English

The Verb 4, 5
Tenses 6
Present Simple 6
Past Simple 7 – 12
Positive, Question and Negative 13 – 15
Present Continuous 16
Past Continuous 17 – 19
Present Perfect 19 – 20
Present Perfect Continuous 21
Past Perfect 22
Future Simple 23
"Going To" Form 24
Modal Verbs 26
- Shall - Should, Will – Would, Can – Could
- May – Might, Must – Had to / Ought to
Questions and Answer 27
"Yes" Or "No" Questions 27
"WH" Questions 28
Tag Questions ? 29 – 31
The Compound Sentence !" #$ 32, 33
- and, but, so, not only …. but also, eight …or
- neither … nor, both …. and
The Complex Sentence % &'" #$ 34
- Conditionals ! 35 - 37
- Adjectival Clauses "# ! 38 – 40
- Clauses of Cause ! 40
- Clauses of Result $ %&' ) !
( 41
- Clauses of Purpose * + &' ) !
( 42, 43
- Clauses of Contrast ,- &' ) !
( 44, 45

Voices of Verb ()* +( # , " 46 - 52
Direct and Indirect Speech !- ./ !- " +01 53
Statements -./ ! 53 – 56
Reported Questions 0 1 23+ ' 5
4 57
Wh Questions 57 – 59
"Yes" or "No" Questions 60
Adjectives 2 61
Short Adjectives 036 6 62
Long Adjectives '
-#7 6 63
Adjective Degrees 6 89 63, 64
Participal Adjectives : 1 6 65 – 68
Other ways of Comparison % ' ; <=> 68 – 70
Contrasted Comparatives ? % 2 70, 71
Prepositions !$ 3 !4 72
Prepositions of Place @ A ' 8 B C 72, 73
Prepositions of Time @ 2D' 8 B C 73, 74
Prepositions added to verbs E FG B I 8 B C
H 75 – 77
Added to Participal Adjectives :1 6' G 2 8 B C 78
- Prepositions added to Adjectives 6' G 2 8 B C 79

General Exercises 5 67
89 80 - 89

The verb is an important part of speech. Without it a sentence doesn’t
make sense.
CB 0 #$ : 2 ;<= & >+01 ?@ 6 +A ?@

- We learn new things at school. B D E
- We learn new things. B D E
- We learn things. B D E
- We learn. B D E
- We new things at school. BF 0 E

The action is either Present , Past or Future.
0 'M
N L 58K GH &I J(17

1- He usually arrives on time. ( Present O8K )
2- He drove to school this morning. ( Past PL Q
3- They will buy a new house next year.( Future 'M )
N

It is the verb that indicates the time of the action (Tense)
Present, Past or Future
0 'M
N L 58K J JGH &I O(R 6 SG .T7
There are two kinds of verbs: Regular and Irregular Verbs.
C R.W X!Y R V 6 J 5(=U A

Regular R: arrive, play, work, look, answer, ask.
Irregular R.W : drive, buy, sell, take, give, swim.

Exercise ( 1 )
Rewrite each of the sentences as Positive, Question or Negative
according to the instructions.
C ) ( Z" /2 [ N4 E M &5
• I visit my grandad very often. ( negative P =)
I don’t visit my grandad very often.
• Does he go to school everyday ? ( positive )
G
He goes to school everyday.
1. She goes to work by car. ( question +) M G)
2. We watch television every night. ( negative P =)
3. Does he live in this street ? ( negative P
=)
4. He works in a restaurant. ( negative P =)
5. Does she come to school early ? ( positive )
G
6. He washes his car every week. ( question +) M G)
7. Does he work here ? ( positive )
G
8. Does she play tennis on Sundays ? ( positive )
G
9. Does her mother cook in the evenings ? ( negative P =)
10. My sister doesn’t eat mutton. ( positive )
G
11. She prefers beef to mutton. ( question +) M G)
12. My father doesn’t smoke. ( positive )
G
13. They go for a walk every afternoon. ( question +) M G)

“ ”

Positive
G Question +) M G Negative PF =
I am Am I ? I am not
You are Are you ? You are not ( aren’t )
We are Are we ? We are not ( aren’t )
They are Are they ? They are not ( aren’ t)
He is Is he ? He is not ( isn’t )
She is Is she ? She is not ( isn’t )
It is Is it ? It is not ( isn’t )

Exercise ( 2 )
Put “ am”, “is” or “are” in the spaces.
1. .............. you good at English ? Yes, I.......................
2. Our teacher................quick-tempered.
3. The sun.................. a star.
4. ........................ I right ?
5. Yes, you..................
6. The pupils...............not in their classes.
7. ...................your car new ?
8. No, it...................not.
9. ................Marawan at home?
10. Yes, he..............
11. Where............. those tourists from ?
12. It...................not easy to climb a high mountain.
13. Tigers...........good swimmers.
14. Nadia...........in hospital.
15. She...............not very ill.
16. I............glad to meet you.
17. English..............an international language.
18. The Pyramids............one of the wonders of the world.
19. President H.H. Sheikh Zayed ……… a great ruler

2-The Past Simple Tense (Regular and IrregularVerbs)

USE < &]M G
For a past action or state PL " ^ _ 9 _ R I H &I

A) Regular Verbs ' `-

Stem P.Tense Stem P.Tense Stem P.Tense
clean J K - cleaned Mend L'6- mended wash + - washed
climbM' - climbed wait K - waited finish - finished
listen +6- listened want )- - wanted help )( - helped
play N F-
' played cry O 6- cried look K - looked
stay & - stayed try E P tried watch)Q - watched
turn )- turned drop - dropped use )R - used
live S F- lived carry P carried ask ET - asked
count )F- counted stop J :
#- stopped walk U walked

Exercise ( 3 )
Choose the right verb stems, make the Past Tenses and fill in the
spaces.
W! a b c N PL " ^ ) L > " !M
Y

walk - cry - play - wash - stay - open - live - clean - want
finish - help - ask - carry - count - listen.

1. I..............my hands and face ten minutes ago.
2. It was hot yesterday and we...................all the windows.
3. The baby was hungry and ....................all night.
4. Fatma was ill yesterday and...................at home.

5. The boys .................... football last Saturday.
6. Ali usually goes to school by bus, but yesterday he.....................
7. The doctor...........................work late last night.
8. Moza stayed at home and........................her mother.
9. I.........................my shoes this morning.
10. Mariam’s father.......................in London until 1960.
11. Ahmed was ten years old, and he...............a bicycle.
12. She opened her purse and.....................her money.
13. The little boy was tired, so his father.....................him.
14. I.....................to the radio yesterday afternoon.
15. The lesson was easy, but the pupils............. questions.

