Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-­‐404A and R-­‐134a in Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.

1. LOW
AND
ULTRA-­‐LOW
GWP
REFRIGERANTS
TO
REPLACE
R-­‐404A
AND
R-­‐134a
IN
COMMERCIAL
AND
INDUSTRIAL
REFRIGERATION
Cytef2016©
-­‐
Presenta1on
A. Marta San Román a, *, B. Nacer Achaichia b
a Honeywell
Refrigerants.
C/Josefa
Valcárcel
24,
28027
Madrid,
Spain
b Honeywell
Refrigerants.
Gaston
Geenslaan
14,
3001
Heverlee,
Belgium
*Marta.SanRoman@Honeywell.com
©

2. Content
• Low temperature alternatives
– R-448A
– R-455A
• Medium temperature alternatives
– R-450A
– R-1243ze
– R-1233zd
• Conclusiones

3. HFO molecules - Low and medium pressure applications
Nonflammable (A1) Mildly flammable (A2L) Examples of potential app.
R-134a
GWP=1300
R-1234yf
GWP* < 1
Auto A/C, Vending,
Refrigerators
R-1234ze
GWP* < 1
Chillers, CO2 Cascades
Refrigerators, Heat pumps
R-123
GWP= 79
R-1233zd
GWP* =1
Centrifugal Chillers
High temperature heat pump
HFO/HFC blends
Non Flammable (A1) Mildly Flammable (A2)
Examples of
potential app.
R-134a
GWP=1300
R-450A
GWP* = 547
Sols<ce®
N13az
(R-­‐515A**)
GWP*
=
390
Chillers, Med-temp
Refrigeration,
Appliances, Heat
pumps
R-404A
GWP=3943
R-448A
GWP* = 1273
R-455A
GWP* = 146
Low-Temp
Refrigeration
R-22
GWP=1760
R-444B
GWP* = 295
Stationary A/C,
Refrigeration
R-410A
GWP=1923
R-­‐447A
GWP*
=
572
R-­‐452B**
GWP*
=
698
(R-­‐447B**
GWP*
=
740
Stationary A/C
Applications
*IPCC,
AR5
**
Provisional
ASHRAE
number
Today
Coming
Soon
R-­‐515A**
GWP*
=
390

4. <1
146
547
1273
GWP
R-­‐448A
R-­‐450A
R-­‐455A*
R-­‐1234ze
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Energy
Consumption
[kWh/day]
Ambient
Temperature
Bins
[°F]
R404A N40
(R448A)
Between
5
–
15%
lower
energy
consump<on.
Auchan
(Paris):
first
Sols<ce
N13
hyper
• 8000m2
Commissioned
October
2013
• Savings
of
960
tons
CO2eq
/
year
compared
with
using
a
standard
R-­‐404A
DX
system
Compressor
test
• Extensive
Calorimeter
Tes1ng
• Improvevs.
R-­‐404A
• A2L
Mildly
Flammable
U2
supermarket
(Italy)
• Ze/CO2
cascade
• Refrigera1on
MT
&
LT
• Hea1ng
• Sanitairy
Hot
water
• Cooling
AC
The
need
of
GWP
going
down
R-­‐448A
has
lower
consump1on
in
all
inves1gated
loca1ons
LCCP
Analysis
*Preliminary
ASHRAE
#
1674
R-­‐407F
Asda
(Waltmart),
Hunts
Cross
UK
• Up
to
15%
saving
in
system
energy
bills
• Up
to
40%
reduc1on
in
system
CO2
emissions
• Up
to
10%
improvement
in
system
running
costs

5.
Alterna1ves
for
low
temperature

6. Selec1on
Criteria
Environment
• TEWI
• GWP
• Energy consumption
• Fgas
Operating Costs
• Taxes (GWP)
• Energy consumption
Cost of Investment
• €/kg
• New / Retrofit
• Equipment cost (new systems)
• Discharge temperature
• Safety
• References

