IBM SmartCloud Desktop Infrastructure with VMware View

IBMSmartCloudDesktop
InfrastructurewithVMwareView
Reference architecture
07 February 2013
© Copyright IBM Corporation, 2013

IBM SmartCloud Desktop Infrastructure with VMware View
Table of contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................1
Architectural overview................................................................................................................1
Component model.......................................................................................................................2
VMware View provisioning.......................................................................................................................4
Storage model..........................................................................................................................................4
Operational model.......................................................................................................................5
Compute servers......................................................................................................................................5
Management servers ...............................................................................................................................6
Systems management .............................................................................................................................7
Networking...............................................................................................................................................8
Shared storage ........................................................................................................................................8
Operational model component summary...............................................................................................10
Deployment diagram..............................................................................................................................12
Resources..................................................................................................................................13
Trademarks and special notices..............................................................................................14

Introduction
This document describes the reference architecture for using VMware View 5 on the ESXi 5
hypervisor. It should be read in conjunction with the IBM SmartCloud Desktop Infrastructure (SDI)
reference architecture document available at
ibm.com/partnerworld/page/stg_ast_eis_sdi_infrastructure.
The business problem, business value, and requirements are described in the IBM SmartCloud Desktop
Infrastructure reference architecture and are not repeated here for brevity. This document gives an
architecture overview and component model of the VMware View and then describes the deployment
model of VMware View using different number of users.
Architectural overview
Figure 1 shows all of the main features of the IBM SmartCloud Desktop (SDI) reference architecture with
VMware View 5.x.
vCenter Pools
Stateless Desktops
ESXi
Hypervisor
Shared
Storage
FIREWALL
FIREWALL
View
Connection
Security
Server or
3rd party VPN
Internet
Clients
View
Connection
Server
Internal
Clients
Active Directory, DNS SQL Database Server
Dedicated Desktops
ESXi
Hypervisor
vCenter Server
Figure 1: SDI reference architecture with VMware View 5
This reference architecture also does not address the issues of remote access and authorization, data
traffic reduction, traffic monitoring, and general issues of multi-site deployment and network management.
This document limits the discussion to the components inside the customer’s intranet.
1

Component model
Figure 2 is a layered view of the IBM SmartCloud Desktop (SDI) infrastructure mapped to the VMware
View virtualization infrastructure and using the VMware ESXi hypervisor.
Support
ServicesSmartCloud Desktop Infrastructure - VMware View 5
Management Services
Directory
OS Licensing
DHCP
DNS
ESXi
VM
Agent
VM
Agent
VM
Agent
ESXi
Dedicated VMs Stateless VMs
View Client Devices
Client
Agent
Client
Agent
Client
Agent
Client
Agent
Shared Storage
VM
Repository
VM Linked
Clones
User
Data Files
User
Profiles
NFS and CIFS
ManagementProtocols
SupportServiceProtocols
HTTP/HTTPS RDP and PCoIP
View Event
Database
Administrator
GUIs for
Support
Services
VM
Agent
View
Administrator
vCenter
Operations for
View
VM
Agent
VM
Agent
VM
Agent
VM
Agent
Local
SSDs
vCenter Server
View Connection Server
View Composer
Figure 2: Component model for SDI with VMware View
The main components for VMware View using VMware ESXi hypervisor are described as follows. The IBM
SmartCloud Desktop Infrastructure reference architecture document available at
ibm.com/partnerworld/page/stg_ast_eis_sdi_infrastructure can be used as a guide
2

