Turkey: Water Management for Water and Food Security

GroundwaterManagementfor Waterand
FoodSecurityand
Importanceof CooperativeIrrigation
Managementsin Turkey
International Conference on Policies for Water and Food
Security in Dry Areas
24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt
Presenter: Metin TÜRKER, Ph.D
Deputy General Director
Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock
TURKEY

Contents
• Introduction
• Agricultural Sector
• Water and Land Resources in Turkey
• Groundwater Policy, Organization, Investment
• Groundwater Management
• Challenges on Groundwater Use – Learned Lessons
• Good Experiences
• Recommendations
InternationalConferenceon
PoliciesforWaterandFood
SecurityinDryAreas–24-26
June,Cairo,Egypt
2

Geographic Location of Turkey
 Total Population 75 Million
 Rural Population 17 Million (23%)
 Urban Population 58 Million(75%)
26 °- 45 ° eastern longitudes
36 ° - 42 ° northern altitudes
Land Use Area Mha %
Agricultural land 38,2 49,1
Farm (Cultivated) land 24,5 31,5
Natural grass land 14,6 18,8
Forest land 21,5 27,6
Settlement and others 3,5 5.0
Total 77,8 100.0
3
SecurityinDryAreas–24-26June,
Cairo,Egypt

Agricultural Sector In Turkey
74 million domestic, 30 million tourist
Living region
Employment
Food Production
Row material
Export
23 % of population lives in rural
6,1 million employees (25 %),
11% of all export share (16 Billion $)
3622 $
For Industry such as textile, sugar
industry,
Agriculture is an economic sector
Income
4
June,Cairo,Egypt

TURKEY
• is self-sufficient country in terms of food
• exports many agricultural products such as
cereals, pulses, industrial crops, sugar, nuts, fresh and
dried fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and livestock products.
• is the top producer of
hazelnut, cherries, fig, apricot, quinces and
pomegranates
• has an estimated total of 12,054 plant species, whereas
the total number of species in Europe is 12,500.
5
Agricultural Structure and
Production
June,Cairo,Egypt

Land
 Total area : 78 million ha
 Agricultural area : 24,5 million ha
 Arable land : 18,4 million ha
 Economically Irrigable area : 8,5 million ha
 Irrigated area (2012) : 5,5 million ha
 Rate : 65 %
Water
 Surface water : 98 Billion m3
 Groundwater : 14 Billion m3
 Total available Water (net) : 112 Billion m3
Land And Water Resources
6
June,Cairo,Egypt

AGENCIES
(investor)
Ministry of Forestry and
Water Affairs
(large scaled irrigation)
Ministry of Interior
Affairs
(small scaled irrigation)
Ministry of Food
Agriculture and Livestock
(production & productivity)
DSI
Groundwater Dep.
Local Agencies
&
Authorities
TRGM
Irrigation
Systems
Irrigation Works in Turkey
• Agencies Responsible for Irrigation, Development and
Management
Private Sectors – NGO’s
Water User Associations & Irrigation Cooperatives
TAGEM
Agricultural
Research and
Policies
June,Cairo,Egypt
7

June,Cairo,Egypt
8
Groundwater Policy and
Implementations
Groundwater Explanation
Status belongs to Public (state)
Legislation 167 numbered «Groundwater Law»
Conditions of use Permission of well is compulsory (to search, use
and development)
Investments Public investment for beneficiaries
Transfer to WUO
Repayment for investment 15 years
Operation and
maintenance
Water User Organizations
(Irrigation Cooperatives and Water User
Associations)
Supports Investment and production supports by
government

Irrigated
% 65
To be
irrigated
% 35
Irrigation Development
• Irrigable Area(Econ.) 8,5 Mha
• Total Irrigated Area 5,6 Mha
Dams
53%
Lake
7%
Low
Dams
3%
River
18%
Groundwat
er
19% Irrigation Water Resources
• Groundwater 19 %
• Surface water 81 %
SOURCE: DSİ 2012
June,Cairo,Egypt
9

Groundwater Availability
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3
hm3 hm3
hm3
hm3
Safe yield groundwater 13,7 Billion m3
(% 13)
Allocations final stage
No problem allocations
Allocations completed
• 25 hydrological basin
• 30 agricultural basin
• 200 > plate
10
June,Cairo,Egypt

