1. 1
Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation
Study for Natural and Agricultural Systems
Final Regional Workshop
28-29 March 2013, Bangkok, Thailand

2. Take an ecosystems approach in:
1. Identifying CC impact and vulnerabilities of rural poor
and their environment - water resources, food security,
livelihoods and biodiversity (fisheries and wildlife);
2. Identifying hot spots in the LMB: provide a scientific
evidence base to guide the selection of pilot project sites;
3. Defining adaptation strategies to inform community
and ecosystem-based adaptation pilot projects and
4. Communicating the results of the vulnerability
assessment and adaptation planning.
ICEM - International Centre for Environmental Management
2
ARCC Task 2: CC Vulnerability Assessment &
Adaptation Study - Objectives

3. Outline of presentation
• Study approach and methods
• Key concepts
• Climate change threats
• Climate change threat hot
spots
• Vulnerability of farming
systems
• Adaptation principles
• Basin conclusions
ICEM 2012 3

4. Farming systems climate
change vulnerability continuum
4
ICEM, 2012
Intensive farming
High productivity
Low productivity
Natural systems

5. STUDY METHODS
ICEM 2012 5

6. 6
The climate change
adaptation cycle

7. 7
EXPOSURE SENSITIVTY
X = IMPACT
ADAPTIVE
CAPACITY
VULNERABILITY
=
Vulnerability
assessment

8. 8
Defining the asset inventory – the key species & systems in
the LMB
THEMATIC APPROACH
Key elements in the
VA methodology

9. 9
Quantifying CC threats in ways which are relevant to the
area, systems and their species
MODELLING
HOT SPOT RANKING
Key elements in the
Threat assessment

10. 10
Quantifying CC threats in ways which are relevant
to the area, systems and their species
MODELLING
HOT SPOT RANKING
Key elements in the
Threat Assessment

11. 11
Characterising the biophysical and socio-economic features,
processes and functions of LMB assets
SPATIAL ZONING
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
Key elements in the
Baseline assessment
Ecozones
Sub-catchments
Livelihoods
Provinces
ADAPTATION AUDIT

12. 12
Characterising the biophysical and socio-economic features,
processes and functions of LMB assets
• Characterization of
system/species
thresholds & tolerances
to hydroclimate
parameters
Key elements in the
Baseline Assessment
SPATIAL ZONING
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
ADAPTATION AUDIT

13. 13
Key elements in the
Baseline Assessment
Characterising the biophysical and socio-economic features,
processes and functions of LMB assets
SPATIAL ZONING
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
ADAPTATION AUDIT

14. 14
Assessing the potential impacts of the threats on the assets
CAM SPECIES IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
Key elements in the
Impact Assessment
CAM IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
CROP YIELD &
SUITABILITY
MODELLING
INTEGRATED SPATIAL
ANALYSIS

15. 15
Assessing the potential impacts of the threats on the assets
CAM SPECIES IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
Key elements in the
Impact Assessment
CAM IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
CROP YIELD &
SUITABILITY
MODELLING
INTEGRATED SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
41%
25%
19%
15%

16. 16
Assessing the potential impacts of the threats on the assets
Habitat name
Expert team
Wetland name and location
Variable Score
Confidence Comments/notes/ rational
1 · <75%
2 · >25% and <75%
3 · >25%
1 · <75%
2 · >25% and <75%
3 · >25%
1
· <75%
2
· >25% and <75%
3 · >25%
1 · <75%
2 · >25% and <75%
3 · >25%
1 · pretty sure they will not
2 · 50/50 chance
3 · pretty sure they will
0
Definitions
Exposure
Habitat Climate Change Exposure and Definitions
1. How much of this habitat type will be
exposed to changing hydrology and
hydraulics (i.e. flows)?
4. How much of this habitat type will be
exposed to sea level rise and changes in
the tidal rainstorm events and storm
surge?
0
0
3. How much of this habitat type will be
exposed to changes in sediment washed
down from the watershed, resulting
from soil erosion changes?
2. How much of this habitat type will be
exposed to changes in extent, depth and
duration of inundation from rainfall?
5. Will baseline stress be increased by
the new climate in the LMB?
Key elements in the
Impact Assessment
CAM SPECIES IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
CAM IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
CROP YIELD &
SUITABILITY
MODELLING
INTEGRATED SPATIAL
ANALYSIS