.
 ViewAdministrator This web-based application allows administrators to configure
ViewConnection Server, deploy and manage View desktops, control
user authentication and troubleshoot end-user issues. It is installed
during the installation of ViewConnection Server instances and is not
required to be installed on local (administrator) devices.
 vCenter Operations for
View
This tool provides end-to-end visibility into the health, performance and
efficiency of the VDI configuration. It enables administrators to
proactively ensure the best end-user experience possible, avert
incidents and eliminate bottlenecks, before they become larger issues.
 View Connection Server The VMware View Connection Broker, View Connection Server, is the
point of contact for client devices requesting virtual machines (VMs) or
desktops. View Connection Server authenticates users and directs the
request to the appropriate VM or desktop, ensuring only valid users are
allowed access. After the authentication is complete, users are directed
to their assigned VM or desktop.
In case a virtual desktop is not available, the connection broker works
with the management and the provisioning layer to have the VM ready
and available.
 vCenter Server vCenter Server is the managing and provisioning component for VM
View and VM ESXi. Using a single console, it provides centralized
management of the virtualized infrastructure and virtual desktop image
management and delivery to the VMs.
Redundancy for vCenter Server is achieved through VMware vSphere
High Availability (HA).
vCenter server also contains a licensing server for VMware products,
and therefore no separate licensing server is required.
 ViewComposer In a vCenter server instance, View Composer is installed. View
Composer is required, when creating linked clones from a parent VM.
 vCenter SQL Server vCenter requires a SQL database. The vCenter SQL server could be
Microsoft® SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE), Oracle, or SQL
Server. Because the vCenter SQL server is a critical component,
redundant servers must be available to provide fault tolerance. Existing
customer SQL databases (including respective redundancy) can be
used.
 ViewEvent database VMware View can be configured to records events and their details into
a Microsoft SQL Server or Oracle database. Business intelligence (BI)
reporting engines can be used to analyze this database.
 Clients Users can access their virtual desktop from any device supported by
the respective desktop virtualization solution; this includes company
laptops, home PC, thin -client devices or tablets. IBM does not
prescribe any particular approach for clients. Customers can repurpose
existing desktops (which is typical for many deployments) or “green-
field” with thin- or zero -client devices.
3

 RDP, PCoIP The virtual desktop image is streamed to the end user access device
using the display protocol. Depending on the solution, the choice of
protocols available are Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) and PC over
IP (PCoIP).
 ESXi ESXi is a bare-metal hypervisor running on the compute servers and
upon which the VMs are running.
 Shared storage In order to minimize cost and complexity, the SDI reference
architecture will focus on Network File System (NFS)-attached storage
whenever shared storage is required. See “Storage model” for more
details.
VMware View provisioning
VMware View supports both stateless as well as dedicated models. Provisioning for VMware View is a
function of vCenter server and View Composer for linked clones.
vCenter Server allows for manually created pools as well as automatic pools. Further it allows for
provisioning full clones as well as linked clones of a parent image, for both dedicated as well as stateless
VMs.
Linked clones are created from a snapshot taken from a golden master image. The golden master image
should reside on shared storage area network (SAN) storage, as should the replica. The replica is used to
create a copy of the golden image before deploying the linked clones. One pool can contain up to 1000
linked clones.
This document covers the use of automated pools, with linked clones, both for dedicated and stateless
virtual desktops.
Storage model
This section describes the different types of shared data stored for stateless and dedicated VMs.
Dedicated VMs do not use local storage and require the following shared storage items:
 NFS is used to store all VMs associated data, like master image and replica for the linked clone.
Block I/O can be used but only for full clones.
 The VMware View Composer “persistent disk” for each user that contains the user profile and user
file data that is stored using NFS.
Stateless VMs require the following shared storage items:
 NFS is used to store all virtual images for linked clones. The linked clones themselves are stored
on local solid state drive (SSD) storage.
 User profiles (from MSRP) are stored using Common Internet File System (CIFS). As an
alternative, View Persona Management can be used.
 User data files are stored using CIFS.
Both stateless and dedicated VMs have these common shared storage items:
 The vSwap (paging file) is transient data that is stored using NFS.
4