Reserves and Allocation
Operating Reserve (yearly) : 13,7 Billion m3
Groundwater Allocations : 13,0 Billion m3
Allocation Ratio : 95 %
11
7,2 Billion m3
52 %5,9 Billion m3
43%
0,7 Billion m3
5 %
Irrigation
Domestic and
ındustry
June,Cairo,Egypt

12
organizations units wells irrigated
area (ha)
rate
%
Irrigation Cooperatives 1.400 11.368 456.709 82
Combined Irrigations (WUO’s) 28 1.692 84.982 15
State agriculture enterprises (TİGEM) 25 342 16.140 3
Total 13.402 557.831 100
In addition;
195.000 certified
deep groundwater
Wells (250.000 ha)
> 700.000 Agricultural holdings
Source: DSİ 2012
Groundwater Irrigations (GWI)
June,Cairo,Egypt

Irrigation Cooperatives
June,Cairo,Egypt
13
• To establish a cooperative - 7 farmers
• To benefit from state investment - at
least 15 farmers
• General Assembly (all members)
• Board of Directors (elected member)
• Supervisory Board
Investment
period
Operation Period (12 years)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Establishmentof
cooperative
Drilling wells
Pumps
Electrification
Irrigation network
Transfer
3 years
No pay
cost of the investment is paid back in 12
equal installments without interest

14
Konya Closed Basin
2005,4 hm3
Kızılırmak
1332,1 hm3
Yeşilırmak
579 hm3
Susurluk
1519,4 hm3
West Blacksea
412,2 hm3
East Blacksea
435,6 hm3
Çoruh
20 hm3
Aras
204 hm3
Van
148,2 hm3
Tigris-Euphrates
2789,2 hm3
Asi
304,5 hm3
East
Mediterranian
70,5 hm3
Antalya
526,3 hm3
Burdur
89,5 hm3
Akarçay
182,1 hm3Gediz
248 hm3
Susurluk
575,1 hm3
K. Ege
221,9 hm3
Marmara
205 hm3
Meriç-
Ergene
498,2 hm3
Less critical watersheds
Non-Critical watersheds
Critical watersheds
 95 % of the groundwater reserves have been allocated, no more
groundwater
 Effects of Global Climate Change on agriculture,
 Drought treats water use and increases the food crisis.
 Irrigation is necessary for increasing yields of products,
 Food production 2/3 is realized from irrigated areas.
Challenges on Groundwater
InternationalConferenceonPolicies
forWaterandFoodSecurityinDry
Areas–24-26June,Cairo,Egypt

Problems - Groundwater Use
Overpumping (decrease of groundwater level)
Network water losses
Salt water inclusion into coastal aquifers
Operation and production issues
1
2
3
4
15
Cairo,Egypt

Solutions and Experiences-1
Overpumping
- Uncontrolled and over irrigation
- Decrease of groundwater level
1 • water metering
systems
• Controlled
irrigation
In all public and private wells,
water metering system will have to be
installed until 2015
(legislation 2012)
 To protect groundwater quality and quantity,
 To balance the recharge – discharge in aquifer
 To control use of water according to allocation,
 To manage production during drought season
 To ensure sustainable management of groundwater,
16
June,Cairo,Egypt

 88 % Gravity Irrigation
 12 % Piped Irrigation
 Half of them is over the age of 30
 Fragmented and scattered parcels (Appr. 10).
 Parcel size (not enough)
 to reach to canal directly (less than 50%)
 Parcel is not suitable for mechanization
2
• Modern
Irrigation
Systems
• Land
Consolidation
17
Network water losses
June,Cairo,Egypt

299 000 ha
65%
160 000 ha
35% Open canal
irrigation area
Pressured
irrigation area
18/
Irrigation Networks-Transformation pressurized
irrigation networks
2-a
2004 - Decision of piped irrigation network (DSİ)
2006 - Modern irrigation systems are supported by the
RDS programme (50 % grant) - TRGM
June,Cairo,Egypt

 % 30-80 water saving
 % 20-50 yield increase
 % 40 energy saving
 % 50 fertilizer % 30 saving chemicals.
Subject Total Area (da) Farmers
• Collective Pressure Irrigation Systems
(75 % Grant)
539 279.236 55.603
• Support for Irrigation Machine
&Equipment ( 50 % grant)
6.424 398.022 6.316
• Individual support from Banks 3.350.000 144.000
General Total 6.963 4.027.258 205.919
 2006-2012 – 206.000 farmers have been supported by RDS Programme
 400 000 ha has been irrigated by modern irrigation systems.
Thus, primarily of water and other inputs has been saved largely
Irrigation Supports by the MoFAL (2006-2012)
19
2-b
June,Cairo,Egypt