B) Irregular Verbs. C R.W

Stem Past Simple Tense Past Participle
begin =
)- began begun

drink V - drank drunk

run WX ran run

sing Y+- sang sung

sit Z'
X sat sat

swim L - swam swum

bring P brought brought

buy W - bought bought

catch [ U caught caught

see ;- saw seen

teach '-
F taught taught

think A- thought thought

wear Z '
- wore worn

break A- broke broken

drive 9# - drove driven

ride N] - rode ridden

tell .^ told told

sell _- sold sold

speak ' -
A spoke spoken

write N A- wrote written

eat ]T
- ate eaten

fall _- fell fallen

feel F- felt felt

meet ?- met met

send - sent sent

sleep - slept slept

come ` ab came
- come

give 7F- gave given

make _6- made made

blow N `b
- blew blown

draw - drew drawn

fly 37- flew flown

know B F- knew known

throw 2- threw thrown

stand J - stood stood

take c<T
- took taken

get &' 6P
( got got

forget & - forgot forgotten

build Y- built built

burn >P burnt burnt

learn ' -
F learnt learnt

cut _7 - cut cut

hit )6- hit hit

let )- let let

put _ - put put

shut - shut shut

freeze )$- froze frozen

grow # - grew grown

hear _ - heard heard

hide d^ hid hidden

keep eP kept kept

kneel _] - knelt knelt

lead 9# - led led

leave 9+ gf -
- left left

lend * - lent lent

light F- lit lit

lose ) - lost lost

understand - understood understood

do F- did done

go N Qc- went gone

have [ 'U had had

pay _G
)- paid paid

say E# - said said

read =- read read

Exercise ( 4 )
Choose the right verb stems, make the Past Simple Tense
and fill the spaces.
W! a Gb >c N PL " ^ ) L > " ` !M
Y

A) run - wear - give - catch - swim - buy - sleep - write
begin - throw - teach - drink.

1. The cat.......................a mouse yesterday.
2. This lesson........................ten minutes ago.
3. It was Amal’s birthday and she.............her new dress.
4. I was thirsty and...................three glasses of water.
5. The policeman saw a thief and.....................after him.
6. The doctor sold his old car in 1990 and.......a new one.
7. Shakespeare...........................many plays.
8. A different teacher...................us English last year.
9. The boy jumped into the river and...................across it.
10. He was very tired and...........for nine hours last night.
11. The boy....................a stone and broke the window.
12. Ali’s father......................him a present on his birthday.

B) eat - send - come - do - fall - put - feel - go - fly.

13. She wrote a letter to her brother and........it by air-mail.
14. The children were hungry and..................all the cakes.
15. He opened the door and..........................into the room.
16. The old man..........down in the street and broke his leg.
17. Salim...................ill,so he stayed in bed.
18. The cat climbed the tree, but the bird.............away.
19. My friend and I................to the cinema last Saturday.
20. Nadia..............a lot of homework yesterday evening.
21. He................on his hat and coat and went out.

Positive, Question and Negative Forms
P +) M ` d

A) Regular Verbs R
Positive Question Negative
I waited Did I wait? I did not wait
You waited Did you wait? You did not wait
We waited Did we wait? We did not wait
They waited Did they wait? They did not wait
He waited Did he wait? He did not wait
She waited Did she wait? She did not wait
B) Irregular Verbs R.W
I slept Did I sleep? I did not sleep
You slept Did you sleep? You did not sleep
We slept Did we sleep? We did not sleep
They slept Did they sleep? They did not sleep
He slept Did he sleep? He did not sleep
She slept Did she sleep? She did not sleep
It slept Did it sleep? It did not sleep

Exercise ( 5 )
Change the verbs into the Past Simple Tense keeping them as positives,
questions or negatives.
gP +) M > QCd 2 . /;J ec N PL " ^ fL
• He lives here.
He lived here
• Do you drive to school?
Did you drive to school ?
1. He doesn’t work very hard.
...............................................
2. I send money to my family.
...............................................
3. Does she play tennis?
...............................................
4. You don’t eat much.
...............................................
5. We love Spain.
...............................................
6. She buys beautiful dresses.
...............................................
7. A carpenter mends my chair.
...............................................
8. He does a lot of homework.
.............................................

“ ”

I was Was I ? I was not ( wasn’t )
You were Were you ? You were not ( weren’t )
We were Were we ? We were not ( weren’t )
They were Were they ? They were not( weren’t )
He was Was he ? He was not ( wasn’t )
She was Was she ? She was not ( wasn’t )
It was Was it ? It was not ( wasn’t )

Exercise ( 6 )
Put “was” or “were” in the spaces.
1. Fahd..............late for school yesterday.
2. There...... a holiday last week and the shops........shut.
3. Where................you yesterday afternoon?
4. There...............no aeroplanes two hundred years ago.
5. Why..............Mariam absent last week ?
6. There................not many cars on the road in 1960.
7. When....................you born?
8. His mother.....................in hospital last summer.
9. Ghandi.................a great man.

3- The Present Continuous Tense

FORM : The Present Continuous is formed by using
“am”, “is” or “are” + “ing” form of the verb.
ing h O h are is, am 6 !#M O8K " J(1M
N" 7
USE : <; &]M G
* For actions taking place at present ( now ).
C g Jl Q !L I _ R ^ g !#M ) &4 Q H &j k
( N a i

- Continuity at present. !L I ^ 7
8!#M ` i
1. Now, I am writing grammar notes.
2. At present, you are learning English.
3. At the present moment the children are watching TV.
4. Look ! a man is running after the bus.
* For future actions. 'M ^ H &mM k
N" a i

- Futurity. 'M i
N"
1. I am visiting my grandad this aftenoon.
2. They are leaving for Cairo tomorrow.
Exercise ( 7 )
Put the verbs between ( ) in the Present Simple, or Present
Continuous. !#M O8K " c N O8K " ^ n (R o
N" fL
1. Where are you ? - I am in the kitchen.
What you (do).....................? - I(cook)...........dinner.
2. I always read English books, but now I(read)............a
French book.
3. He (not sleep)..........He (read)...............himself to sleep.
4. At present, the children (play)..................in the garden.
5. Ahmed usually (eat).......mutton. Now he (eat).......beef.
6. He often (drive).......slowly. Now, he (drive)........... fast.
7. They (not come)......................to school everyday.
8. ? Mahmoud (work)..............................at the moment ?
9. ? you (come)..................to see your aunt this evening ?

4- The Past Continuous and Past Simple Tenses

The Past Continuous !#M PL
N" "

FORM: The Past Cont. is formed by using “was” or “were”
+ stem + ing.
ing h O h were was 6 !#M PL " J(1M
N" 7
USE < &]M
For an action taking place in the past.
CPL " ^ g !#M G ) &4 Q _ k
&4 a

1. It was raining all day yesterday.
2. They were watching TV. all night.
3. I was writing letters all the morning.

The Past Continuous and Simple cN !#M PL "
N"

USE: #) &]M G
* For something that happened while/as something else was
happening. C !#M !YpH &4 J # fR H &I i
N
* For something that happened when something else was
happening
g 1 Q !#M !YpH &4 J
N & 5 fR H &I i.