Operational model
Two separate main operational models are considered here, to cover both stateless and dedicated image
models. In some customer environments, both stateless and dedicated image models might be required,
thus a mixed operational model is needed.
In order to illustrate the operational model for different sized customer environments, four different models
are provided for supporting 600, 1500, 4500, and 10000 users. Note that the operational model for 10000
users is essentially 7 times larger than the model for 1500 users and therefore, user between 1500 and
10000 can be extrapolated, by using different multiples of the 1500 user model.
Compute servers
Compute servers are servers that run the VMware ESXi hypervisor and host VMware View user VMs. This
reference architecture assumes a VM memory size of 1.5 GB. IBM testing has shown that 125 users per
server with 256 GB of memory is a good baseline and has on average 75% utilization of the processors in
the server. If a server goes down, then users on that server need to be transferred to the remaining
servers. For this degraded failover case, IBM testing showed that 150 user per server have on average
90% utilization. It is important to keep this 25% headroom on servers to cope with possible failover
scenarios.
Other than the limit imposed by the processor power, the number of compute servers required for a given
number of users is in direct proportion to the memory size required for the VM and the number of users.
Figure 3 shows the number of users that can be supported given the VM size (on the horizontal axis) and
the amount of memory in the server given a limit of 150 users per compute server. In this reference
architecture and in most cases, IBM recommends that the compute server has 256 GB of main memory. If
the average VM size is less than 1.25 GB of memory, then 192 GB of memory is sufficient, as additional
memory would be unused. Servers requiring only 128 GB are unlikely because the cut-off point for
eliminating wasted memory is <0.75GB per VM.
60
80
100
120
140
160
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
NumberofVMs
VM Size (GB)
256 192 128Memory Available on Server (GB):
Figure 3: Number of users supported by main memory and VM size
The compute servers can be either IBM x240 Flex System nodes or IBM System x® 3550 rack servers.
The detailed specification is as follows:
 Processor: 2 x E5-2680 8C 2.7GHz 20 MB Cache 1600 MHz 130 W
 Memory: 256 GB as 16 x 16 GB DIMMs (2Rx4, 1.5 V PC3-12800 CL11 ECC DDR3 LP RDIMM)
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 Network interface card (NIC): Integrated 10 GbE adapter for x240 Flex System nodes or Emulex
Dual Port 10 GbE SFP+ Embedded Virtual Fabric Adapter for x3550 rack servers
 USB for VMware ESXi hypervisor
For servers with stateless VM images, the following components also need to be added:
 IBM ServeRAID M5115 SAS/SATA Controller
 2 x IBM 200 GB SATA eMLC SSD (1.8 in. for x240 Flex System node or 2.5 in. for x3550 rack
server)
Table 1 shows the number of compute servers needed for each user size (assuming a VM size of 1.5 GB):
VM Size ≤ 1.5 GB 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
Compute servers @125 users 5 12 36 80
Compute servers @150 users (failover) 4 10 30 70
Failover ratio 4:1 5:1 5:1 7:1
vCenter clusters (8 servers/cluster) 1 2 6 14
Table 1: VMware View compute servers needed
Power users require larger VMs but also need more processor power and therefore it is not usually worth
considering servers with more memory than 256 GB. If the VMs are larger than 1.5 GB, fewer users can
be accommodated per server, thus the number of servers needs to be increased appropriately, and
memory should be sufficient again on a per -server basis. If the VMs are smaller than 1.5 GB, then
compute servers with less memory can be used because too many users would overwhelm the processor
power of the servers.
Management servers
Management servers have the same hardware specification as compute servers, so you could use them
interchangeably in a worst -case scenario. The management servers also use ESXi as the hypervisor, but
have management VMs instead of user VMs.
Table 2 summarizes the VM requirements and performance characteristics of each management service.
Management
service VM
Virtual
processors
Memory Storage Windows
OS
HA
needed
Performance
characteristic
vCenter Server 4 4 GB 15 GB 2008 R2 Yes Up to 2000 VMs.
vCenter SQL
Server
4 4 GB 15 GB 2008 R2 Yes Double the virtual
processors and
memory for more
than 2500 users.
View
Connection
Server
4 10 GB 40 GB 2008 R2 Yes Up to 2000
connections.
Table 2: Characteristics of Management Services
6

