1. The document examines how collective action through women's groups in rural Bangladesh has impacted gender inequality in asset ownership over a 10-year period. 2. It finds that agricultural technology disseminated through women's groups led to greater growth in women's assets relative to men's assets within the same household, compared to technology targeted at individuals. 3. While overall household assets and poverty levels increased across all intervention sites, programs that utilized women's groups were more effective at improving individual nutrition outcomes for women and children.

1. Does Social Capital Build Women’s Assets? Neha Kumar and Agnes Quisumbing, IFPRI Peter Davis (Bath) Data Analysis and Technical Assistance, Ltd. Data Analysis and Technical Assistance Ltd

3. Forms of collective action: Philippines Page

4. Forms of collective action: Bangladesh Page

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8. Treatment and control groups of the 3 interventions as of baseline round Intervention Treatment Comparison Microfinance (1994) Participants in microfinance NGOs in 7 villages Nonparticipants in microfinance NGOs in all villages (eligible nonparticipants) Agricultural technology (1996) Households in villages where agricultural technologies disseminated Households in villages where agricultural technologies not yet disseminated Educational transfers (food/cash for education) (2000) Households in FFE unions Households in non-FFE unions

9. Survey Design in 1996/7 Page -4 rd panel 1996/1997 -Coverage of 3 major agric. seasons -3 sites, 47 villages, 955 HHs IN EACH SITE Type of NGO village HH type Agricultural technology introduced Technology not yet introduced NGO member adopters A (n=110/site) NGO member likely adopters B (n=110/site) Others C1 (n=55/site) C2 (n=55/site)

10. For example, vegetable technologies were initially not disseminated to a village where pottery was the major industry Treatment village Comparison village

11. Casual observation suggests that there have been many changes over the past decade…

12. Some technologies have clearly taken off Page

13. And some individuals/households have clearly been able to move out of poverty, and others, not.

14. There have also been some more subtle changes…

15. Many households have moved out of poverty Poverty head count and transitions Agricultural technology (1996-2006) Poverty headcount Poverty in baseline survey 70% Poverty in 2006/2007 18% Poverty transitions Chronic poor 16% Falling into poverty 2% Moving out of poverty 54% Never poor 28%

16. Households’ assets have grown over time, though landholding sizes have gone down Page Asset holdings Household assets Value (‘1000 taka, 2007 prices) 1996 2006 Average growth rate Total nonland assets 27.0 49.7 8.4 Consumer durables 8.13 15.8 9.4 Ag durables 4.8 1.5 -6.9 Nonag durables 1.2 4.4 25.8 Jewelry 2.5 11.1 35.2 Livestock 10.5 17.0 6.3 Total owned land (decimals) 148.5 117.4 -2.1

17. Asset growth over time , 1996 and 2006 (exclusively held assets) Page 1996 2006 % change H W H W H W Landholdings (decimals) Homestead 10.3 .3 10.9 0.6 5.8 44.5 Cultivated 85.9 1.9 67.9 3.2 -21.0 39.7 Other land 5.4 .1 5.0 0.2 -8.9 6.1 Total owned land 101.7 2.4 83.8 4.0 -17.6 39.2 Nonland assets (‘000 taka, 2007 prices) Consumer durables 2.2 .3 5.8 0.4 166.4 40.8 Ag durables 1.6 n.s. 0.6 n.s. -62.7 6.2 Nonag durables 0.5 n.s. 3.3 0.1 494.3 428.9 Jewelry n.s. 1.5 1.5 2.1 5262.2 38.5 Livestock 5.8 1.7 9.1 1.1 57.5 -31.9 Nonland assets (excl livestock) 4.4 1.8 11.2 2.6 155.3 42.1

21. Supposed we observe an increase in outcome Y for beneficiaries over time after an intervention Page Y 0 Y 1 baseline(t 0 ) follow-up(t 1 ) Intervention (observed)

22. To measure impact, we need to remove the counterfactual from the observed outcome Page Y 0 Y 1 baseline(t 0 ) follow-up(t 1 ) Intervention (observed) Y 1 * Impact= Y 1 -Y 1 * (counterfactual) Comparison

28. Results Page

32. Impact of early adoption on differential growth of husband’s vs. wife’s assets (H-W) Page

33. Impact of NGO or program membership on differential growth of husband’s vs. wife’s assets (H-W) Page

36. 有難うございます ! Page