7. Alterna1ves
for
low
temperature
R-­‐407F R-­‐448A R-­‐455A
Baseline R-­‐404A
(A1,
3922
/
3943) R-­‐404A
(A1,
3922
/
3943) R-­‐404A
(A1,
3922
/
3943)
Composi<on
40%/30%/30%
R-­‐134a/R-­‐125/R-­‐32
26%/26%/21%/7%/20%
R-­‐32/R-­‐125/R-­‐134a/R-­‐1234ze/R-­‐1234yf
75.5%/21.5%/3%
R-­‐1234yf/R-­‐32/CO2
GWP
4th
/
5th 1824
/
1764 1386
/
1273 148
/
145
Class. A1 A1 A2L
Poten<al
app.
MT
and
LT
sta1onary
refrigera1on
MT
and
LT
sta1onary
refrigera1on
Self-­‐contained
Condensing
units
Use New/Retrofit New/Retrofit New
Drop-­‐in
(1)
Cap. Similar Similar 4%
lower
Drop-­‐in
(1)
Eff. 5%
to
10%
higher 5%
to
10%
higher 3%
to
6
%
higher
Compressor
(2) Recip,
Scroll,
Screw Recip,
Scroll,
Screw Recip,
Rotary,
Scroll
Comments
No
TXV
change
Higher
Tdis
in
LT
No
TXV
change
Good
compressor
envelope
Same
Tdis
in
LT
Status Commercial Commercial
Samples
available
Commercial
2016
(1)
Drop-­‐in
test
in
non-­‐op1mized
system
(2)
Suitable
compressor
technology

8. R-­‐455A
(Sols1ce®
L40X)
• Pastorfrigor
– Chiller
cabinet
originally
designed
for
R-­‐407F
– Similar
performance
to
R-­‐407F
– First
results
also
show
a
benefit
of
a
lower
discharge
temperature
of
an
average
8°C
• Calorimeter
test
Embraco
(AHRI
AREP
program)
– Compressor
NEK2134GK
– HDR-­‐110
called
in
that
report
– Slightly
lower
capacity
and
higher
efficiency
vs
R-­‐404A
– Tests
performed
at
dew
point
temperature
for
suc1on
and
discharge
pressure
condi1ons
(AHRI
Standard
540).
– For
high
glide
refrigerants,
actual
systems
operate
closer
to
the
mid-­‐point
condi1on
– At
midpoint
condi1ons
capacity
of
R-­‐455A
is
within
5%
of
R-­‐404A
in
typical
design
condi1ons
Results
for
a
single
compressor
cycle
Evap.
Temp
Discharge
Temp
(max)
Cond.
Temp
Capacity
Efficiency
(compressor
only)
[°C]
[°C]
[°C]
[%]
[%]
R404A
-­‐34.9
100
33.5
100%
100%
L40X
-­‐34.4
108
36.1
96%
106%

9. R-­‐448A
(Sols1ce®
N40)
Interes<ng
if
• Further
GWP
reduc1on
is
desired
– -­‐65%
versus
R-­‐404A
– due
to
environmental
goals
or
taxes
• Need
to
improve
discharge
temperature
versus
R-­‐407F
• A
close
match
to
R-­‐404A
or
R-­‐22
is
required
– direct
retrofit
fluid
Tips
• Blend
– Systems
must
be
charged
with
liquid
from
the
cylinder
• Glide
3K
to
5K,
depending
upon
pressure
– Use
dew
point
senng
for
superheat
evalua1on/adjustment
– Use
bubble
point
senng
for
subcooling
evalua1on/adjustment
• Slightly
larger
charge
size
than
R-­‐404A/R-­‐507
• For
expansion
valves
or
op1mized
capillary
tube
systems,
typical
charge
size
rela1ve
to
the
R-­‐404/R-­‐507
being
replaced
is
104%

10. • Trial
supermarket
Asda
(Leeds,
UK)
• More
than
2
years
tes1ng
R-­‐448A
compared
to
R-­‐404A
• Results:
– Berer
capacity
and
efficiency
versus
R-­‐404A
– Easy
retrofit
with
minimum
system
adjustments
– Discharge
temperature
close
to
R-­‐404A:
liquid
injec1on
was
not
needed
at
LT
R-­‐448A
in
Asda
(Walmart)
since
2013

