2. Speaker instructions
• IBM speakers, IF you make any reference to product/services content
that won’t be announced until after your PCTY 2012 event concludes,
you must include the disclaimer language (on slide 2 here) verbatim.
The disclaimer language must be on the second slide in your
presentation and is in addition to the “Acknowledgements, disclaimers
and trademarks” page which is to be included in all presentations (slide
7 here).
• IBM speakers, you must include the “Acknowledgements, disclaimers
and trademarks” page (slide 7 here) at the end of your presentation. IF
you are speaking with a customer or Business Partner, you MUST use
the disclaimer slide.
2
3. Please note:
• IBM’s statements regarding its plans, directions, and intent are
subject to change or withdrawal without notice at IBM’s sole discretion.
• Information regarding potential future products is intended to outline
our general product direction and it should not be relied on in making a
purchasing decision.
• The information mentioned regarding potential future products is not a
commitment, promise, or legal obligation to deliver any material, code or
functionality. Information about potential future products may not be
incorporated into any contract. The development, release, and timing of
any future features or functionality described for our products remains at
our sole discretion.
• Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard
IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput or
performance that any user will experience will vary depending upon
many factors, including considerations such as the amount of
multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the
storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no
assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve results similar
to those stated here.
3
4. Mobile is a mandatory transformation
10 Billion devices
by 2020
61% of CIOs put
mobile as priority
45% increased productivity
with mobile apps
4
5. With enormous opportunities
Business to Enterprise Business to Consumer
• Increase worker productivity • Improve customer satisfaction
• Improved claims processing • Deeper customer engagement and loyalty
• Increase revenue with sales engagements • Drive increased sales through
• Extend existing applications to mobile Personalized offers
workers and customers • Customer service
• Reducing fuel, gas, or fleet maintenance • Competitive differentiator
costs where relevant • Improve brand perception
• Increase employee and business partner • Deeper insight into customer buying
responsiveness and decision making speed behavior for up sell and cross sell
• Resolve internal IT issues faster • Improve in store experience with mobile
• Reduce personnel cost (utilizing personal concierge services
devices instead of corporate devices)
5
6. Fundamentally changing industries
Retail Financial Services Distribution
Mobile banking will be the most widely used banking
channel by 2020, if not sooner
Source: Mobile banking: A catalyst for improving bank performance, Deloitte, 2010
6
7. But also with some unique challenges
How do you quickly:
• Engage with anyone, customers, partners
or employees, no matter who owns the
device
• Extend to anything, from instrumented
machines to a broad spectrum of smart
devices
• Execute business anywhere, with
ubiquitous, trusted and secure transactions
Top Mobile Adoption Concerns:
2. Security/privacy (53%)
3. Cost of developing for multiple
200 Million
mobile platforms (52%) employees BYOD
4. Integrating cloud services to (bring your own devices)
mobile devices (51%)
Source: 2011 IBM Tech Trends Report
https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/techtrends/entry/home?lang
=en 7
8. IBM strategy addresses client mobile initiatives
Extend & Transform Build & Connect
Extend existing business Build mobile applications
capabilities to mobile devices Connect to, and run
Transform the business by backend systems in support
creating new opportunities of mobile
Manage & Secure
Manage mobile devices and applications
Secure my mobile business
8
9. Providing leadership in required capabilities
Extend & Transform Build & Connect
Key Capabilities Key Capabilities
• Strategy and planning • Mobile web, hybrid and native
• Mobile-enabled solutions app development
including analytics, commerce, • Enterprise data, service, and
and social business application integration
• Implementation and hosting • Enterprise wireless
networking
Manage & Secure
Key Capabilities
• Mobile lifecycle management
• Device analytics and control
• Secure network communications & management
9
10. Helping achieve mobile business results