1- The light went out while I was reading the paper. OR
While I was reading the paper, the light went out.
2- When the teacher entered the class, the pupils
were standing on their desks. OR
The pupils were standing on their desks when the
teacher entered the class.

Exercise ( 8 )
Complete the sentences by putting the verbs between ( ) in the Past
Simple or Past Continuous.
C!#M PL " c N PL " ^ n (R o
N" L #$ #

1. When the telephone.........., I was having a bath. (ring)
2. He fell and broke his arm while he...........tennis. (play)
3. I was walking into the house when I.....the noise.(hear)
4. She dressed as her mother.............breakfast. (prepare)
5. When I ................ her, she was sitting in her bed. (see)
6. The teacher was asking questions when the bell.....(go)
7. As I..................an apple pie, the guests arrived. (make)
8. It was raining leavily when they.......................out. (go)
9. I.......................into my car when I heard the shot. (get)
10. She.................her car when she suddenly felt ill. (drive)
11. When I.......................they were playing chess. (arrive)
12. She..........her finger while she was cooking dinner.(cut)
13. I...........................my homework when she phoned.(do)
14. As we.............to the radio, it suddenly stopped. (listen)
15. She..............her purse as she playing in the park. (lose)

5- The Present Perfect Tense + Since / for
$ #"
% !

FORM: The present perfect tense is formed by using have / has +P.P.
q r s 7 M h have / has 6 +M O8K " J(1M
!2 7

USE < &]M
* For a past action with a present result.
C !L I ^ #tRu
! PL " ^ fR H &I

- I have lived here for three years.(I am living here now)
- He has worked here since 1980.(he is working here now)

For - during a period of time. % 0Y
!M
Since - from a point in time. Z'=6

Exercise ( 9 )
Choose “ for” or “since”
1. I have worked in the factory ( for . since ) 1970.
2. We have been in Paris ( for / since ) we married.
3. She has received many letters.(for / since) her birthday.
4. I have not eaten prawn ( for / since ) two years.
5. He ( not see )............. me ( for / since ) I left the office.
6. We ............................( be ) in UAE ( for / since ) 1991.
7. He ( not eat ).............. fish ( for / since ) he was a boy.
8. She ( work )............... for me ( for / since ) a long time.
9. I ( know ).............................. them ( for / since ) years.
10 We (study).............many things ( for / since ) last year.

* For describing something that happened recently with certain words :
( just, already, yet )
# f % R
.2 %!M
H &4 v- s ( i
- With other words like ( ever, never ) - r X!Y # f

- I have just finished my homework.
- She has already bought a present.
- Have you done your homework yet ?
- Have you ever seen a ghost ?
- She has never spoken to me.

Exercise ( 10 )
Write the following sentences putting the verbs between ( ) into the
present perfect tense.
C+M O8K " ^ n (R o L M #$ [ M

1. She......................................ill for several months. (be)
2. This is the nicest restaurant I............................... (see)
3. I........................................three letters already. (write)
4. ......................................your homework yet? (you do)
5. He...................................here since eight o’clock. (be)
6. .............................................Fatma already? (you see)
7. I...........................from him for over a year. (not hear)
8. She..................................English for ten years. (learn)
9. I........................................................pork. (never eat)
10. .................................Indonesian food ? (you ever eat)

6- The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
" &

FORM: The present perfect continuous is formed by using
have been / has been + stem + ing
ing h O h have been / has been 6 !#M +M O8K " J(1M
N" 7

USE. < &]M G
* For activities which were happening until this moment or a very
short time ago.
C & % R%
.2 !M wm u A x4 H &j _ H &j _ = k yT

1. “You look tired” “ Yes, I have been working all night”.
2. “Why is she so dirty?” “She has been playing basketball”
3. The man has been waiting for you for half an hour now.
4. I have been writing letters for three hours now.

Exercise (11)
Write the verbs in the present perfect continuous.
C!#M +M O 8K " ^
N" [M
1. What (you do) today? I (play) tennis
.....................................................................................
2. How long you (study) English ?
.....................................................................................
3. Oh, Salma, I (look) for you
.....................................................................................
4. They ( watch) the TV. since three o’clock.
.....................................................................................
5. I am tired. We ( walk) all day.
.....................................................................................
6. Ali (live) in this house for twenty years. It is his house.
.....................................................................................
7. The children look tired. What they (do) ?
.....................................................................................

6- The Past Perfect Tense
"
FORM: The Past Perfect tense is formed by using had + P.P.
C q r s 7 M h had 6 +M PL " J(1M
!2 7
USE. < &]M
* To describe a time before the past time. PL " R_ R s (

1. I had spoken to my teacher before the lesson began.
2. The lesson began after I had spoken to my teacher.

Exercise (12)
Write the sentences putting one verb in each sentence into
the Past Simple and the other verb into the Past Perfect.
C +M PL " c N PL " ^ n (R o fL
1. When the police (arrive),.........., the car (go).................
2. They (eat)............everything by the time I (arrive)........
3. After I (do)..................my homework, I (go)...........out.
4. When we (leave)............................. the beach, the rain
(already start)...............................................................
5. Before I (come)................to school, I (eat).................a
large breakfast.
6. The patient (already die)....................before the doctor
(arrive).........................................................................
7. You (already leave)......................................before the
trouble (start)...............................................................
8. I (thank)..............him for what he (do)........................

7- Future Simple Tense
( '

FORM : The future simple tense is formed by using shall / will + stem.
C O h will / shall 6 c N 'M J(1MN" 7
USE: +&]M `
* For a statement of future fact 'M ''I i
N

The journey will take six hours.

Exercise (13)
Write these sentences in full, putting the verbs into the future simple.
The first two sentences are done for you.
Cc N 'M 6 ^ #$ u A [ M
N"
• I’m sure he (not be) late.
I’m sure he will not (won’t) be late.
• (I open) the window for you?
Shall I open the window for you?
1. How long (the journey take) ?
2. I suppose she (be) in Dubai tomorrow
3. (There be) a lot of people at the meeting
4. What time (the race start) ?
5. He (never agree) to your idea.
6. You (never see) your money again
7. What is the matter? (I phone) the doctor
8. Don’t worry. I (pay) for the damage to your car
9. (You be) at home tomorrow ?
10. The company (not give) you a holiday
11. Don’t touch that. You (hurt) yourself
12. There (not be) any newspapers tomorrow

“ ”

FORM : going to + stem.
C O h going to 6 /2 u A J(1M
;

USE: )FF &]M G
* To indicate a future plan 'M ZY SG% z
N 8-

1. He has got his passport. He is going to live in Egypt for a year.
2. I’m going to see a new film tomorrow.

Exercise (14)
Complete the sentences using “going to” , “shall” or “will”.
“going to” “will” “shall” &]M N M #$ #
1. I think the film (be)................ a big surprise.
2. (You go)........ to see your parents this weekend ?
3. I’ve had enough of this job. I ( go )..........to leave.
4. I think the exam (be).................................... easy.
5. ...............................I help you with this exercise ?
6. You don’t have to walk. I (give)............. you a lift.

