HZGD#23 - Wed, 5 Mar 2014 @Vineyard Cafe/Bar (味雅咖啡), Hangzhou, China
Topic details: Lara would like to present some of the results of the first World Small Hydropower Development Report (2013) in the context of international sustainable energy goals.
Speaker background: Lara Esser is Senior Programme Officer at the International Center on Small Hydro Power (IC-SHP) under auspices of UNIDO here in Hangzhou. She has been coordinating the first World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013, which is now available from ‘Small Hydropower World” knowledge platform (www.smallhydroworld.org).
Lara comes from Germany, but has studied and lived in the UK, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Hong Kong, the United States, Thailand and China. Her background is in the field of marine and freshwater biology, species conservation and assessment, ecological management, climate resilience and rural sustainable development. She has a recent Master’s in Environmental Technology from the Centre of Environmental Policy at Imperial College London.
If you wish to contact Lara, then please send an email to: HangzhouGreenDrinks [AT] gmail [DOT] com
If you want to read about the report related to Lara's presentation you can find it here: http://www.smallhydroworld.org/
HZGD#23 Lara Esser - Small Hydro Power & Sustainability Goals v1c
1. World Small Hydropower
Development Report 2013
&
International Goals
Presented by Lara Esser
International Center on Small Hydro
Power under auspices of UNIDO
5 March 2014@Green Drinks Hz
2. Overview
• Background
– What is small hydropower?
– ICSHP and UNIDO
– Millennium Development Goals
– Energy access and rural electrification
• Report and Knowledge Platform
– Example Eastern Asia / China
– Results
– Recommendations
3. What is Small Hydropower?
• Small-scale renewable technology
• Rural electrification, remote areas
• On-grid or off-grid
• Run-of river type or reservoir-type
• Power = Head x Flow x Gravity
Source: Kangmei
ICSHP
4. Small Hydropower Turbine Types
Pelton Banki Francis Crosssflow
• Net Power = Gross Power x Efficiency
• Generation of electricity is the conversion of one form of power to another
• Water power – rotational power – electrical power
Source: Wikimedia
Commons
5. ZAMBIA, 1 MW, 2012 commissioned, mini-grid
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, community contribution
SHP definition of up to 10 MW installed capacity or country
definition. It’s not only about technology…
10. International Center on Small
Hydro Power (ICSHP)
• International technology center under
auspices of UNIDO, based in Hangzhou
• Proposal to establish international network
(INSHP) - 1992
• Granted consultative status with UNIDO -
1998
• First ever international institution
established in China
11. Promote SHP Development Worldwide
• Demonstration bases in Gansu, Zhejiang,
2x Hunan
• Regional centers in Nigeria and India
• Lighting up Rural Africa (e.g. Zambia)
ZAMBIA, SHIWANGANDU
12.
13. Promote SHP Development Worldwide
• Refurbishment projects in
Federated States of Micronesia
and DPR Korea
DPR KOREA
14. UNIDO
• Partner for prosperity
• Poverty reduction through productive activities
• Trade capacity building
• Inclusive and sustainable industrial development (green
economy/green industry)
• Renewable energy and energy efficiency are needed to
improve energy security
Director General
LI Yong
16. 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty & Hunger
Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day, 1990 & 2010 (Percentage)
The MDG target has been met,
poverty rates have been halved
between 1990 and 2010, but 1.2
billion people still live in extreme
poverty.
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013
17. 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
• Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by more than 46%
since 1990.
Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), 1990 and 2010 (Billions of metric tonnes)
More than 2.1 billion people and almost 1.9 billon people, respectively, have
gained access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities since 1990.
18. Energy Access
• 2.7 billion must rely solely on traditional
biomass to meet their energy needs (IEA,
2011)
• 1.3 billion people do not have access to
electricity (IEA, 2011)
• UN estimates that of those with access to
electricity, 1 billion have poor quality
electricity or can only obtain it intermittently
from unreliable grid networks (AGECC, 2010)
19.
20. The Future We Want – Rio+20
2012 – Int’l Year of
Sustainable Energy 4 All
• Ensure universal access to
modern energy services by
2030.
• Double share of RE in the
world’s energy mix by 2030.