Extend & Transform Build & Connect
*ING Canada
Manage & Secure
Concord Hospital improved patch
compliance 50%, reduced software license
costs 25%, and has not had a single
malware infection since implementation of
IBM Endpoint Manager for patch
management and core protection
10
11. A deeper look at Extend & Transform
capabilities
Extend & Transform Build & Connect
Manage & Secure
11
12. That solves current client needs
Workforce Product and Customer Care
Optimization Service Innovation and Insights
Extending business
Improve operational Differentiate the Enable new
to mobile
efficiencies and customer services and
customers and
reduce costs experience business models
workforce
Social User Location Mobile Social Mobile 3rd Party Mobility
Collaboration Notification Services Payments Commerce Services
12
13. Mobile in social business removes barriers to allow people to apply
expertise and insights to improve and accelerate results
Extend and Transform
• IBM provides a comprehensive
portfolio of mobile solutions for
social business and analytics
• Push email, calendar, contacts
• Presence, IM chat and telephony
• Online meetings
• Social software for access to your
professional network
• Business document viewer
• Business analytics
• Multi-channel web site
• Device appropriate interfaces
for the leading mobile devices -
smartphones and tablets
• Apple®, Google Android, Research In
Motion® BlackBerry®, Nokia
• Visit www.ibm.com/socialtogo
13
14. Smarter Commerce embraces mobile to improve
engagement with customers, employees, and partners
Extend and Transform
Smarter Commerce integrates mobile across the commerce lifecycle
Empower
employees with Enhance shopping Extend marketing Refine the customer
mobile access to with mobile with mobile- experience by
critical commerce enablement and enabled location- analyzing mobile
processes mobile services based offers usage patterns
14
15. A quick look at the broader capabilities
Extend & Transform Build & Connect
Manage & Secure
15
16. Introducing the IBM Mobile Foundation
Includes:
IBM Mobile
Foundation V5.0 • IBM Worklight V5.0
• IBM WebSphere Cast Iron
• IBM Endpoint Manager for
Mobile Devices
Plus New Services Offering:
• IBM Software Services for
Mobile Foundation
Build, connect, manage and secure
your mobile enterprise
16
17. Open, cost-effective, cross-platform app
development
IBM Worklight V5.0
App development using App delivery in variety of Compatible with prominent
native and/or familiar web forms: HTML5 libraries and tools:
technologies: • Mobile Web app
• HTML5 • Hybrid app
• Native
• CSS3
• JavaScript
17
18. 18
With back-end integration, middleware &
management
IBM Worklight V5.0
Flexible development, back-end integration
and ongoing management of rich, cross-
platform mobile apps using standards-based
technologies and tools
Mobile-optimized middleware delivering an
enterprise-grade services layer that meets
the needs of mobile employees and
customers
Key capabilities:
Open approach to 3rd-party integration
Strong authentication framework Fast and cost-effective
Encrypted offline availability development, integration and
Enterprise back-end connectivity management of rich, cross-
platform mobile applications
Unified push notifications
Data collection for analytics
Direct updates and remote disablement
Packaged runtime skins
18
19. IBM lifecycle solution for mobile app delivery
Requirements
Management
Rational Requirements
Composer
Quality Software Change &
Management Configuration Management Application Development
Rational Quality Manager Rational Team Concert IBM Worklight
+ integrations
Back-end Testing
Virtualization Build & Deploy
Green Hat Management
Rational Team Concert
19
20. 20
Rapid, simple & flexible connectivity for mobile
apps
WebSphere Cast Iron Hypervisor Edition
Native connectors and template
integration processes (TIP’s) to connect
mobile apps to backend & cloud systems,
reducing project costs up to 80%
Bidirectional connectivity and business
logic to increase data quality and
streamline business processes
Centralized monitoring for all
connectivity projects
Simple and flexible integration
Simple and flexible, user-friendly, wizard-
based, “configuration, not coding”
for all connectivity projects,
architecture provides best-practices and allowing you to rapidly
enable repeatable mobile integration integrate SaaS and back-end
project success systems with mobile apps
20
21. Device Management & Security
IBM Endpoint Manager for Mobile
Delivers device security by providing visibility of the devices connected to the enterprise, and
supports core capabilities such as device lock, selective wipe and jailbreak detection.