11. R-­‐448A
in
a
condensing
unit
• Performance
test
of
a
condensing
unit
• Evalua1ons1
of
the
condensing
units
were
carried
out
according
to
std
JIS
B
8623
• Sols1ce®
N40
showed
4-­‐16%
higher
COP
and
excellent
match
in
capacity
in
standard
and
high
ambient
temperature
condi1ons
*Performance
evalua1on
of
condensing
unit
using
low
GWP
refrigerants.
Atsushi
BABA,
Hiroichi
YAMAGUCHI,
Toshiba
Carrier
Corpora1on,
Fuji-­‐shi,
Shizuoka-­‐ken,
416-­‐8521,
Japan
85%
90%
95%
100%
105%
110%
115%
120%
Tevap
-­‐5%… Tevap
-­‐5%… Tevap
-­‐30%… Tevap
-­‐30%…
%
respecto
al
R-­‐440A
Solstice
N40 Capacidad
COP
‘R-448A is well engineered
refrigerant
to meet requirement as an
alternative to R-404A”

12. R-­‐448A
-­‐
Eroski
• Hypermarket
5000m2
• Berango,
Bizkaia
• Remodeling
• Opening
May
2015
• 2,000kg
of
R-­‐448A
• Berer
CoP
than
R-­‐404A
• GWP
66%
lower
than
R-­‐404A
• Lower
emissions
• Lower
taxes
• Problems-­‐free
retrofit
• Safe
• Time
savings
• Direct
replacement
• Performance
adjusted
with
valve
adjustment

13. Description
• Original R-404A Hussmann distributed system with LT and MT Scroll Compressors
• Same POE oil used for R-448A. Minor Adjustments of TXVs performed.
Results:
Energy data integrated over 3 months
and compared at same average ambient temp (∼20°C):
! R-448A system shows ~14%*
lower energy consumption
(compressor amps 8% lower)
R-­‐448A:
Hussmann
supermarket
* Results can vary, and are dependent on many system variables.
Energy
kWh/day
Compressor
Amps
Condenser
Amps

14. R-­‐448A
–
Simply
(Auchan
group)
• Hyper
3,500m2
in
Zaragoza
(Spain)
• Commissioned
December
2014
• Berer
refrigera1on
performance
than
R-­‐404A
• Monitored
energy
consump1on
shows
a
reduc1on
in
line
with
preliminary
es1ma1ons.
• GWP
66%
lower
than
R-­‐404A
– Lower
emissions
– Lower
CO2e
quota
• Retrofinng
of
R-­‐448A
was
problem-­‐free
thanks
to
its
direct
replacement
capability
for
R-­‐404A,
making
it
safe,
easy
and
1me-­‐efficient
for
the
technicians
to
perform
the
work.

15. R-­‐448A–
Frío
Vizcaya
(for
LAN
Logís1ca)
Characteristics
• Frozen room for -25ºC
• Total capacity around 6,000m3
• New installation
• Commissioning: April 2015
System design
• Pack: 5 independent refrigeration packs
• Bitzer semi-hermetic compressors
• Settings:
– T evap : -33ºC
– T cond : +45ºC
• Cooling capacity: 155kW
• Hot gas defrost
"R-­‐448A
is
suitable
both
for
new
systems
and
for
cost
effecEve
and
simple
conversión
of
exsiEng
ones,
and
contributes
to
minimize
impact
of
taxes"

16.
Alterna1ves
for
medium/high
temperature

17. • Similar system operating characteristics as R-134a ➜ easy to use/apply
• Compressors: up to 2bar lower tdis than R-134a ➜ longer life
• Larger operating map ➜ flexibility to apply
• Higher COP at higher ambient temperatures ➜ energy savings
• When capacity allows, it can be used in existing systems with little/no
design change ➜ ease of use
• Maintain A1 Safety Class / Non flammable ➜ ease of use
R-450A (Solstice® N13)

18. Solstice® N13 (R-450): Auchan hyper
CO2 liquide distribué par pompe à -6°C
Groupe de liquéfaction
Retour du CO2 sous forme gazeuse à -36°C
Retour du CO2 sous
forme gazeuse à -6°C
CO2 liquide distribué par pompe à -6°C
Retour du CO2 sous forme gazeuse à -36°C
Retour du CO2 sous
forme gazeuse à -6°C Fluide HFO N13b
• Hypermarket París, 8,000m2,
• 1,200kg of R-450A
• Cascade system with CO2
• Screw compressor
• Commissioned Oct'13
• Very good performance
• 58% GWP reduction
• Similar energy efficiency
to R-134a
• 90 tons 90 tons CO2eq/y global
savings compared to glicol system
(secundary/ R-134a / CO2)
• 960 tons CO2eq/y savings compared to DX and R404A