Put the verbs between ( ) into the correct tense.
C F " FFF ^ n (R o fFL

1. You (already forget)....................what I told you to do.
2. They (get).................................to the airport last night.
3. Children (love)..................................................sweets.
4. You (talk)..........................to someone. Who was he ?
5. The sun (give).......................................heat and light.
6. She (become)......................a school principal in 1980.
7. We often see them together. They (go).......... to marry.
8. Big cars (use).........................................a lot of petrol.
9. I (leave).................................the office early last night.
10. When the ambulance came, they (carry)......him into it.
11. They were having dinner when I(visit).................them.
12. Look, (we go).................to a restaurant after the show.
13. I (listen)..........................to classics for two hours now.
14. She (do)...................the housework when I phoned her.
15. I’m really sorry. The manager just (leave)....................
16. She (throw)......................the ball to me and I caught it.
17. He (come)..................................................from kuwait.
18. He always (take)....................a shower in the mornings.
19. Where are you man? I (not see)................you for years.
20. What is in your hand ? - It (be).............................a ring.
21. I (go)..................to spend this weekend in khor Fakkan.
22. After he (finish)........work, he had lunch at a restaurant.
23. Since when you (write)......................................letters ?
24. ? you (get).............................................the tickets yet ?
25. I think it (rain)................................................tomorrow.

Modals are a special kind of auxiliary verb. They are followed by the
base form of the verb. C O | 5( M J(1; &5N " 6 { Y O(=PA
USE: } &]M Past PL
shall, will - for futurity ' ' should, would
can - for ability 0 ) ' could
may - for probability E Ch might
must - for obligation Dh had to / ought to
* FORM )/F
I will go Shall I go? I shall/will not go(won’t)
go.
You can go Can you go? You cannot(can’t)go.
We should go Should we go? We should
not(shouldn’t)go.
They would go Would they go? They would
not(wouldn’t)go
He may go May he go? He may not go.
She must go Must she go? She musn’t go.
With the VERB “BE” = 1
( f shall be, will be, should be, can be,
may be, ought to be, must be. etc.
Exercise ( 15 ) Rewrite these sentences as questions or negatives.
CP +) M ` / ^ #$ M &5
1- Salim can play for us (Negative P ) ...........................
2- They should help you. (Question +) M ).......................
3- He must stay at home today (Question +) M )..............
4- Hoda may win the prize (Negative P ).........................
5- They couldn’t take a taxi (Question +) M )..................
6- He ought to be very kind to them (NegativeP )............

Questions are formed for all tenses except present simple and past
simple by changing the position of the auxiliary verb (am, is, are, was,
were, have, has, had, will, can) and the subject.
fL . /M c N PL " c N O8K " &5 f #$ 1T;
C 5 &5N"

1. You are going. Are you going ?
2. He has gone. Has he gone ?
3. She is leaving tomorrow.Is she leaving tomorrow ?
4. I can help you. Can I help you ?
5. They have gone out. Have they gone out ?
Questions for the present simple and past simple are
formed by using Do, Does or Did.
↑ V +&]M c N PL " c N O8K # J(1M
;

1. They work here. Do they work here ?
2. She makes the beds. Does she make the beds ?
3. We lived here. Did we live here ?
Exercise (16)
Make questions from these statements.
1. She likes travelling ....................................... ?
2. They are working ........................................?
3. He was playing tennis ........................................?
4. She went to school today. ........................................?
5. She is eating at the moment. ...................................?
6. They drove to the station ......................................?
7. He had breakfast early ......................................?
8. They came today ......................................?
9. She drives to work .....................................?
10. He was writing a letter ....................................?

!
These questions begin with any of the following question words :Who,
When, Why, Where, What, How and Which.
V M ~N # 6 •€ u A &;
Who : j j j j :F k j j j ?E#j j F
j = ( 'i • 6
When : l )j j j j j j m #j j j j : n j j j j j : i • x
#
Why : l )j j j j j j m #j j j j j j j : N j j j j i • D"
Where : l )j j j j j m #j j j j j j : @ Aj j j j i • 67
What : :F 3o k E#F
? = ( 'i • D
How : l )m p _j : q j j j j - 7' i • s
Which : r =s 41 s ? j j j j <t i • •
]=

1- Who broke the window glass ? - The maid.
2- When did he arrive ? - Last night.
3- Why is she unhappy ? - Because she failed.
4- Where do we live ? - In Fujairah.
5- What do they produce ? - Furniture.
6- How can they win the match ? - If they are more confident
7- Which dress would you like ? - The blue one.

Exercise ( 17 )
Do as shown between ( ).
1- Since he is not helpful, they will not help him.
( Ask a question using “Why” )
2- You can see the manager in the afternoon.
( Ask a question using “When” )
3- She works in a hospital.
( Ask a question using “Where” )

4- A cake is made from flour, butter and eggs.
( Ask a question using “What” )
5- I would like to try the yellow dress on.
( Ask a question using “Which” )
6- Shakespeare died in 1616.
( Ask a question using “ When” )
7- An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
( Ask a question using “ What ” )
8- Mr. Rashid teaches us English.
( Ask a question using “ Who ” )

! #%
" $

* FORM )FF 1-
A tag question is formed by auxiliary + pronoun (subject)
did she? aren’t they ?, have you? isn’t it ?
g 5 Q .#L h &5N" 6 ~ J(1M
7

AUXILIARIES %&5N

a) The verb “ BE ” -- am, is, are, was, were. ) #$
b) The verb “ DO ” -- do, does, did. * * #$
!
c) The verb “ HAVE ” -- have, has, had. &* + #$
'*
d) Modals -- will, can, could, should, must. ) SG, #$

Positive sentences are followed by negative tags
FFF FFFFF FF) 7 FFFFMr FFFFFF#$
"

1- He is reading the newspaper , isn’t he ?
2- They are leaving tomorrow , aren’t they ?
3- Doctors diagnose diseases , don’t they ?
4- His sister plays the guitar , doesn’t she ?
5- The boys missed the school bus , didn’t they ?
6- We have trusted him , haven’t we ?
7- The teacher has left the school , hasn' he ?
t
8- The French had invaded Britain , hadn’t they ?
9- The witness will tell the truth , won’t he ?
10- You can touch a snake , can’t you ?
11- The pharmacist could prepare the medicine,couldn’t he?
12- Your uncle should see a doctor , shouldn’t he ?
13- Pupils must obey the school rules , mustn’t they ?

Negative sentences are followed by positive tags
C FFFFMr FFFF FFF) 7 FFFF " FFF#$

- He is not reading the newspaper, is he ?
- Teachers do not diagnose diseases, do they ?
- We have not trusted him, have we ?
- You cannot touch a snake, can you ?
- Pupils must not eat in class, must they ?

