This lecture discusses the orders Hemiptera and Phthiraptera. Hemiptera includes true bugs, aphids, and cicadas, and is divided into the suborders Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, and Heteroptera. Phthiraptera contains the sucking lice that parasitize humans and other primates, including the human head louse, body louse, and pubic louse. Key characteristics and some example families from each order are provided. References for further information are listed at the end.

1. University of Sulaimania
School of Science
Department of Biology
2nd Class Year
20t h
La b.
Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:
Orders
Hemiptera and Phthiraptera
Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

2. Objectives:
This lecture gives knowledge about Sucking Lice
(order Phthiraptera), true bugs, aphids and cicads (Order
Hemiptera).
Scientific content:
Order Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha (Aphids and Scale insects)
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadas)
Suborder: Heteroptera (True bugs)
Order: Phthiraptera (Human head louse, human body louse
and pubic louse)

3. Order: Hemiptera
• Minute to large insects,
• head opisthognathous (homopterans) or
prognathous (heteropterans),
• compound eyes usually well developed
• antennae filliform with few segments,
• mouthparts piercing-sucking type with mandibles
and maxillae in form of stylets enclosed within a
labial sheath;
• two pairs of wings usually present with fore wings
of harder consistency than hind pair;
• abdomen with 9–11 segments, external genitalia
varied in both sexes, cerci absent.

4. Order Hemiptera divided into two groups;
Homoptera and Heteroptera
-Homopterans Have an opisthognathous head, a small
pronotum, and fore wings (when present) with a uniform
texture and held rooflike over the body at rest.
- Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
The two features that characterize this suborder
are the complex tympanal organs and antennae
whose flagellum is aristoid (hairlike).
Family: CICADIDAE. (Cicads) Cicada spp.
- Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
multisegmented, filiform antennae.
Family: Coccidae (Scale Insects)
Family: Aphididae (Aphids, plant lice, greenfly, and black
fly). Aphis spp.

5. •

9. Heteropterans:
- Suborder: Heteroptera
-In Heteroptera the head is usually prognathous, the
pronotum is well developed; and fore wings when present
are in the form of hemelytra, with wings held flat over the
body when at rest.
- Family: PENTATOMIDAE (stink bug)
- Family: REDUVIIDAE, (Assassin bugs),
- Family: Hydrometridae (Water Treaders)
- Family: Gerridae (Water Striders)
Family: CIMIClDAE, Cimex lectularius (Bedbugs)

16. Order: Phthiraptera
• Suborder: Anoplura (sucking Lice)
Family: Pediculidae
Hosts: on humans, chimpanzees, and New World monkeys
Pediculus humanus capitis (human head louse)
Pediculus humanus humanus (human body louse)
• Family: Pthiridae
Hosts: on humans and gorillas
Pthirus pubis (crab louse or pubic louse).

17. Pediculus humanus capitis (human head louse)

18. Pediculus humanus humanus (human body louse)

19. Pthirus pubis (pubic louse).

20. References:
• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General
and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill
Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.
• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology.
4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.
• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer,
Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.
• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume
3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans,
Rosser W. Garrison,
• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of
Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.