A highly-scalable, unified solution across platforms, device
types, and IT functions providing:
• Near-instant deployment of new features and analytics reports in • Advanced mobile device
to customer’s environments management capabilities for
• A unified systems and security management solution for all iOS, Android, Symbian, and
enterprise devices Windows Phone
• Platform to extend integrations with Service Desk, CMDB, SIEM, • Unified management approach
and other information-gathering systems to mobile devices capable of automatically
enabling VPN access based
on security compliance
• Security threat detection and
automated remediation
• Will be used internally,
extending IBM’s existing
500,000 device endpoint
management deployment
21
22. The core of a broad mobile portfolio from IBM
Extend & Transform Build & Connect
• Strategy and planning services
• Development and testing of mobile apps
• Mobile-enabled solutions including (native, hybrid,
analytics, commerce, and social web/HTML5/Dojo/Sencha/jQuery)
business
• Traceability and collaboration across
• Implementation and hosting
requirements, code and testing
services
• Pre-built analytics, commerce, and • Tools for Mobile Software Development
social business apps Lifecycle (SDLC)
• IBM Interactive user interface • Large shared codebase across multiple
design services devices and environments
• Physical device management • Integrated device SDKs
services • Runtime skinning for apps
• Enhanced connections to enterprise
data and apps
• Integration with device capabilities
• Packaging and publishing mobile apps
Manage & Secure for app stores and marketplaces
• Unified push notification framework
• Device analytics and control • Mobile security & Access
• Aggregated user statistics and event
• Mobile environment analytics management
reporting for monitoring and analytics
• Endpoint & data protection • Mobile security intelligence
• Secure network communications & management • Private app stores and Catalogs
• Mobile lifecycle management • Device inventory & policy
• management
Provisioning & configuration management
• Encrypted local device data storage
22
23. Complementary IBM services solutions
management
Mobile Enterprise Services
Lifecycle
Mobile
On-premise mobile device management
device
Mobile middleware install and management management
Device procurement, break and fix, end-user support
Hosted Mobile Device Security Management
Endpoint
Security
IBM Security
Anti-virus, anti-spyware, device policy settings Services
Policy management and user compliance monitoring
Cloud-based management system
Mobility and Wireless Services
Networking
Wireless
Design & deployment of enterprise wireless networks
Enhanced wireless network security
Real-time location & event-driven notification services Application servers
corporate Intranet
23
24. IBM Mobile: Delivering mobile critical
success factors
standards-based and future ready
proactive end-to-end security; centralized
deployment, management, maintenance
and support for applications, devices and
infrastructure
business processes and systems are
completely integrated from the mobile
access points to the back-end systems
24
28. Integration testing with test virtualization
Green Hat
• Test Virtualization is an enabler for
Actual Service/App
continuous Integration Testing
• Services, applications, systems are Virtual Service/App
introduced into the continuous integration
cycle in a prioritized, controlled fashion.
Incremental Integration Testing
28
29. Worklight build engine integration
Rational Team Concert
Mobile devices & emulators
Studio
Team Concert Client
Developer
RTC build engine and
Worklight mobile build Team
Build SCM
utility provide a controlled repository
build environment for of apps
mobile apps – both native
and hybrid executables,
sources
logfiles
Builder
RIM Android iOS App stores
SDK SDK SDK
Mobile build server farm 29
Mobile is really a mandatory transformation today – successful enterprises must be mobile Customers are mobile (cite 10 billion devices proof point) - they expect and demand it. Line of Business are responding to that and looking at mobile to drive differentiation and to drive brand – CIOs recognized how important it is (cite 61% proof point) Mobile has proven value (cite 45% proof point). References 10 billion devices connected by 2020: Economist: http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/personal-technology (stats from Morgan Stanley) 61% of CIOs put mobile technologies as priority investment http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1897514 Gartner expects mobile technologies to be the #2 priority for CIOs in 2012 with 61% of survey participants planning to improve their mobile capabilities over the next 3 years. http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1897514 Increase productivity by 45% (1) Aberdeen Survey: ipadcto.com/2011/01/05/survey-mobile-apps-increase-enterprise-performance-and-productivity-advantages-top-three-mobile-app-strategies-gain-momentum/
The mobile space presents large and varied opportunities for our customers including the business-to-enterprise benefits to an organization of increasing worker productivity, improving processing times, and efficiencies gained through extending existing applications to mobile workers, partners and customers. In addition, mobile offers opportunities in the business-to-consumer or B2C space with benefits such as improved customer satisfaction, opportunities to deepen customer engagement and drive increased sales and levels of customer service allowing them to differentiate themselves.