Exercise (18)
Add tag questions to the following sentences.
C M #$ SG • sL

1. It’s cold,......................................................................?
2. He isn’t very friendly,..................................................?
3. You don’t like eggs, ...................................................?
4. They’re policemen, .....................................................?
5. She didn’t arrive yesterday, ........................................?
6. This shop’s very expensive, ........................................?
7. She’s gone home, ........................................................?
8. The water’s hot, ..........................................................?
9. They’re not coming this afternoon, ..............................?
10. You haven’t met my brother khalid,...........................?
11. He wasn’t waiting for me, ..........................................?
12. Nasser died in 1970, ..................................................?
13. He won’t come again, ................................................?
14. Nadia could solve the problem, ..................................?
15. They can’t climb Mount Everest, ...............................?
16. We must give up smoking, .........................................?
17. Children drink a lot of milk, .......................................?
18. They mustn’t eat in class, ...........................................?
19. Let’s go for a swim,....................................................?
20. Your grandad should see a doctor ..............................?

" #
! "
* FORM : #$ 1-
The Compound Sentence consists of two simple sentences joined with
one of the following joining-words :
Mc! # X&4G #)Z !;oM N oME 6 !" #$ J(1M
Z ;
and -but 61 -so 1A -not only...but also ‚ 7 CCCc'
K
either...or CC G-neither...nor ` CCC` - both....... and ƒ0

1. She arranged her books. She went to school.
She arranged her books and went to school.
2. They played very well. They lost the match.
They played very well but they lost the match.
3. I saw the boy drowning. I called for help.
I saw the boy drowning, so I called for help
4. She plays the piano. She sings.
She not only plays the piano, but she also sings.
5. I am reading the newspaper. I am listening to music.
I am not only reading the newspaper, but I am also
listening to music.
6. You take my orders. You leave the classroom.
You either take my orders or leave the classroom.
7. He does not listen in class. He does not work at home.
He neither listens in class nor works at home.
8. Ahmed wears glasses. His sister wears glasses too.
Both Ahmed and his sister wear glasses.

Exercise ( 19 )
Join each pair of sentences to make a compound one. The joining
words are given.
Cn (R o % ( c !
e( # C ! E ‚(1 oME
= c8
1. He passed the exam. He got very high marks. ( not only ..... but also
)
- ..................................................................................................
2. The teacher explained the text. He asked some questions. ( and
)
- ..................................................................................................
3. He does not speak English. He does not speak French ( neither ... nor
)
- ..................................................................................................
4. Salim worked hard. He did not pass the exam. ( but )
- ...................................................................................................
5. My mother likes window shopping. His mother likes window shopping
too. ( Both .......... and )
- ...................................................................................................
6. He is an athlet. He is an artist. ( not only ... but also )
- ...................................................................................................
7. The maid finished the housework. She left. ( and )
- ...................................................................................................
8. Nasser is not at home. He is not at school. ( neither...... nor )
- ...................................................................................................
9. Samir loves classicals. His son loves classicals too. ( Both ........ and )
- ....................................................................................................
10. You follow the doctor’s advice. You won’t recover. ( either ....... or )
- ....................................................................................................

" $ #
#! "
$
* FORM #$ 1-
A Complex Sentence consists of two clauses. One of these clauses is
principal, the other is subordinate.The principal clause makes sense but
the subordinate doesn’t one isn’t.
B PZ M N t
! > ;X!Y # N t ƒ &4G>oME 6 %
8 &'" #$ J(1M
;
C Ae! „B • M #$ …Z ;` # >0

Some Subordinate Clauses : M #$ †
1- Conditional FFFF y!-
2- Adjectival FFFF
3- Cause FFFFF
4- Result FFFFF‡ M =
5- Purpose L !FFFW
6- Contrast FFFF7 ;

1- Conditionals y!T #$

* Form (A)
If + present - will, can, may + stem

If you drop it, it will break.
OR
will, can, may + stem – if + present simple

It will break if you drop it.

Exercise ( 20 )
Put the verbs between ( ) into the Present Simple or Future Simple .
CcN 'M
N" c N O8K " ^ n (R o fL

* If the train is late, we ( walk ) ........, ( we shall walk )
* She (call) you if she (have) time, ( She will call you if she has time )
1. If it costs too much, I ( buy ).................... a smaller one
2. If the doctor can’t see him, he ( go )......somewhere else
3. If the class ( be ) full, we ( find)................. another one
4. What will we do if the taxi ( not come )?.......................
5. Will you phone me if there ( be )............. any problem?
6. I ( go )........................... next week if I get a train ticket
7. If he ( see )........... me here, he ( be ).......... really angry
8. Mary ( be ).......worried if you don’t come to the airport
9. If it ( snow )............ this winter, we ( go )............skiing
10. I ( lend ).... them some money if they ( ask )........ me to.

* FORM (B) - (0
. /
If + past simple 3 # 1 - would, could, might + stem
2
If you dropped it, it would break.

OR
would, could, might + stem - if+past simple 3 #1
2

It would break if you dropped it.

Exercise (21)
Put the verbs between ( ) into the correct tense.
1. If you drove carefully, you (not have)..............an accident.
2. If he (get up)............earlier, he would get to work on time.
3. If we (have)..............more time, we could tell you about it.
4. I could help you if you (trust)..............................me more.
5. What would you do if you(win)..........two million dollars?
6. If I (be)...................................you, I would buy a cadillac.
7. If you (sell)..........more products, you’d earn more money.

*Form (C) 4 . ( 0
/
If + past perfect "5 - would, could, might + have + P.P
u rJ- 6

If you had dropped it, it would have broken.

OR
would, could, might + have + P.P.4 . 678 if + past perfect

It would have broken If you had dropped it.

Exercise (22) Put the verbs between ( ) into the correct tense.
1. If he (be)..............more careful, he might have succeeded.
2. They (spend).....................a lot if they had lived in Dubai.
3. If she had followed my advice. she (recover)....................
4. If he had apologized, the teacher (not punish)............him.
5. They would have caught the train if they(take)........a taxi.
6. If it had been fine, we (go).................................for a ride.
7. She could have hurt herself if I (not warn)..................her.

WORDS OTHER THAN “IF”
=1 " " 5 ;
2= 9 : <
1 - Unless = if not ˆ

1- I will call him if he doesn’t send a letter to me.
I will call him unless he sends a letter to me.
Unless he sends a letter to me, I”ll call him.
2- She would take a taxe if the school bus didn’t come.
She would take a taxi unless the school bus came.
Unless the school bus came, she would take a taxi.
3- Father will help me if he is not busy.
Father will help me unless he is busy.
Unless father is busy, he will help me.
2- Had : If she had finished the housework, she would have left.
Had she finished the housework, she would have left.
Exercise (23)
Complete the second sentence without changing the meaning.
1-If he had not listened carefully,he would not have understood.
- He would not have understood unless ................................
2-Unless she goes on a diet, she may get fatter and fatter.
- If .........................................................................................
3- He would have married her if she had been more sensible.
- Had .....................................................................................
4- If he did not listen, he would not understand a word.
- Unless .................................................................................
5-The boy would have hurt himself if he had touched the wire.
- Had ......................................................................................