Table 3 lists the number of management VMs for each size of users following the high-availability and
performance characteristics listed Table 2. Note that the number of vCenter servers is half of the number
of vCenter clusters shown in Table 2. This is because each vCenter server can handle two clusters of up
to 1000VMs, and each cluster exists on two vCenter servers.
VM type 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
vCenter Servers 2 (3 + 1) 2 (1 + 1) 4 (3 + 1) 14 (10 + 4)
vCenter SQL Server 2 (1 + 1) 2 (1 + 1) 2 (1 + 1) 2 (1 + 1)
View Connection Server 2 (1 + 1) 2 (1 + 1) 4 (3 + 1) 7 (5 + 2)
Table 3: VMware View management VMs needed
Note that it is assumed that common services such as Microsoft Active Directory, DHCP and DNS servers
already exist in the customer environment.
Based on the number and type of VMs, Table 4 lists the recommended number of management servers. In
all cases, there is redundancy in both the management servers and the management VMs.
Management servers 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
Stateless VM model 2 2 4 7
Dedicated VM model 2 2 4 7
Table 4: Management servers needed
As documented earlier, each management VM requires a certain amount of virtual processors, memory
and disk. Note that there is plenty of capacity in the management servers for all of these VMs. Table 5 has
an example mapping of the management VMs to the 4 physical management servers for 4500 users.
VM type for 4500 stateless users Management
server 1
Management
server 2
Management
server 3
Management
server 4
vCenter Server (4) 1 1 1 1
vCenter SQL Server (2) 1 1
View Connection Server (4) 1 1 1 1
Table 5: Management server VM mapping (4500 users)
Systems management
Assuming the use of IBM Flex System compute servers, it is recommended to have one or more IBM Flex
System Manager nodes, especially in case of the larger configurations, to provide additional systems
management capability.
7

Networking
As described in the IBM SmartCloud Desktop reference architecture available at
ibm.com/partnerworld/page/stg_ast_eis_sdi_infrastructure there are 3 virtual LANs (VLANs) that each
share part of the bandwidth in a 10 Gb Ethernet (GbE) network. All of the compute servers, management
servers, and shared storage are connected to the 10 GbE network using a 10 GbE switch. The IBM
RackSwitch™ G8124E and G8264R switches are recommended as they support VLANs using IBM Virtual
Fabric. Note that although the IBM PureFlex™ chassis supports internal 10 GbE switches, these are not
used because a separate switch is needed for the external shared storage. The IBM Flex System Fabric
EN4091 Pass-thru Module is used to pass the 10 GbE connections to the external switch.
For 4500 users or fewer, the IBM G8124E 24-port switch can be used. Above 4500 users, multiple IBM
G8264R 48-port switches should be used instead as these switches provide more ports. For redundancy
an additional or spare switch should be available. Table 6 summarizes the number of 10 GbE switches for
each user size:
10 GbE network switch 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
G8124E – 24 -port switch 2 (1 + 1) 2 (1 + 1) 3(2 + 1) 0
G8264R – 48 -port switch 0 0 0 3 (2 + 1)
Table 6: 10 GbE network switches needed
Separate 1 GbE switches are used for the IT administration network. Again it is recommended that a spare
switch should be available in case of failure. Table 7 summarizes the number of 1 GbE switches for each
user size:
1 GbE network switch 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
G8052 – 48 port switch 2 (1+1) 2 (1+1) 2 (1+1) 3 (2+1)
Table 7: 1 GbE network switches needed
For smaller configurations and Flex-based systems, consider consolidating the 1GbE network into the
10GbE switch using SFP RJ45 transceivers.
Shared storage
VDI workloads such as virtual desktop provisioning, VM loading across the network, and access to user
profiles and data files place huge demands on network shared storage. This reference architecture first
describes the performance requirements of both stateless and dedicated virtual desktops and then shows
the storage configuration that meets those requirements.
Experimentation with VDI infrastructures shows that the input/output operation (IOP) performance takes
precedence over storage capacity. This means that more of the slower speed drives are needed to get the
required performance than higher speed drives. Even with the fastest drives available today (15k RPM),
there is still an excess capacity in the storage system.
The large rate of IOPs and therefore large number of drives needed for dedicated virtual desktops can be
ameliorated to some extent by caching read data in flash memory (flash cache feature of some N series
controllers). However there is a limit to how much flash memory is useful because of the relatively low
percentage of read operations.
VMware View 5.1 introduced the View storage accelerator using Content Based Read Cache (CBRC).
Though CBRC is a vSphere feature, it is uniquely leveraged by VMware View to provide the host caching
8