Mobile is fundamentally changing industries and the way they interact with the marketplace. Cite industry examples applicable to your geography.
While the opportunities mobile presents are significant and mobile has become an enterprise requirement, there are a number of challenges clients face. So what ’s different about the mobile lifecycle? It’s not simple to Engage with anyone especially if they own and control their own device (cite 200 million BYOD proof point) Extend to anything – think about the volume of different types of smart mobile device platforms out there – not to mention other types of instrumented machines. Execute real business anywhere – f ull business transactions need to be enabled with low latency request/response characteristics 24x7 from anywhere in the world at anytime. If you look at the top mobile adoption concerns you see Security of the transaction and data Cost of development across the fragmented landscape Integration to back-end systems and the cloud The app development lifecycle is more complicated. In addition to being faster and more iterative, you have to deal with multiple device platforms and development styles. You have to securely integrate into back-end enterprise services and cloud and be ready to scale appropriately – even when demand occurs in less predictable patterns. On top of all that you have unique mobile requirements like a user interface that has significant restrictions in terms of real-estate. You also need to figure out how to protect your confidential information and the privacy of the participants – all while you are enabling connection through devices owned privately by the participants themselves and not controlled by the enterprise. You also have to figure out how to manage all the elements effectively from the device to the back-end platform. Reference: 200 million employees BYOD: Forrester http://www.simply-communicate.com/news/simply-news/forrester-predicts-big-rise-smartphone-use-over-next-four-years
In today’s mobile world enterprises are transforming the way they interact with their customers, partners and employees by implementing mobile strategies. They have a new set of initiatives to: Build, connect , and run a growing portfolio of mobile apps for customers, partners and employees Manage and secure mobile applications and data on a variety of mobile devices and operating systems Extend and transform the business to yield new opportunities and business models while extending existing business capabilities to mobile employees, customers, and partners IBM’s strategy directly addresses this set of initiative, enabling our clients to deliver a comprehensive set of solutions to meet their customer's mobile demands and seize the opportunities that the mobile world provides while reducing cost and complexity.
Each of these initiative has a some key capabilities that must be delivered (cite the ones listed).
Here are a few examples of how our customers are addressing these initiatives: Background on customer examples: ING Direct Canada Here we have an example of how a leading financial institution is reaching mobile banking customers with IBM software and services. ING Direct Canada launched a mobile banking application and a mobile banking website based on WebSphere Application Server. In doing so the bank was quickly able to build and operate the application that runs on iPhone, iPad and BlackBerry, providing mobile access to key banking features for ING Direct customers. IBM GBS worked with ING Direct on this project. The solution extends the ING DIRECT Canada transactional Web infrastructure based on IBM WebSphere Application Server IBM Rational Application Developer 7.5 and Rational Software Architect 7.5 See the ComputerWorld article for more background http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9178145/ING_Direct_praises_IBM_s_Websphere_for_role_in_its_mobile_banking_app Concord Hospital Concord Hospital is a long-time BigFix / Endpoint Manager customer who has deployed nearly every solution we offer, actively participated in customer advisory councils, and Beta programs. They have used Endpoint Manager on desktops, servers, laptops, and mobile hospital computers. They are currently Beta testing our mobile OS offering, but of course have not bought it at this time, though they have been highly complimentary of the solution. Wimbledon IBM and Wimbledon are creating an increasingly reliable, secure and responsive infrastructure to keep pace with a global, grand slam tournament and help to provide a firm foundation for innovation. New developments include the IBM Seer with Video, an augmented reality phone application which acts as an onsite, realtime guide and interactive map for Wimbledon and allows users to take live feeds from BBC and other cameras; an iPhone Wimbledon App which transforms how fans keep up with the action; and IBM Seer Aggregator, which enables fans to receive Wimbledon tweets direct to java-enabled phones from a variety of sources including players, commentators and a team of IBM scouts at the event. Solution Components: IBM Global Business Services: Strategy and Change Services; Application Innovation Services IBM Global Technology Services: Integrated Technology Services IBM WebSphere Application Server; WebSphere Message Broker; WebSphere Portal IBM DB2 Universal Database IBM Storage Area Network
Now I’d like to give you a little deeper look into how you can extend and transform your business to open up new opportunities through mobile.