17. 17
Assessing the capacity of species and systems to recover from the
impact
ADAPTICE CAPACITY
SCREENING CRITERIA
Key elements in the
VA methodology
 Social Factors
– Social networks
– Insurance
– Knowledge and skills
 Natural Systems
– Species diversity and integrity
– Species and habitat tolerance levels
 Infrastructure
– Availability of material resources (construction and
maintenance)
 Cross cutting Factors:
– The range of available adaptation technologies
– Availability and distribution of financial resources
– Skills and knowledge
– Management and response systems
– Political will

18. 18
Establishing the relative level of vulnerability based on the impact
and adaptive capacity
VA matrix
Key elements in the
VA methodology

19. 19
2. Adaptation planning
1.Reviewthemost
vulnerableassets
2.Lookngbackto
definetheimpacts
whichrequire
adaptationresponses
3.Definingthe
adaptationoptions
4.Settingprioritities
amongoptions
5.Integrating
adaptationpriorities
6.Building
adaptationpackages
intoplansand
projects
To identify (i) the
assets which have
been assessed as
most vulnerable in
the CAM VA process
and (ii) the threats
to which those
assets are most
vulnerable
For the most
vulnerable assets -
identify the most
significant impacts
which will require
adaptation
responses
For each vulnerable
assets define a
range of adaptation
options for the
species group,
habitats,
ecosystems which
address the most
significant impacts
Defining which
options (i) are most
important, (ii) have
the greatest
chances of success,
(iii) are feasible, (iv)
do not have
negative effects on
other sectors or
other adaptations
(now or in future).
Also, identifying the
order of adaptation
and needed phasing
– or what needs to
be done now and
what can be left to
later
Identifying synergies
and needed linkages
between adaptation
priorities.
For each priority
define key activities
Integrate priorities
as adaptation
packages or projects
Prepare strategy for
“mainstreaming”
into development
plans and policies.
Preparing Design
Management
Frameworks for
each priority
1.Reviewthemost
vulnerableassets
2.Lookngbackto
definetheimpacts
whichrequire
adaptationresponses
3.Definingthe
adaptationoptions
4.Settingprioritities
amongoptions
5.Integrating
adaptationpriorities
6.Building
adaptationpackages
intoplansand
projects
To identify (i) the
assets which have
been assessed as
most vulnerable in
the CAM VA process
and (ii) the threats
to which those
assets are most
vulnerable
For the most
vulnerable assets -
identify the most
significant impacts
which will require
adaptation
responses
For each vulnerable
assets define a
range of adaptation
options for the
species group,
habitats,
ecosystems which
address the most
significant impacts
Defining which
options (i) are most
important, (ii) have
the greatest
chances of success,
(iii) are feasible, (iv)
do not have
negative effects on
other sectors or
other adaptations
(now or in future).
Also, identifying the
order of adaptation
and needed phasing
– or what needs to
be done now and
what can be left to
later
Identifying synergies
and needed linkages
between adaptation
priorities.
For each priority
define key activities
Integrate priorities
as adaptation
packages or projects
Prepare strategy for
“mainstreaming”
into development
plans and policies.
Preparing Design
Management
Frameworks for
each priority

20. 3. Adaptation implementation
1. Construction
andinstalment:
rehabilitation,
enhancement and
avoidance measures
2. Operations:
maintenance and
repair for resilience
3. Monitoring
and
enforcement
4. Adjust and
renew:based on
lessonsand new
influences
5. Replicate and
reinforce
May involve,for
example,
bioengineering,habitat
reconstruction,
development control
and introduction of
economic inceptive
schemes, management
and consultative
structures
An essential
ongoing investment
in maintenance to
reinforce the
adaptionmeasures
installed
Monitoring to assess if
the adaptation
measures are working
as expected, and if
adjustments and
additional measures are
needed. Enforcement
of environmental and
social safeguards and
agreed adaptation
Make adjustments,
major repairsand
invest inadditional
measure as required
in response to
changing conditions
Innovations at
higher levels to
policies and
procedures,
institutional
arrangements and
planning tools.
Replicate in other
areas what is
workingwell.