2-Adjectival Clauses ( #$

The adjectival Clause is placed immediately after the noun which it
describes and is started with a relative pronoun .
v .#K & ; %!- <2 ;• ‰ ` & ( #$ f';

Relative Pronouns : !t#L
who - which ( that ) - whose
Who ( for people ) R k •
Which ( that ) ( for things ) R ./ k •
Whose ( for possession ) R .W R 1"

1. The man met me at the airport. He gave me some money.
The man, who met me at the airport, gave me some money.
2. This is the woman. She bought my car.
This is the woman who bought my car.

Exercise (24)
Join each pair to make one sentence using “who”
who &]M % N &4 E J(1M oME c8

1. She is the woman. She telephoned the police.
2. The man was badly injured. He was driving the car.
3. The children broke my window. They live in the next street.
4. That is the woman. I was telling you about.

1. I dropped a television. It never worked again.
A television, which I dropped, never worked again.
2. I wanted to buy the machine. It was too expensive.
The machine that I wanted to buy was too expensive.

Exercise (25)
Join each pair using “which” or “that”.
that which &]M %N &4 E J(1M oME c8
1. This is the chair. My parents gave it to me.
2. This is the lion. It has recently been ill.
3. I hired a machine. It was broken.
4. He lost his watch. It was very expensive.

!
1. That is the man. His wallet was stolen.
That is the man whose wallet was stolen.
2. There is the lady. Her dog was killed.
There is the lady whose dog is barking.

Exercise (26)
Join each pair using “whose”.
whose Š &]MN % ‚ E J(1M oME
&4 c8
1. I met the boy. His brother had a bad accident.
2. That is the lady. Her house was robbed.
3. I am the person. My flat was painted.
4. This is the girl. Her father teaches us English.

General Exercise on Adjectival Clauses
( #$ - 67
!9

Join each pair using “ who ”, “ which ” or “ whose ”
1-That is the student.Her mother complained about the school.
2- Here is the boy. He has just got a place at university.
3- The bus arrived. It was late.
4- Here is the person. His car was stolen.

5- She is the person. She is working for film studios.
6- I am the one. My flat was broken into.
7- Have you seen the car ? I have just bought it.
8- She bought some clothes. They were beautiful.
9- I asked a policeman. He was not very helpful.
10- They are the people. Their shop was damaged.

3- Clauses of Cause N #$

A clause of cause begins with one of the following joining-words.
Mc! # X&4‹ N #$ & ;
because [ N as J q 4 since "y

1. They took him to hospital because he was very ill.
or
Because he was very ill, they took him to hospital.
2. I cannot go out as it is raining heavily.
or
As it is raining heavily, I cannot go out.
3. The teacher is not going to teach the boy since he does not want to
learn.
or
Since the boy does not want to learn, the teacher is
not going to teach him.
Exercise ( 27 )
Complete the sentences without changing the meaning.
CB " . /;J e #$ #
1- He had to pay a fine. He violated the traffic rules.
- Because .....................................................
2- It was getting hot. I turned on the Ac.
- As ..............................................................
3- You needn’t buy a new car. You’ve already got two.
- Since ..........................................................
4- She was hospitalized. She was seriously ill.
- Because ......................................................

4 - Clauses of Result ‡ M … 5 & #$
=

1- so + adj. / adv. 4 Œ + that J 8&
2- adj. + enough to + stem O FFF P 1; 8&
3- too + adj. + to + stem O … 5 % +&5 8&
8&'
( so ................ that )

1. The question was so easy that all the pupils answered it.
2. He wrote so carefully that he made few mistakes.
3. She is so polite that we all admire her.
4. The room is so small that it doesn’t hold 30 pupils.
5. The room is so dark that I can’t see my hand.
6. That computer is so expensive that I can’t get it.

( enough to............. )

1. The question was easy enough to answer.
2. He wrote carefully enough to make few mistakes.
3. She is polite enough to admire.

( too .................... to )

1. The room is too small to hold 30 pupils.
2. The room is too dark to see my hand.
Exercise (28)
Do as shown between ( )
1- The soup is hot. I can’t eat it. ( Join using “ too.................to” )
2- He is strong. He can swim in cold waters. ( Join using “enough to” )
3- He is strong. He can swim in cold waters. (Join using “so........that”)
4- He was impolite. The teacher punished him. (Join using “so.......that”)
5- I was very tired. I could not sleep.( Join using “so...........that”)
6- I was very tired. I could not sleep.( Join using “too ................to”)
7- This snake is..........dangerous to touch.( Insert “too” or “very”)
8- This exercise is very easy.You can do it. ( Join using “enough to”)

5- Clauses of Purpose • !/ … 5 & #$

A) so that - in order that • !F/ in the hope that …5

1. We keep fit so that we can be in good health.
2. He saved some money in order that he could buy a car.
3. He is working hard in the hope that he can join the Faculty of
Medicine.

B) so as to - in order to - to + stem O 6
1. We keep fit so as to be in good health.
2. He collected some money in order to buy a new car.
3. He is working hard to join the Faculty of Medicine.

Exercise (29)
1. He was driving fast. He wanted to arrive on time. (Join using “so
that”)
……………………………………………………………………………
2. She treats me kindly. She wants me to trust her. (Join using “so as
to”)
……………………………………………………………………………
3. The man asked for a ladder. He wanted to paint the ceiling.
(Join using “to”)
……………………………………………………………………………
4. He works hard. He wants to support his family.
(Join using “in order that”)
……………………………………………………………………………
5. She went on a diet. She wanted to lose some weight.
(Join using “in order to”)
……………………………………………………………………………
6. We encourage him. We want him to be a famous musician.
(Join using “so that”)
……………………………………………………………………………

7. We sent relief aid. We wanted to help the Iraqi people.
(Join using “so as to”)
……………………………………………………………………………

8. He is very careful. He wants to save money.
(Join using “in the hope that”)
……………………………………………………………………………
9. She will see a dentist. She wants to have a tooth pulled out.
(Join using “in order that”)
……………………………………………………………………………
10. He arrived early. He wanted to see the boss. (Join using “so that”)
……………………………………………………………………………
11. They get up early.They want to catch the bus. (Join using“to”)
……………………………………………………………………………
12. We sent her to a training centre to learn useful things.
(Rewrite using “in order to”)
……………………………………………………………………………
13.The thief broke into the villa.He wanted to steal my money.
(Join using “so that”)
……………………………………………………………………………

6 - Clauses of Contrast 67 M … 5 & #$

Although, though, however, nevertheless
F Df i 6FF ‰FW! … 5
+ subject 5 + verb

In spite of Despite
6 ‰FFFW! … 5
+ noun / verbal noun ‰ GŒ ‰ G

1. He seemed friendly. I didn’t like him.
Although he seemed friendly, I didn’t like him.
2. He never complains, He is always ill-treated.
He never complains though he is ill-treated.
3. She lost her child. She smiled bravely.
She lost her child, however, she smiled bravely.
4. They did not score any goal. They never gave in.
They scored no goals. Nevertheless, they never gave in.
5. The sea was rough. They went for a swim.
In spite of the rough sea, they went for a swim.
6. He lived in Germany. He never learned German.
Despite living in Germany, he never learned German.