Clients are looking to deliver real business results (cite elements of top half of chart) and provide important mobile capabilities (cite elements of bottom half of chart)
Mobile can help organizations become a social business – an organization that applies social networking tools and culture to business roles and processes . When people can apply expertise and insights—wherever they are working—they can improve and accelerate results that have real business impact . In customer care. In product innovation. And in making the workforce more responsive and effective. IBM provides a strong portfolio of mobile solutions for social business and analytics. People can use online presence information to see who's available for collaboration right now and use the capabilities that best fit the situation: Push email, calendar, contacts – with IBM Lotus Notes ® Traveler and IBM SmartCloud TM offerings) Presence, IM chat and telephony – with IBM Sametime ® software Online meetings – with IBM Sametime or via IBM SmartCloud offerings Social software for access to your professional network – with IBM Connections software View business documents – with IBM Lotus ® Symphony TM Viewers Business analytics – IBM Cognos ® mobile software Multi-channel web site – IBM WebSphere ® Portal solutions IBM software includes device-appropriate interfaces to the leading smartphones and tablets -- including devices from Apple, Google Android, RIM BlackBerry and Nokia. Please visit ibm.com/socialtogo for more information.
Today’s business are embracing mobile as way to improve engagement with customer, employees, and partners. Mobile improves access to commerce information and processes, enabling a businesses to be more responsiveness to customer needs as well as in managing critical operational processes. Smarter Commerce embraces and integrates mobile across the buy, market, sell, and service processes. Our solutions, such as Sterling Store Associate Mobile, empower retail store employees with mobile access to inventory and ordering information and processes to better handle customer interactions within a store. Our WebSphere Commerce platform has extensive mobile capabilities across multiple mobile devices, both smartphones and tablets, to enable consumers to shop anywhere, anytime and enhance their shopping experience with capabilities such as access to social reviews and bar-code scanning to simplify browsing and buying. The mobile marketing capabilities of WebSphere Commerce fully embrace location-based services to pinpoint personalized offers and messages to customers based on their location. And the mobile and social analytics capabilities of Coremetrics and Tealeaf enable businesses to listen to and truly understand consumer behavior across mobile and social channels and use this information to continuously refine the customer experience.
There are sessions that dig deeper into capabilities for the other two client initiatives, but let me mention one exciting new announcement in this space.
Here is a key announcement - IBM Mobile Foundation v5.0 At it’s core is IBM Worklight – a company we acquired in January. It has all the great features for what goes on the device, what goes on the server. Management, security. Everything there, plus we’ve added some additional things. Previously it supported a number of operating systems – it supports more now. It supports AIX and if you are mainframe based, IBM Worklight mobile application development will support your mainframe under Red Hat enterprise Linux as well For integration of your mobile apps to the cloud and backend applications like SAP – we are including IBM WebSphere Cast Iron. And for enterprise use where you have employees BYOD. You have to manage and secure these devices. This is what IBM endpoint manager for mobile devices is for. We’ll learn more about this exciting new announcement in the Build & Connect and Manage & Secure sessions.
Worklight integrates development languages and best in class tools supporting application development using native and/or familiar web technologies including HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript. Worklight supports multiple JavaScript frameworks: DOJO mobile, jQuery mobile, and Sencha. This gives developers choice to use the framework that's best for them.
IBM Worklight V5.0 enables rich, cross-platform application development to meet the needs of the mobile enterprise. Leveraging standard technologies and tools such as HTML5, CSS and JavaScript, its open approach allows organizations to develop rich HTML5, hybrid and native apps for a wide spectrum of smartphones and tablets, while helping reduce time to market, cost of development and ongoing maintenance efforts. IBM Worklight V5.0 includes mobile-optimized middleware that serves as the gateway between the app, enterprise back-end systems and cloud services. It is designed to integrate with the existing infrastructure of the organization and leverage its existing resources and processes. Among the various capabilities of this product, our customers can benefit from: Leveraging the existing enterprise authentication facilities and user credentials, enabling support for employee-owned devices and helping developers lower the overall cost and complexity of authentication integration. Offline availability of the application that is enabled by encryption of locally stored data and offline user authentication. Back-end connectivity mechanisms supported by various security mechanisms. A unified push notification framework and an administrative console for centralized management of all push rules and event sources. Built-in and customizable data collection and reports that are exportable to the organization’s BI systems. Direct update of web and hybrid applications from sever to client enabling version control and access management of deployed apps. Runtime skins packaged with the application file to ensure the app’s optimized performance on different devices of the same operating system (supporting scenarios such as different form-factors, touch vs. tactile interfaces, different levels of HTML support, etc.).