21. STUDY CONCEPTS
ICEM 2012 21

22. ICEM 2012 22
Task 2 study key concepts

23. Three “shifts” associated with climate change in the
LMB
ICEM 2012 23
Climate
change
shifts
Ecological
shifts
Farming
system
shifts
Shifts

24. Climate change shifts
Regular climate shifts
1. Geographic shifts (space):
 latitude and longitude
 elevation
2. Seasonal shifts (time)
 onset and end,
 variability
Extreme events shifts
3. Extreme event shifts – intensity, regularity, location
 Micro events – eg flash flooding and soil loss in uplands
 Macro events – eg saline intrusion in Delta; cyclone landfall
24ICEM 2012
Climate
change
shifts
Ecological
shifts
Farming
system
shifts
Shifts

25. Geographic shift
in climate
Paddy rice
and
commercial
crops
Shift in zone of suitability
for habitat and crops
Original extent of
natural habitat
Remaining
natural habitat
pockets
Subsistence crops and NTF
collection 25
ICEM 2012
Shifts

27. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Daysofoccurenceperyear
Dailymaximum temperature (Deg C)
Baseline Climatechange
Temperatures
below 20 °C will
not occur
Temperatures
between 20 – 29 °C
will occur less often
Temperatures between 29 –
44°C will occur more often
Temperatures above
44 ° C will start
occurring
Mean of maximum
temperatures will increase
from 27 – 30 °C
10
20
30
40
50
60
Daysofoccurenceperyear
Baseline Climatechange
Mondulkiri - average daily maximum
temperature shift

28. Ecological shifts due to cc in the LMB
• Geographic shift in species ranges
• Substantial range losses
• Seasonal shifts in life cycle events (eg. advances in
flowering and fruiting, fish and bird migration)
• Community composition changes: Warm-adapted
species in communities increase – others die out
• Body size changes - warming associated with
decreased body size
• Genetic changes (eg tolerance shifts; stress proteins)
ICEM 2012 28
Climate
change
shifts
Ecological
shifts
Farming
system
shifts
Shifts

29. Farming ecosystem shifts – climate
and ecological changes will lead to, for example:
• Diminished ecological provisioning services:
 Increased reliance on hybrids
 Diminished wild genetic diversity
 Reduced crop diversity
 Reduced availability and access to NTFPs
 Reduced water availability
• Diminished regulatory and habitat services
 Reduced pollination and pest control
 Reduced soil organic (carbon) content
 Reduced soil micro fauna and flora
• Systems requiring more intensive inputs
ICEM 2012
29
Climate
change
shifts
Ecological
shifts
Farming
system
shifts
Shifts

30. 30
ICEM 2012
Comfort zones

31. 31
ICEM 2012
Comfort zones

32. Optimal growing conditions: mean annual precipitation
32
ICEM 2012
Species comfort zones

33. Ecosystem comfort zone:
The range of
precipitation or
temperature that was
experienced during 50%
of the baseline around
the mean.
ICEM 2012 33
Ecosystem comfort zones
Mid elevation dry
broadleaf forest -
Mondulkiri
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
BaselineWet Season
(Jun-Nov)
CCWet Season
(Jun-Nov)
BaselineDry Season
(Dec- May)
CCDry Season
(Dec - May)
Dailymaximumtemperature(DegC)
Figure5
C. Z.
C. Z.

34. CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS
ICEM 2012 34

35. Climate Change
Temperature
35
• Changes are greatest in wet season
– Wet season: 1.7 – 5.3 °C
– Dry Season: 1.5 – 3.5 °C
• Areas of greatest change:
– 3S catchments of eastern Cambodia
– Mekong Delta of Vietnam and Cambodia,

36. Climate Change
Rainfall
• Annual precipitation is projected to
increase by 3-18% (35 – 365mm)
throughout the basin
• Mostly due to increases in wet
season rainfall
• For the southern parts of the basin
increased seasonal variability in
rainfall
– wetter wet season, drier dry season
36

