi 380 278 67.0 67.0
Dahiru Moh’d Gital 430 380 80.0 50.0

Source – Umar A. Gital, EA Dass


Major findings
• A total of 120 farmers participated in the
exercise

• Low-N tolerant maize planted at half fertilizer
level with 60 farmers in Bauchi

• Approach replicated with DT maize in Gombe in
2007.

• Reduced involvement of EA

• No cost to government, NGO or Research
Institute


AMS project’s achievements

• Provision of germplasm and backstopping of
breeding efforts

• Building of institutional capacity to conduct
research
– Site development
(2 DT varieties released by Burkina Faso)
– Training/workshops
– Visiting scientists


Highlights (2)

• Support of transfer/deployment of
research results
– Complementary crop management
practices
– On-farm trials
– Seed production
– Impact studies

• Strengthening of regional network


Overall
African Maize Stress (AMS) Project

• Expanded WECAMAN

• Empowered NARS to identify research
needs

• Allocated small grants to address needs

• Contributed to manpower development
through training


Nigerian
Maize Initiative


A Public-Private Partnership

- IITA

- Federal Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development

- Maize Association of Nigeria


Objective
of the Maize Initiative

To
double maize production
in Nigeria in two years.

(7 to 14 M metric tons)


Strategy

Intensive cultivation to double yield (from 1.5 to 3 t/ha)
in situ

– Availability and use of inputs (seeds and
chemicals)

– Strategic deployment of improved varieties

– Extensive demonstration of stress tolerant varieties

– A buy-back mechanism to mop-up excess grain


Funding
Total - N4.2b
Fertilizer – N3b
Seeds subsidy - N520m
Agrochemicals - N171m
Equipments - N100m
IITA - N171m ($1.43m)
Administration - N238m


Achievements

– Availability and use of inputs (seeds and
chemicals)

•Advised on the types of inputs to buy

– Strategic deployment of improved varieties
• Zoned Nigeria into high, medium and low maize
producing states
• Grouped existing varieties for optimum benefit
(Maximum exploitation of G x E for seed
distribution)


Achievements (2)

A generalized Maize map of Nigeria

Achievements (3)

– Extensive demonstration of stress tolerant
varieties

• Allocated N40m to partners in 2007 for
– conduct of on-farm trials and
– improvement of infrastructure for research

• > 500 on-farm demonstration trials of stress
(drought low-N, Striga and stem borer) tolerant
varieties and crop management practices

• Funded a novel agronomic research approach tagged
“double-density double-fertilizer” application to double yield
(106,000 plants/ha with 240N, 120P and 120 K)


Achievements (4)

– Extensive demonstration of stress tolerant varieties
• Provided seeds
• Sponsored and Participated in field days


Achievement (5)

National Maize Workshop
(> 300 participants)

13 – 17 April 2008
Bauchi, Nigeria.


Conclusion
• Harnessed resources and
effectively backstopped regional
research efforts aimed and
developing and improving maize
in WCA

• Built trust and collegiality,
intangible but invaluable factors


Next steps
• Improve on levels of stress tolerance
• Develop varieties with tolerance to multiple
stresses
• Backstop deployment strategies aimed at
maximizing benefits from stress tolerant
varieties
• Develop hybrids to aid growth of seed
industry
• Assist with the transformation of
successful seed projects into micro-
enterprises


Thank

you


Regional approach to developing and deploying stress tolerant maize in West and Central Africa

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Regional approach to developing and deploying stress tolerant maize in West and Central Africa