IBM Worklight is a key part of the full lifecycle of solutions from IBM around mobile app delivery (gives you a chance to talk to some of the rational solutions – see charts in backup)
File Name Here.ppt File Name Here.ppt File Name Here.ppt WEBSPHERE CAST IRON CLOUD INTEGRATION To cut costs, drive productivity, and provide new capabilities quickly, companies are turning to cloud computing to meet business needs. Cloud computing is a new consumption and delivery model providing applica- tions, data, and IT resources to users as services delivered over the network. Cloud applications are delivered as a service known as Soft- ware as a Service (SaaS). SaaS applications can help reduce IT costs by reducing the resources required for application deployment and increas- ing the productivity of business users by making applications available at the time of need. Because Cloud applications (from service provid- ers) have a pricing structure that reduces budgetary issues, there is less delay in new application procurement. As the popularity of SaaS and cloud applications grows, department-level solutions for reducing cost and increasing the effectiveness of specific employee teams face hurdles to grow these solutions, while supporting the wider enterprise. On a daily basis, users require access to various systems and applications that are critical to doing their job. These ap- plications may include cloud applications and on-premise systems and ap- plications. It is critical that these applications and systems are integrated and function seamlessly, providing each user with the latest information. Many companies have a hybrid world of cloud and on-premise applications making integration critical. WebSphere Cast Iron Cloud integration delivers a purpose-built, easy-to-use integration solution designed for simplified deployment to deliver the capabilities needed for cloud and on-premise application integration. Designed to reduce installation and configuration time, WebSphere Cast Iron Cloud integrationhelps you rapidly connect SaaS and on-premise applications or any hybrid environment in between. What sets WebSphere Cast Iron Cloud integration apart from other solution in the market is that it is rapid, simple and flexible. Rapid, empowering your organization to connect applications in just days, simple, with a user-friendly, wizard-based interface to allow jr IT staff to perform complex integration projects, and flexible, offering this functionality as an appliance, a virtual instance or completely in a multi-tenant cloud service. WebSphere Cast Iron Cloud integration can be purchased or licensed through term.
IBM Endpoint Manager for Mobile, an extension to the BigFix family of device management solutions was recently released. A single infrastructure to manage any type of device but can enable administrators to handle the uniqueness of mobile devices.
We’ve just touched briefly on a very few of the areas IBM can help you “go mobile.” IBM offers a comprehensive portfolio of capabilities to help you truly deliver and end-to-end mobile solution for your employees, partners and customers.
<< Note that this slide is a build >> And IBM has services that can help you deliver your mobile capabilities as well. This slide illustrates the breadth of IBM’s mobile services solution portfolio. IBM can help customers with the entire life cycle of managing mobile devices starting with an on-site environment assessment and including help with procurement and break and fix support of devices, to mobile middleware install, end-user support, and implementation and management of a mobile device management solution. In the middle is the hosted mobile device security solution. On the bottom is IBM’s security-rich connectivity offering, where we can help you design the networking and implement Juniper virtual private networks (VPNs) from our integrated communication services team.
Getting mobile right has some important critical success factors. Mobile implementations must be: Open: standards-based and future ready Governed: proactive end-to-end security; centralized deployment, management, maintenance and support for applications, devices and infrastructure Integral: business processes and systems are completely integrated from the mobile access points to the back-end systems IBM is uniquely able to deliver on these critical success factors with a full end-to-end set of product and services capabilities.
Author Note: Mandatory Rational closing slide (includes appropriate legal disclaimer). Graphic is available in English only.
We always want to be testing. Stub interfacing components out that are unavailable at the time and then re-introduce them when they are available. Continuous integration testing at a “system” level. When new components are introduced the automated test suite scan be run as regression tests. Thereby controlling the risk of extra functionality being deployed into the test environment by having mitigated the risk through earlier testing against stubs. This is an incremental and iterative approach to integration testing.