37. Elevation shifts
temperature & rainfall
• Temperature
comfort zones are
shifting up-hill
• Rainfall comfort
zones are shifting
down-hill
• Change in rainfall
is also increasing
with elevation
37
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Elevationbasinaverageprecipitation(mm)
Elevation
Elevation Baseline average precipitation CCaverage precipitation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Elevationbasinaveragemaxtemp(DegC)
Elevation
Elevation Baseline max temp CCmax temp

38. Hydro biological
seasons & flood pulse
• Wet season: start 1-2
weeks earlier and last 2-
4weeks longer
• Dry season: start 1-3 weeks
later and be 1-3weeks
shorter
• Transition to flood
(Season A): start <1 week
earlier and be 1-2 weeks
shorter
• Upstream Vientiane: Largest
delay in onset of the dry
season. & the largest
increase in flood season
duration
38

39. Climate Change
Hydrology
39
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Jan Jan Mar Apr May May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Averagedailydischarge(m3/s)
KRATIE
PAKSE
MUKDAHAN
NAKHOM PHANOM
VIENTIANE
CHIANG SAEN
LUANG PRABANG
• Earlier onset of the flood season
• Increase in flood peak
• Long duration flood season
BASELINE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
• The variability of the Mekong flood pulse
will increase with climate change
• The increasing variability will be greater
downstream of Vientiane

40. Climate Change
Agricultural Drought
40
• Severe drought is centered on
NE Khorat Plateau
• Largest increases in drought
in Mekong floodplain in
Cambodia & southern Lao
PDR

41. Climate Change
average annual flooding
• s
41
• Mekong Delta
• Max. flood depth>1.0m increases
from45% to 57% of Delta (+650,000ha)
– mostly Bac Lieu, Ca Mau
• 1.0m Flood duration >4months will
expand to +75,000 ha- mostly Can Tho,
Vinh Long, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu
• Cambodian Floodplain
• Smaller changes in flood
depth/duration than in the Delta
• Most significant increase is in
extreme flood depths (>2.0m)
• Increased depth and duration of floods in the
Vietnamese Delta and Cambodian floodplains

42. CLIMATE CHANGE THREAT
HOT SPOTS
ICEM 2012 42

43. Hotspots identification
% change in seasonal temperature and rainfall
for each area
Rank areas by maximum % change in seasonal
temperature or rainfall
Hotspot areas selected for Mekong ARCC
climate change impact and vulnerability
assessments
Rank provinces in terms of highest increase in
flood duration
Focus adaptation efforts on
areas most exposed to
climate change threats
Integrate and orient study
analysis and findings
Provide a scientific basis for
the selection of focal areas
for Task 3
Areas ranked: ecozones,
provinces, catchments,
protected areas

44. Ranking by % average temperature
Change in wet season
PA name Country
1. Bi Dup Nui Ba Vietnam
2. Kon Ka Kinh Vietnam
3. Chu Yang Sin Vietnam
4. Lomphat WS Cambodia
5. Chu Prong Vietnam
6. Dong Ampham Laos
7. Phnom Prich WS Cambodia
8. VIRACHEY NP Cambodia
9. Phnom Nam Lyr WS Cambodia
10. Ta Dung Vietnam
11. Mondulkiri BGCA Cambodia
12. SNUOL WS Cambodia
13. Mom Ray Vietnam
14. Nam Nung Vietnam
15. Phu Luang Laos
16. Phou Kateup Laos
17. Xe Sap Laos
18. Phou Kathong Laos
19. Xe Khampho Laos
20. Yok Don Vietnam
Ranking by % average temperature
Change in dry season
PA name Country
1. Bi Dup Nui Ba Vietnam
2. Phnom Prich WS Cambodia
3. SNUOL WS Cambodia
4. Kon Ka Kinh Vietnam
5. Phnom Nam Lyr WS Cambodia
6. Chu Yang Sin Vietnam
7. Nam Nung Vietnam
8. Ta Dung Vietnam
9. Mondulkiri BGCA Cambodia
10. Lomphat WS Cambodia
11. VIRACHEY NP Cambodia
12. Phu Luang Laos
13. Muong Phang Vietnam
14. Nam Ca Vietnam
15. Phou Kateup Laos
16. Dong Ampham Laos
17. Yok Don Vietnam
18. Xe Khampho Laos
19. Phou Kathong Laos
20. Tinh Doi Vietnam
To 20 PAs by climate
change threat