Our common future
• Heads of State and Gov with ‘full
participation’ of civil society
• Eradicate poverty
• Mainstream sustainable
development*
• Energy plays critical role in dev
– Energy key input into
production
• Address access to
sustainable modern energy
services
– in particular for the poor
– make financial resources
available
• Use appropriate policies &
strategies
– Use appropriate energy mix
* Promote economic, social & env
aspects & recognize interlinkages
21. • Microgrids can result in unit prices under USD1/month
• Nepal: 1,500 households, 54% decrease in kerosene use after connection to a micro-
hydro powered grid, household income increased by 52% from 1996 to 2005.
Significant reduction in mortality rate of children under 5 and maternal mortality rates.
Haiti: rural households
av 10USD on
kerosene +candles,
4 USD/month on
cell-phone battery
charging
Bangladesh: 1/2 liter
kerosene every
night,11USD/month
20-45 USD/kWh for
kerosene lighting if
CFL or LED
equivalent
60-115 USD/kWh for
cell-phone charging
(depends on size of
battery)
23. WSHPDR 2013
• First global assessment on small hydropower
usage and potential for policymakers, SHP
stakeholders, investors
• Joint undertaking of ICSHP and UNIDO
• Covering 20 regions 152 countries/
territories
• >60 contributing organizations and experts
• Main findings (SHP definition: up to 10 MW)
– 148 countries/territories use SHP
– 4 have potential but no installed capacity yet
– Installed SHP capacity (2011/2012): >75 GW
– Global SHP potential: 173 GW
• Knowledge plaform live since 12 February
2014
30. • Installed electrical
capacity
• Next 20-30 years
energy mix 1st
coal, 2nd
hydro
• Hydro 220 GW
– 400 GW by 2030
– 450-500 GW by 2050
• Rural electrification
increased
– from 61% at village
level in 1978 to
99.74% in 2008
31. China has benefitted from SHP
• More than 300 million people in 1/3 of all
counties, and covering half of all the territories in
China, have access to electric power due to
SHP
• Based on 50 MW definition, largest SHP
potential in the world is in China
• By 2012, approximately 45,799 SHP stations
with a total installed capacity of about 65.68 GW
and an annual output of over 217,300 GWh.
32. • Pre-1990: plants mainly
funded by the central and local
governments
• After late 1990s: gradual
transition away from govts
and towards corporate
enterprises and private
ownership
– Chinese investment system
started to be reformed through a
combination of govt guidance
and market mechanisms
– Rapid development of the
economy, caused power supply
shortages
SHP Ownership
33. • Since early 1970s: ‘Self-construction, self-management and self-
consumption’ policy
• Value added tax (VAT) for SHP has, since 1994, stood at 6% (vs
17% tax for large hp stations)
• 12th
FYP (2011-2015) and its objectives
1. Fully complete the National Planning of New Rural Electrification i.e. to
invest 43.52 billion Yuan (about US$7 billion) to build SHP plants in
300 new rural electrification counties, with a planned new installed
capacity of 5,156 MW (output of 19.16 TWh).
2. Implement tasks covered by Hydropower for Fossil Fuel Power Plan
(2009–2015) which aims to solve, through firewood substitution, the fuel
concerns of 6.78 million rural residents and to protect a forest area of
1,593,333 hectares, by constructing 1,022 SHP stations with an
installed capacity of 1,705.6 MW.
3. Carry out small (rural) hydropower efficiency and capacity expansion
projects. A total investment of 3.75 billion yuan (about US$600 million)
has been planned for the refurbishment of 620 rural hydropower
stations with a total capacity of 880 MW (2011-2012), i.e. recover and
renew some 1.1 GW capacity.