Exercise (30)
1. He didn’t behave himself in class. The teacher didn’t send him out.
(Join using “however”)
2. He has a terminal illness. He is very strong. (Join using “despite”)
3. He has got a big fortune.He doesn’t help people in difficulty.
(Join using “nevertheless”)
4. The flat is small. It is expensive. (Join using “although”)
5. She is charming. She is silly. (Join using “in spite of”)

Exercise ( 31 )
1- Although he has a lot of money, he is not happy.
- In spite of ............................................................
2- Despite his cleverness, he couldn’t get my point.
- Although .............................................................
3- In spite of his honesty, they didn’t reward him.
- Though ................................................................
4- T.B. is a dangerous disease, however, it is curable.
- In spite of .............................................................
5-The boy touched a live electric wire though I warned him.
- Despite .................................................................
6-In spite of being a security man, he breaks the law.
- Although ...............................................................
7- The flag was flying, however, they jumped into the sea.
- They jumped into sea though ................................
8- You can dodge an elephant, however, you can’t dodge a fly.
- In spite of ..............................................................
9- Smoking is a bad habit. Many people can’t stop it.
- Despite ..................................................................
10- He lost all his money. Nevertheless, he is more confident.
- He is more confident though ...................................
11- Hamza is twelve. He is a competent computer operator.
- In spite of ................................................................
12- It was very hot, however, they were working on the site.
- It was very hot. Nevertheless ...................................

# % # &
)& '! ( '!
% )

The Passive Voice ()‡# , " /

USE )FFFF &]M G
To describe actions H &4 s (
a) When we don’t know who does, or did the action.
C H &I 76 3 ! =` & 5
* My wallet was stolen last night. ( I don’t know who stole It )
b) When it is not important to know who does or did the action.
C H &I 76 3 ! =J #) J(17` & 5
These televisions are made in Japan. (It doesn’t matter who
made them).

'(
' ( )* &
+
A) Present Simple : noun / pronoun + verb be ( am, is, are ) + P.P.
q r s 7 M h ( am, is, are ) = 1
!2 ( h.#L /‰ Gwc N O8K "

‰FFF G .#L = 1
( q r s7 M
!2
The television It is stolen
The flats They are furnished

B) Past Simple : noun / pronoun + verb be ( was, were )+ P.P.
Cq r s 7 M h (was, were) = 1
!2 ( h.#L /‰ GVc N PL "

‰FFF G .#L = 1
( q r s7 M
!2
The flat It was furnished
The televisions They were stolen

Exercise ( 32 )
• We clean the garage everyday.
- The garage is cleaned everyday.
• The thief stole the money.
- The money was stolen.
• He repairs cars.
- Cars are repaired.
• They kept flowers in a sunny place.
- Flowers were kept in a sunny place.
1- She carries the little boy.
- The little boy ....................................................
2- I washed my face.
- My face ............................................................
3- He writes short stories.
- Short stories ......................................................
4- We made many mistakes.
- Many mistakes ..................................................

)( % " * " *&
,.
- ' ( )* &
+
C) Present Continuous: noun / pronoun + verb be (am being, is being,
are being)+ P.P.
(am being, is being, are being) = 1
( h.#L /‰ G!#M O8K "
V N"
C q r s7 M h
!2
‰FFF G .#L = 1
( q r s7 M
!2
The exercise It is being done
The cars They are being repaired

D) Past Continuous: noun / pronoun + verb be (was being, were being)
+ P.P.
( was being, were being ) = 1
( h.#L /‰ GV!#M PL "
N"
C q r s7 M h
!2
‰FFF G .#L = 1
( q r s7 M
!2
The house It was being painted
The pictures They were being hung
Exercise ( 33 )
• I am writing a letter. - A letter is being written.
• They were painting the ship. - The ship was being painted.
• The carpenter is mending the tables. - The tables are being mended.
• She was drawing pictures. - Pictures were being drawn.
1- Two policemen are taking him to the police station.
- He ............................................................................
2- The student is doing grammar exercises now.
- Grammar exercises ...................................................
3- Grandma was telling an interesting story.
- An interesting story ..................................................
4- The boy was throwing stones.
- Stones ......................................................................

+( % # # &
/. ' .
/ ( &
E) Present Perfect: noun / pronoun + verb be (have been, has been) +
P.P.
( have been, has been ) = 1
( h.#L /‰ GV+M O8K "
C q r s7 M h
!2
‰FFF G .#L = 1
( q r s7 M
!2
The homework It has been done
The apples They have been sold

F) Past Perfect: noun / pronoun + verb be (had been) + P.P.
C q r s 7 M h ( had been ) = 1
!2 ( h .#L /‰ GV +M PL "

‰FFF G .#L = 1
( q r s7 M
!2
The tiger It had been killed
The letters They had been written

Exercise ( 34 )
• Someone has given him a lot of money.
- He has been given a lot of money.
• We have checked the engines thoroughly.
- The engines have been checked thoroughly.
• William the Conqueror had invaded Britain.
- Britain had been invaded.
• The pharaohs had built many tombs.
- Many tombs had been built.
1- You have made a major mistake.
- A major mistake ..................................................
2- They have cancelled all meetings.
- All meetings ........................................................
3- I thanked them after they had interviewed me.
- I thanked them after I ..........................................
4- The teacher had checked our workbooks before he came.
- Our workbooks ....................................................

,(
)* ( 0 1 ) 2 &
+

shall be + P. Participle should be + P. Participle
will be + P. Participle would be + P. Participle
can be + P. Participle could be + P. Participle
may be + P. Participle might be + P. Participle
must be + P. Participle ought to be + P. Participle

Modals : noun / pronoun + modal + be + P.P.
Cq r s 7 M h be h { Y
!2 h .#L / ‰ GV

The experment / It will be done tomorrow
This man / He can be trusted
Ali and Salem /They may be punished
Hissa / She must be given another chance

Exercise ( 35 )
Complete the second sentence without chaning the meaning.
CB " . /;J e #$ #
* You will pay the telephone bill bill, sooner or later.
- The telephone bill will be paid, sooner or later.
• They would expect you to take part in some sports.
- You would be expected to take part in some sports.
• FIFA should give the names of two referees.
- The names of two referees should be given.
• You could obtain further particulars from your teacher.
- Further particulars could be obtained from your teacher.
• They might offer teachers accommodation in college.
- Teachers might be offered accomodation in college.
• We musn’t dump waste into the sea.
- Waste musn’t be dumped into the sea.