45. Priority provinces

46. IMPACT AND
VULNERABILITY
ICEM 2012 46

47. Gia Lai rainfed lowland rice baseline
Area planted =
47,000 ha
Yield = 3.4 t/ha
Production =
159,000 tonne
Agriculture

48. By 2050 rice yields in Gia Lai may reduce by 13%
• Baseline production = 159,000 tonne
• Decrease in production by 2050 = 20,000 tonne
Rice highly sensitive to:
• Temperature increase during anthesis
phase in dry season induces sterility
• Lower number of grains
• Increases in diurnal minimum
temperature reduces biomass
Agriculture

49. Robusta coffee
• Grown in Bolaven
plateau
• More recently grown
in the Vietnamese
Central Highlands
using groundwater
• High yields in
Central Highlands -
Gia Lai, Kon Tum
and Dak Lak
Agriculture

50. Current high yield and
production areas in Central
Highlands will decrease in
suitability e.g. In Dak Lak
5,000km2 will decrease in
suitability
Suitability will increase in
north of the basin – e.g.
2,500km2 in Chiang Mai and
Chiang Rai
Agriculture

51. Bos indicus raised primarily for
draught in rural areas throughout
the Basin
High density in Cambodian
floodplain
Livestock

52. Bos indicus stressed in
temperatures over 35 Deg C
Currently not stressed
anywhere in the basin
Livestock

53. Bos indicus comfort zone
will be exceeded in 30,100
km2 of Cambodia and
Thailand
Reduced ability to work,
negatively affecting
household livelihoods
through loss of draught
power for rent and reduced
support to subsistence
farming
Livestock

54. Capture Fisheries
• Changes in rainfall will increase river flows and strengthen the pulse effect which
will benefit many migratory white fish species.
• Others species adapted to particular habitats will be negatively impacted.
• E.g. minimum dry season water levels in the mainstream Mekong around
Vientiane, Luang Prabang and Chiang Sen are projected to increase by 30cm.
• This will result in important in-river habitats being submerged for longer periods
each dry season – eventually reducing the extent and productivity of this key
seasonal wetland habitat and its capacity to support specialist migratory fish.

55. Aquaculture
• Intensive aquaculture will come under pressure from climate change.
•E.g. Pangasius culture in Vietnam.
• Farmers have already pushed production levels of this fish, to the
limit that the environment and their systems allow.
• Higher temperatures will place additional stress on the these
systems, forcing farmers to reduce stocking densities and feeding rates
further, resulting in lower production.

56. NTFP collection-resin tree
Natural systems

57. Resin Tree :
Dipterocarpus alatus
• Habitats : along riverbanks, bottom of ridges, swampy areas in dry
dipterocarp, dry evergreen, lower moist evergreen, semi-evergreen,
evergreen forests
• Flowering : March-May, Fruiting : April-June
• Resin collection : only in summer (April-May)
• Elevation range : 100-800 m asl
• Temperature range : optimal 22-32˚C, absolute 10-36˚C, can grow in
areas with max temperature up to 45 ˚C
• Rainfall range : optimal rainfall 3,500-4,500 mm/yr, absolute 3,000-
5,200 mm/yr, found in areas 1,000-2,000 mm/yr
Baseline vulnerability = Moderate CC vulnerability = High Vulnerable
Prediction: Climate change will significantly increase the vulnerability
Climate key threats
 increase in temperature enhances forest fire; forest fires kill seedlings and lower volume and
quality of resin/oil
 extreme events (storms and high winds) kill seedlings and affect the trees which are
improperly tapped and hole maintained
 extreme droughts enhance insect attacks (longhorn beetles) and also lower seed
germination rate

58. Trapaengs
Ecosystems

59. 59
Impact on ecosystems:
drying out of trapaengs and other wetlands
during the dry season

60. Ecological shifts in the Mondulkiri PA cluster:
• Accelerating loss of populations & species (extreme
temperatures, coupled with drying - a significant
driver of biodiversity loss)
• New „problem‟ species entering communities
• Reorganisation of plant and animal communities
• Geographic range shifts eastward and some upwards
(?) and range losses
A transformation of the ecosystems
ICEM 2012 60
Ecosystem shifts