capability. The CBRC feature provides a per-host RAM-based solution for View desktops, which
considerably reduces the read I/O requests that are issued to the storage layer, and also addresses boot
storm snags. This version of the reference architecture only discusses results from VMware View 5.0,
In terms of the IBM N series range of storage systems, the largest 15k RPM SAS drive is 600 GB. These
disks require a larger expansion cabinet with 24 disks in a 4U enclosure. The same number of slower
speed 10K SAS drives in a small form factor (SFF) 2.5” can be put in a 2U enclosure. In this case superior
performance wins over the cost of rack density and the storage configurations all use 600GB 15k RPM
SAS drives.
The storage configurations are based on the peak performance requirement, which usually occurs during
a so-called “logon storm”. This is when all workers at a company arrive at the same time in the morning
and try to start their virtual desktops, all at the same time. The storage configurations also have
conservative assumptions about the VM size, changes to the VM, and user data sizes to ensure that the
configurations can cope with the most demanding user scenarios.
As mentioned above the storage configurations tend to have more storage that is strictly required in order
to meet the performance objectives for IOPs. In the IBM experience this “extra” storage is more than
sufficient for the other types of data needed for VDI such as SQL databases and transaction logs.
Note that the storage configurations do not include facilities for data replication, data compression, or data
deduplication. These are all value-added features that may or may not be required. These features may
also have an effect on the storage configuration. The storage configurations, where possible, do include
flash memory as a means to cache frequently used data.
Stateless virtual desktops
Stateless virtual desktops using VMware View use SDDs for the VM linked clones and the “AppData”
folder. Table 8 summarizes the peak IOPs and disk space requirements for stateless virtual desktops on a
per-user basis.
VMware stateless virtual desktops Protocol Size IOPs Write %
User data files CIFS/NFS 5 GB 1 75%
User profile (through MSRP) CIFS 100 MB 0.8 75%
Table 8: Stateless shared storage performance requirements
Table 9 summarizes the storage configuration needed for each user size. In this case, the flash cache
does not help at all so a lower end controller with failover is used. It is also assumed that 100% of the
users at peak load times require concurrent access to user data files and profiles.
Stateless storage 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
Controller and model number N3220 A22 N3220 A24 N3220 A22 N3220 A22
10 GbE mezzanine cards 2 2 2 2
Flash cache N/A N/A N/A N/A
600 GB 15K rpm drives 12 20 70 164
Spare drives 2 2 2 4
EXN3000 expansion units 1 1 3 7
9

Table 9: Stateless shared storage configuration
Dedicated virtual desktops
Table 10 summarizes the peak IOPs and disk space requirements for dedicated virtual desktops on a per
user basis. The last two rows are the same as used for stateless desktops. Note that it is a best practice to
keep the “AppData” folder with the linked clones.
VMware dedicated virtual desktops Protocol Size IOPs Write %
Master image Block/NFS 30 GB
Linked clones Block/NFS 10 GB
User “AppData” folder
18 85%
User files CIFS/NFS 5 GB 1 75%
User profile (through MSRP) CIFS 100 MB 0.8 75%
Table 10: Dedicated shared storage performance requirements
Table 11 summarizes the storage configuration needed for each user size. A mid-range controller with 512
MB of flash cache is used for less than 2000 users as it supports up to only 600 drives. A high-end
controller is used for more than 2000 users because it has a larger flash cache capability, more 10 GbE
ports, and can support up to 1440 drives. It is also assumed that 100% of the users at peak load times
require concurrent access to user data files and profiles.
Dedicated storage 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
Controller and model number N6240 E21 N6240 E21 N7950T E22 N7950T E22
10 GbE cards 2 2 2 2
Flash cache 512 MB 512 MB 1 GB 1 GB
600 GB 15K rpm drives 42 100 296 630
Spare drives 6 8 24 42
EXN3000 expansion unit 2 6 16 28
Table 11: Dedicated shared storage configuration
Operational model component summary
Table 12 summarizes the items needed for stateless virtual desktops for each user size:
10