19. Solstice® N13 (R-450A)+CO2: Coviran
warehouse
• Opening October 2014
• Coslada (Madrid), 12,000m2
• 1,020 kg of R-450A
• 58% lower GWP vs R-134a
• Higher CoP
• 3 freezer rooms
• One dual-temperature room
• Large, chilled dispatch area, and
incorporates
• 2 evaporative condensers
– CO2 side of the system
– Mid temperature section

20. Low
Pressure
Med.
Pressure
High
Pressure
Evaporator
Off
Condenser
! Operating pressures are function of refrigerant type used.
! Leaks are pressure dependant.
! Low pressure fluids are key to “leak-tight” chillers.
Operating pressures

21. Solstice® ze in HP for district heating&cooling
• Rolfbuskta: heating & cooling
• Heat source sea water, indirect
• End user : large Scandinavian energy company
• Operating for 2 years
• World largest combined heating&cooling plant with refrigerant with GWP<1
Heating mode
Heating capacity = 16.4MW
LWT= 78ºC (COP=4.83)
LWT 80ºC possible
Cooling mode
Cooling capacity = 20.1MW
COP=4.83

22. Solstice® ze in food&service equipment
"We
considered
manufacturing
the
cabinet
using
hydrocarbon
refrigerant,"
says
Jeremy
Hall.
"However,
we
decided
that
the
safety
issues
around
hydrocarbon
outweighed
the
relaEvely
small
advantage
in
terms
of
the
slightly
lower
GWP.
We
think
this
is
the
market's
most
sustainable
blast
chiller.”
-­‐
Jeremy
Hall,
sales
director
of
Precision
Celli: summary of field test results
Solstice ze delivered a 99.5% direct emissions reduction over R134a
Solstice ze exhibited lower discharge pressure (around 40% versus
R-134a), thereby reducing compressor mechanical stresses
Solstice ze proved to be a near drop-in replacement for R134a,
ensuring full optimization of current equipment
Precision Launches Eco Blast Chiller

23. Comfort a/c with GWP<150: technology projection
50
kW
1
kW
500
kW
2MW
10
300
1400
700
R134a
R410A
GWP<150 R455A
GWP=1 R1233zd
20+
MW
GWP<1 R1234ze
"
"
"

24. MTREFRI
A/C
Tevap (°C)Tevap (°C)15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Tcond(°C)
Tevap (°C)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
R
FC + SHW
HF
0 5 10 15 20
-5 0 5 10 15 20
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Tcond(°C)
HP HIGH TEMP
HP REVERSIBLE + SHW
HEATING FLOORS
LTREFRI
R32
R410A
R290
LTREFRI
MTREFRI
A/C
HEATING FLOORS
HP REVERSIBLE+ SHW
HP RENOVATION 1
HP RENOVATION 2
160
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
Es1mated
L40X
MAP
Typical
R410A
MAP
Es1mated
R1234ze
MAP
Es1mated
R1233zd
MAP
-­‐35
-­‐30
-­‐25
-­‐20
-­‐15
-­‐10
-­‐5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
R-­‐1234yf
R-­‐1234ze
R-­‐1233zd
L40X
Typical
R32
MAP
Tcond
(°C)
Tevap
(°C)
HFOs
MAP
analysis
Solstice® zd
Sols1ce
zd
is
not
listed
in
either
the
EU
F-­‐Gas
or
the
EU
ODS
regula1ons
Not
considered
to
be
an
ozone
deple1ng
substance
Not
considered
a
fluorinated
GHG
Not
subject
to
use
controls
Not
subject
to
cap
&
phase
down
Not
subject
to
de-­‐lis1ng
by
U.S.
EPA
Not
subject
to
separate
waste
stream
treatment
under
the
EU
WEEE
Direc1ve
Sols1ce
zd
is
not
listed
in
the
RoHS
direc1ve