61. KEY BASIN WIDE
CONCLUSIONS ON
POTENTIAL IMPACTS
61

62. • Increase in temperatures will reduce yield
• Increase in temperatures will generate altitude shift
• Increasing rainfall will be beneficial to crops in dryer
areas but detrimental to crops in already wet areas
• Increased crop damage will be generated by
increasing extreme events (flood, flashfloods, storms
or dry spells )
• Climate change will increase food security risk in the
basin for subsistence and commercial systems
62
Agriculture
Key basin wide conclusions on potential impacts

63. • Nutritional problems will increase for low-input „local‟
breed systems reducing value
• Increase in risk of infectious disease affecting overall
productivity
• Temperature increases will increase costs of production,
in small/medium „commercial‟ systems, particular for high
performance breeds
• Climate change coupled with increasing grazing of
domestic animals in protected areas will increase
incidence of disease outbreaks in wild species
63
Key basin wide conclusions on potential impacts
Livestock

64. Fisheries
64
• Under the projected climate change, the best we can hope for from Mekong
capture fisheries is that current production levels will be maintained.
• The intensive lowland aquaculture systems will not be able to cope with the
more extreme conditions, and will producing less.
• Although aquaculture will become more viable in new, higher elevation
areas this is unlikely to compensate for the lost production from the
lowlands.
• Total fish production in the Mekong basin is likely to decline over the next
30 years.
• With a regional population growth rate of around 1%, per capita fish
consumption rates will also certainly fall
• Efforts must be made immediately to implement adaptation measures to
offset the effects of climate change

65. Natural systems
• Climate change, in concert with other stresses will lead to losses
in productivity of NTFPs and loss of species from the basin and
specific areas.
• Similarly, losses in CWR species are likely from the basin
• Ecosystem shifts (transformations will occur throughout the
basin resulting in different species mixes and population
distributions.
• Some protected areas will degrade to the point of losing their
conservation value – others will change to the extent they no
longer represent critical habits
• If natural systems are not stressed or changed by human
activities, they can adapt naturally and shift in response to
climate change
65
Key basin wide conclusions on potential impacts

66. Health and infrastructure
• Exposure of rural communities to water and vector
born diseases will increase, affecting isolated poor
most with limited access to health facilities.
• More intense and regular extreme flooding and
flashfloods will impact negatively on poorly designed
and maintained rural infrastructure
• The poor are most vulnerable. Groups whom are
marginally above the poverty line are also at risk of
losing livelihood assets through extreme events and,
consequently, falling back into poverty
66

67. ADAPTATION
ICEM 2012 67

68. Adaptation principles
1. Integrate adaptation across sectors
2. Address the adaptation deficit
3. Maintain and enhance diversity
4. Build on past adaptation
5. Avoid maladaptation
6. Adaptation as a cyclical and interactive
process
ICEM 2012 68

69. Adaptation – an integrated
approach
The aim – to increase resilience in vulnerable communities and
areas through packages of linked measures:
1. Engineering options (eg dykes, drainage systems)
2. Sector specific adaptation practices (eg design standards
for roads, crop diversification, new hybrids)
3. Natural systems management (eg rehabilitation,
enhancement and species conservation programs)
4. Land use planning (eg zoning and development controls)
5. Economic instruments (eg subsidies and tax incentives)
6. Traditional local strategies (eg seed storage and ponds)
7. Social responses (including resettlement and migration)
8. Institutional options: all require associated institutional and
administrative innovations
69

70. Sectors and local communities are already “adapting”
 A region of climate extremes and variability
 Adaptive management shaping farming practices and
to suit local conditions
 Learning from past experience in each locality and
attempting to adjust livelihoods to cope with extremes
 A continuing process of rebuilding, upgrades and
adjustment
 BUT – a great backlog of basic development,
maintenance and repair needs
70
Adaptation deficit

71. 71

72. 72
Adaptation as a
cyclical and iterative
process:
Don‟t have to do
everything at once
Set sharp priorities
Take a phased approach
Adapt now with future
stages in mind
Repair and adjust with
changing conditions

73. 73
Jeremy Carew-Reid,
ICEM – International Centre for
Environmental Management
www.icem.com.au