Stateless virtual desktop 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
Compute servers 5 12 36 80
Management servers 2 2 4 7
10 GbE network switches 2 x G8124E 2 x G8124E 3 x G8124E 3 x G8264R
1 GbE network switches 2 x G8052 2 x G8052 2 x G8052 3 x G8052
PureFlex Flex System Manager nodes
(optional, only for Flex)
1 1 2 2
Flex chassis with EN4091 pass-thru
modules (only for Flex)
1 1 3 7
Storage servers N3220 A22 N3220 A22 N3220 A22 N3220 A22
Storage extensions EXN3000 x 1 EXN3000 x 1 EXN3000 x 3 EXN3000 x 7
Total height (Flex System servers) 20U 20U 49U 109U
Total height (x3550 rack servers) 17U 24U 59U 127U
Number of racks 1 1 2 3 or 4
Table 12: Operational model summary for stateless virtual desktops
Table 13 summarizes the items needed for dedicated virtual desktops for each user size:
Dedicated virtual desktop 600 users 1500 users 4500 users 10000 users
Compute servers 5 12 36 80
Management servers 2 2 4 7
10 GbE network switches 2 x G8124E 2 x G8124E 3 x G8124E 3 x G8264R
1 GbE network switches 2 x G8052 2 x G8052 2 x G8052 3 x G8052
PureFlex Flex System Manager nodes
(optional, only for Flex)
1 1 2 2
Flex chassis with EN4091 pass-thru
modules (only for Flex)
1 1 3 7
Storage servers N6240 E21 N6240 E21 N7950T E22 N7950T E22
Storage extensions EXN3000 x 2 EXN3000 x 6 EXN3000 x 16 EXN3000 x 28
Total height (Flex System servers) 28U 44U 111U 203U
Total height (x3550 rack servers) 25U 48U 121U 221U
Number of racks 1 1 3 6
Table 13: Operational model summary for dedicated virtual desktops
11

Deployment diagram
Figure 4 shows the deployment diagram for an IBM Flex System-based system that supports 4500
stateless users. The first rack contains the compute and management servers and the second rack
contains the storage servers and disks.
EN4091Pass-thruEN4091Pass-thruEN4091Pass-thru
M1
C11 C12
C9 C10
C7 C8
C5 C6
C3 C4
C1 C2
1 GbE Switch
1 GbE Switch
10 GbE Switch
10 GbE Switch
FSM M2
C23 C24
C21 C22
C19 C20
C17 C18
C15 C16
C13 C14
FSM M3
C35 C36
C33 C34
C31 C32
C29 C30
C27 C28
C25 C26
Rack 1
M4
Cxx
Each compute
server has
125 user VMs
M4 VMs
vCenter Server
Connection Server
M1 VMs
vCenter Server
Connection Server
M2 VMs
vCenter Server
Connection Server
vCenter SQL Server
M3 VMs
vCenter Server
Connection Server
vCenter SQL Server
Rack 2
10 GbE Switch
DS4243 Extension
(24 x 600GB 15k RPM)
DS4243 Extension
(24 x 600GB 15k RPM)
IBM N3220 A22
DS4243 Extension
(24 x 600GB 15k RPM)
FlexChassis1FlexChassis2FlexChassis3
Figure 4: Deployment diagram for 4500 stateless users
12

Resources
 IBM SmartCloud Desktop Infrastructure reference architecture
ibm.com/partnerworld/page/stg_ast_eis_sdi_infrastructure
 VMware View 5
vmware.com/products/viewl
 VMware vSphere
vmware.com/products/datacenter-virtualization/vsphere
13

14
Trademarks and special notices
© Copyright IBM Corporation 2013.
References in this document to IBM products or services do not imply that IBM intends to make them available in
every country.
IBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines
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States, other countries, or both.
Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.
Information is provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind.
All customer examples described are presented as illustrations of how those customers have used IBM products and
the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics may vary by
customer.
Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from a supplier of these products, published announcement
material, or other publicly available sources and does not constitute an endorsement of such products by IBM.
Sources for non-IBM list prices and performance numbers are taken from publicly available information, including
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accuracy of performance, capability, or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capability of
non-IBM products should be addressed to the supplier of those products.
All statements regarding IBM future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and
represent goals and objectives only. Contact your local IBM office or IBM authorized reseller for the full text of the
specific Statement of Direction.
Some information addresses anticipated future capabilities. Such information is not intended as a definitive statement
of a commitment to specific levels of performance, function or delivery schedules with respect to any future products.
Such commitments are only made in IBM product announcements. The information is presented here to communicate
IBM's current investment and development activities as a good faith effort to help with our customers' future planning.
Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment.
The actual throughput or performance that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as
the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the
workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput or
performance improvements equivalent to the ratios stated here.
Photographs shown are of engineering prototypes. Changes may be incorporated in production models.
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