25. Conclusions
• HFOs (hydro-fluoro-olefins) with GWP of up to 99 % lower than currently used alternatives
• Good balance of performance, efficiency, serviceability and safety
• Greener way to reduce carbon footprint.
• Low temperature
– R-448A (A1, GWP=1273) as direct replacement for R-404A
– R-455A (A2L, GWP=145), planned to be used in condensing units where R-404A is currently
used.
• Medium temperatures
– R-1234ze, GWP<1, A2L, group PED 2 alternative refrigerant to 134a for new systems with
proven records in chillers, heat pumps, district cooling and heating, CO2 cascades systems, etc.
– R-450A, A1 with GWP=547, is a high efficiency alternative with proven records as primary stage
of CO2 cascade systems and DX medium temperature refrigeration.
– R-1233zd (A1, GWP=1), with higher capacity, and efficiency similar to R-123, is a good
replacement in centrifugal chillers and other low-pressure applications.
• Pure HFOs are non-ozone-depleting substances, not considered fluorinated greenhouses, not
subject to use controls nor to cap & phase down and not subject to de-listing by U.S. EPA.
• New HFO and HFO blends like R-1234ze, R-1233zd and R-455A allow for an extension of the
envelope when compared to typically R-410A or R-32 maps.

26. http://www.honeywell-refrigerants.com/europe/
DISCLAIMER
Although
all
statements
and
informa<on
contained
herein
are
believed
to
be
accurate
and
reliable,
they
are
presented
without
guarantee
or
warranty
of
any
kind,
expressed
or
implied.
Informa<on
provided
herein
does
not
relieve
the
user
from
the
responsibility
of
carrying
out
its
own
tests
and
experiments,
and
the
user
assumes
all
risks
and
liability
for
use
of
the
informa<on
and
results
obtained.
Statements
or
sugges<ons
concerning
the
use
of
materials
and
processes
are
made
without
representa<on
or
warranty
that
any
such
use
is
free
of
patent
infringement
and
are
not
recommenda<ons
to
infringe
on
any
patents.
The
user
should
not
assume
that
all
toxicity
data
and
safety
measures
are
indicated
herein
or
that
other
measures
may
not
be
required.

27.
Backup

28. Low-Temp System Evaluations – System Description
Commercially available 3/4 HP Reach-in Freezer
• Shelf capacity of 700 liters
• Rated refrigeration capacity of about 560W
Top-mount self-contained refrigeration unit
• 354g of R404A charge
• 1/2 HP reciprocating compressor
• Round-tube in-fin evaporator and condenser
• Typical suction-line/liquid-line heat exchanger
• Adjustable TXV
• Electric defrost every 4h of compressor running time
Evaporator
designed
as
parallel
flow
for
R404A

29. Low-Temp System Evaluations – Test Details
# ASHRAE 72 standard
! System placed in an environmental chamber at 25°C/14°C (db/wb)
! Cabinet volume filed with glycol/water test simulators and frozen food
# Instrumentation
! Type-T Thermocouples, pressure and power transducers
! Capacity based on air temperature difference across the evaporator
# R404A baseline tested “as is” at the nominal charge
# Near drop-in test of L40X (R455A)
! TXV was slightly adjusted to provide appropriate superheat
! Same POE oil used
! A typical charge optimization was carried out
! Evaporator position was inverted to get counterflow-like configuration for L40X (R455A)

30. Low-Temp System Evaluations – 24h Performance
Results:
• Box and product temps are a match
• Run time ratio only 4% higher, which indicates close match of R404A capacity
• 24-h integrated system energy consumption is 97% of R404A.
• Compressor-only energy consumption is 94%
• Large fan power reduced the improvement in the system (artifact of system design)
Run
Time
Ra<o
Box
Temp.
Product
Temp.
24h
Energy
Consump<on
(compressor
only)
24h
Energy
Consump<on
(system)
[%
of
R404A]
[°C]
[°C]
[%
of
R404A]
[%
of
R404A]
R404A
100%
-­‐19.1
-­‐18.3
100%
100%
Sols<ce
L40X
(R455A)
104%
-­‐19.1
-­‐18.6
94%
97%
Potential for improvement due to low flow rate and effect of large fan power.