Why Land Consolidation? LC. is key;2-c
To solve social and physical infrastructure problems
To decrease public investment costs
Without land consolidation With land consolidation
Channel network Road and channel network
Investment cost decrease - 40 %
Irrigation efficiency increases (from 60% to 90%)
20
June,Cairo,Egypt

Indication Map of the Old Cadastral Status
Old Parcels:
11.342 Unit
New Parcels:
2.745 Unit
Parceling Map after the Consolidation
Before After
27 ------ 1 peace
23------- 1
21 ------- 1
20 ------- 1
Denizli Tavas Büyükkonak Land Consolidation Project (1050 ha)
21
Cairo,Egypt

Year Kisecik Irrigation
2.475 ha
Well
Unit
Flow
l/s
Working
hours
Out flow
m3
Rate
%
1999 Gravity Irrigation System 45 2.365 74.273 14.583.022
2009 Piped Irrigation System 46 1.725 68.416 9.681.290 34
2010 Consolidation + Piped
Irrigation System
40 35.064 5.253.177 45
groundwater saving ratio 64
Source: Irrigation and Consolidation Project of Karaman Kisecik (2011)
LC + Pressurized Irrigation System and Water Saving
 64 % savings in water use
 Yields of products increased by 2-3 times
 Operating expenses came down by 50 %
 Energy costs decreased
22
2-d
June,Cairo,Egypt

Karaman Merkez Kisecik LC + Modern Irrigation Project
(2750 ha)
Average parcel size
1,61 ha 3,61 ha
Direct access to the
irrigation line
61 % 100 %
Consolidation and modern irrigation system ensured
64 % of water saving
23
June,Cairo,Egypt

Distribution of the suitable areas for land consolidation in Turkey
The areas can be consolidated 14,0 Million ha
- Irrigated areas 8,5 Million ha
- Dry areas 5,5 Million ha
GAP (2008-2013) A.P.
2 Million ha will be
consolidated
(80 % completed)
KOP Action Plan
700.000 ha will be
consolidated
The LC of 5,5 million ha will provide a significant amount of water savings
New strategy;
is basin based and multipurpose land consolidation projects
1961-2002 450.000 ha
2003-2012 2.503.000 ha
Total 2.952.000 ha
24
Cairo,Egypt

Land Parcel Information System
According to data;
• Agricultural parcels : 30 million
• Agricultural holdings : 3.1 million
• Average land size : 6 ha
• Parcels per capita : 10 parcel
Agricultural parcels were digitized and Land Parcel
Information System (LPIS) was established
Farmer
Register
System
Location data
Parcel data
(class, str, slope, dry, i
rrigated )
Ownership data
Usage data
….
identification number of each parcel
to monitor the parcel based production and
supports
2-e

 Irrigation Networks will be digitalized
 It will be integrated with Land Parcel Information System
and Farmer Registry system
 Irrigation will be controlled parcel based
26
Main Canal
Irrigation
Drainage
Hydrant
June,Cairo,Egypt

Salt water inclusion into coastal aquifer3
 During drought and lack of precipitation
 It can be seen increase the rate of salt in
some coastal plains
27
June,Cairo,Egypt

 Electricity charges are very high (15-30% of cost)
 Monitoring and evaluation for irrigation networks
 Deficit-limited irrigation during drought
 Production Systems Changes
 Water harvesting
 Drought-resistant varieties
 Zero Tillage
 Good agricultural practices
 Organic farming
4-a Operation and production issues

RiskManagementinAgriculture(GoodExperiences)
 Turkish Agricultural Insurance System (TARSİM)
• Crop Insurance
• Greenhouse Insurance
• Livestock Insurance
• Poultry Insurance
• Aquaculture Insurance
 Drought Action Plan (2013-2017)
 Agricultural Research Master Plan (2010-2015)
• hail
• storm
• flood
• fire, EQ
• landslide
• quality loss
• frost (fruits)
29
Operation and production issues4-b
June,Cairo,Egypt

Recommendations
• Groundwater reserves should be currently monitored and
evaluated
• Modern irrigation systems which provides water saving
• Land consolidation should be constructed with modern
irrigation systems
• Institutional capacity of water users should be increased,
• Production planning should be prepared with respect to
water capacity
30
Government supports well-managed collaborative programs for
sustainable agricultural water management and food security

Thanks for listening
Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome
31
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Turkey: Water Management for Water and Food Security

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