SHP Policy (and Barriers)
34. The story behind the numbers
InstalledcapacityinMegawatt
20 UN regions
Low
installed
capacity
High
installed
capacity
Medium
installed
capacity
43. High installed capacity >3,500
MW
• Potential 300 MW to 20,000 MW
• Old plants need refurbishment
• Environmental mitigation
• Innovative SHP solutions
• RE targets and planned capacity additions
• Limited potential
• Complex administrative procedures
• Government support of SHP
44. Southern Africa
Middle Africa
Western Africa
Northern Africa
Caribbean
PICTs
1. Improved hydrological data
collection
2. Update SHP assessments
3. Increase local capacity to
conduct feasibility studies,
construction, operation and
maintenance
4. Create network of regional
focal points
Take-away messages
45. Southern Africa
Middle Africa
Western Africa
Northern Africa
Caribbean
PICTs
Central Asia
Western Asia
Eastern EuropeAustralia &
NZ
South-Eastern Asia
Central America
South America
5. Regional network of
professional mechanical
workshops for local
equipment demand and
maintenance
6. Screen SHP plants that
need upgrade, identify
dams for multipurpose
7. Implement regulations on
waterways to avoid conflict
between agriculture, fishery,
electricity production and
biodiversity
46. Southern Africa
Middle Africa
Western Africa
Northern Africa
Caribbean
PICTs
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Northern Europe
Western Europe
Southern Europe
Northern America
Central Asia
Western Asia
Eastern EuropeAustralia &
NZ
South-Eastern Asia
Central America
South America
8. Improve collaboration
among agencies
responsible for water
resources, environment and
electricity
9. Identify non-conventional
sites based on technical
innovation
10.Simplify administrative
procedures for SHP
on existing
infrastructure
47. 11. Continue and expand
coordination, collaboration and
knowledge sharing among
regional and international
organizations
12. Facilitate transition from pilot
projects to programs through
South-South and triangular
cooperation among developing
countries, developed countries
and international
organizations
for technology transfer, capacity
building and financing
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Editor's Notes
Dam without planned power generation. SHP plant at outlet! Dam for irrigation, flood control, drinking water.
Here we can see all twenty regions of the world (based on the UN regional list) according to their installed capacity. Each region is different according to geographical size, number of countries and climate, however, you will also find surprising commonalities with regard to small hydropower development.
So what kind of story is behind the numbers and what can we take away from them with respect to cooperation on technology transfer and capacity building. How we can get closer to achieving universal energy and electricity access with the help of cooperation among countries using small hydropower.
.
The regions with a low amount of installed capacity of below 150 MW are within Southern, Middle, Western and Northern Africa and 2 island regions (PICTs and Caribbean).
[so Africa without Eastern Africa – it is borderline and was excluded in the medium group because it has much higher known potential]
[Central Asia also has low installed capacity but higher known potential and is therefore included in the medium category]
These regions have in common the very low installed capacity and less known or low potential. Apart from Western Africa, i.e. 400 MW, except for Western Africa.
Southern Africa has the least amount of countries.
In general these regions suffer from low electricity access.
Notable is that while the installed capacity is low, that the potential was estimated much higher in Western Africa in comparison to the other regions, why? It could be due to
the Economic Community of Western African States – ECOWAS Center Ecowas Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Cape Verde, also called ECREEE. It is supported by UNIDO. In April 2012 they had a workshop where representatives from each country of the region with SHP or potential came and shared existing knowledge on the situation. ECREEE is working together with all countries through a network of focal points located in the Ministry of Energy in each country. This was very useful also for ICSHP, as ECREEE shared these contacts with us and most of these focal points were able to help us as well through at least answering a survey and sometimes providing even more information.
Now in hindsight, I can say that the network of focal points did not guarantee access to information, but that it made it much easier. Also located in Western Africa is the UNIDO regional center for small hydropower in Nigeria, which similarly recommended contacts in all regions of Africa.
I would also like to highlight that South Africa has been active in the SHP sector and successfully had SHP CDM project funding, that Angola has a SHP programme (the chief of the SHP division is very busy also going into the field, I really hope that we will hear the successful ending to this project!). This reflects another underlying problem, there are programmes which have started, but I was unable to verify the process. In the case of DR Congo, it was implied by someone from a utility that the government received the money, but the implementing agency has not seen any of it and is thus unable to properly electrify 80 000 villages [Lara doublecheck figure].
Focussing on the other two regions, the island regions, their characteristics include small areal size suitable for decentralized electrification efforts. While their total installed capacity might be small in comparison to other regions, actually SHP experience exists and SHP development is active in the Caribbean especially in Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Jamaica and in the PICTs in the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Papua New Guinea [LARA check other countries worth mentioning]
Factors that prove to be disadvantages to SHP:
unsuitable climate (Western Africa, Northern Africa) and limited water availability on islands
high solar potential and high electrification rate (i.e. Northern Africa)
natural calamities (Caribbean, e.g. Haiti recurring natural disasters) and civil war (Sudan, South Sudan, Angola, DR Congo)
Factors that prove to be advantageous to SHP:
need for rural electrification
remote areas that need decentralized sources of energy and not just grid extension
depdendency on imported fossil fuel sources and the wish to have energy security and clean energy based on renewable energy sources, also to mitigate climate change impacts