1- Someone will drive your car to the airport into the sea.
- Your car ............................................................................
2- You must clean this machine every time you use it.
- This machine .....................................................................
3- You can start this engine easily.
- This engine.........................................................................
4- They should tell the whole truth.
- The whole truth .................................................................
5. A policeman may lash him in public.
- He ......................................................................................

Exercise ( 36 )
• A new theatre has been built in our town.
- They have built a new theatre in our town.
• Many Palestinian houses are being demolished.
- The Israeli army is demolishing many Palestinian houses.
• A stolen picture was being sold here.
- Two men were selling a stolen picture here.
• It is known that ships fear fire more than water.
- Seamen know that ships fear fire more than water.
• Interviews will be held in early January.
- They will hold interviews in early January.
• Your money can be transferred by telex.
- You can transfer your money by telex.
• The convict has been sentenced to five years in jail.
- The court has sentenced the convict to five years in jail.
1- It was believed that the sun moved round the earth.
- People ..........................................................................
2- The room had been cleaned before I arrived.
- The housemaid .............................................................
3- It is known that tigers are good swimmers.
- We ................................................................................
4- Your bill should be paid before you leave.
- You ...............................................................................
5- His friends are being questioned at the police station.
- A policeman .....................................................................
6- The water level must be checked every week.
- Someone .........................................................................
7- It wasn’t expected to see them again.
- We ..................................................................................
8- Our civilization can be destroyed by nuclear weapons.
- Nuclear weapons .............................................................

- # . # #
' ( * + ,
) ' -

Indirect (Reported) speech with changes of tense.
^ . /;f !- ./ +01
When the main verb of the sentence is in the past tense.
( said ) PL " ^ PN t #$
! J(17 &5

'( / *
31 -4

Tense changes ^ . /M

Speaker’s words H &mM
" # Reported statement !- .W +0
Present Simple ( go, goes ) Past Simple ( went )
Past Simple ( went ) Past Perfect ( had gone )
Present Cont. ( am, is, are going ) Past Cont. ( was, were going )
Present Perfect ( have, has gone ) Past Perfect ( had gone )
Past Perfect ( had gone ) Past Perfect ( had gone )

shall should
will would
can could
may might
must had to / ought to

today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
tonight that night
now then
this that
these those
here there

Exercise (37)
C!- ./ / ^ #$ [ M
• “I am very tired,” she said.
- She said she was very tired.
• “ You are under arrest, ” the policeman said to them.
- The policeman told them that they were under arrest.
• “ I see the children very often, ” he said.
- He said that he saw the children very often.
• “ I visited the museum yesterday,” she said.
- She said that she had visited the museum the day before.
1-“I’m not satisfied with your work,” the teacher said to me.
- The teacher told me ..........................................................
2-“ You are right, ” I said to my parents.
- I told my parents ..............................................................
3-We play golf twice a week, ” they said to me.
- They told me ....................................................................
4-“ She heard the news this morning, ” her husband said.
- Her husband said .............................................................
5-“ My mother cooks in the afternoons, ” she said.
- She said ............................................................................
6-“I met my friends at the shopping centre last night.”he said.
- He said .............................................................................

Exercise ( 38 )
• “ I’m going away mother, ” he said.
- He told his mother that he was going away.
• “ We are looking forward to hearing from you, ” we said
to them.
- We told them that we were looking forward to hearing
from them.
1- “ I am reading Shakespeare now, ” he said.
- He said ....................................................................
2- “ My father is watering the garden, ” she said.
- She said ...................................................................
3- “ They are sitting for an exam tomorrow, ” they said.
- They said .................................................................
4- “ I am going to take this coin to the museum, ” I said.
- I said ........................................................................
Exercise ( 39 )
• “ I have never seen a mad man, ” Huda said.
- Huda said that she had never seen a mad man.
• “ My son has just eaten dinner, ” the man said.
- The man said that his son had just eaten dinner.
• “ I had eaten a large breakfast before I left,” he said.
- He said he had eaten breakfast before he had left.
1- “ He has been too busy to leave the office,” his wife said.
- His wife said .............................................................
2- The man had died before the police arrived,” they said.
- They said ..................................................................
3- “ I had lunch half an hour ago,” Hamad said.
- Hamad said ..............................................................
4- “ I haven’t seen you for a long time,” I said to Sherif.
- I told Sherif ..............................................................

Exercise ( 40 )
• “I will see our family doctor tomorrow,” he said.
- He said that he would see their family doctor next day.
• “You can pass with distinction,” my mother said to me.
- My mother told me that I could pass with distinction.
• “The plane may be delayed,” the pilot announced.
- The pilot announced that the plane might be delayed.
• “You must obey the school rules,” the teacher said to me.
- The teacher told me that I had to obey the school rules.
1- “I will tell them the news this evening,” Ali said.
- Ali said .......................................................................
2- “He can fly a helicopter,” they said.
- They said ....................................................................
3- “The rain may stop now,” we said.
- We said .......................................................................
4- “We must do it before they arrive,” they said.
- They said .....................................................................
5- “They will play an important match today,” he said.
- He said ........................................................................
6- “She may visit us this evening,” They said.
- They said .....................................................................
7- “I can’t promise you,” I said to my son.
- I told my son ................................................................
8- They won’t come again,” we said.
- We said ........................................................................
9- “He may be maimed for life,” the doctor said.
- The doctor said .............................................................
10- “You mustn’t eat too much carbohydrates,” I said to her.
- I told her .......................................................................

)* /

♦ Reported questions change the word order of the original questions.
Tense changes are the same.
(mM q 4 C
; e! [ ; % ./
!; !- ./Ž
;
C ^ . /M =f / SGP ~N /

A ) Wh. Questions

They are questions starting with : What. Where, When, Who, Why,
Which and How. (See page 26) g & m !w=Q

1- “What do you want to know ?” the teacher said to me.
- The teacher asked me what I wanted to know.
2- “Where did they go ?” she said.
- She wanted to know where they had gone.
3- “When are you leaving for London ?” I said to them.
- I asked them when they were leaving for London.
4- “Why haven’t you told the truth ?” My father said to me.
- My father wondered why I hadn’t told the truth.
5- “Which countries had William the Conqueror invaded ?”
- They wanted to know which counties William the
Conqueror had invaded.

♦ N.B. ‚ •4`
&
The question words What, Where, When, Why and Which in the
above Reported Questions are used as
“joining words” not as “question words”. Remember
that reported questions are in the positive form.
^ What, Where, When, Why and Which # 1
C ~ #1 •c 8 # 1 Š &]M u % ./
N 05 !-

♦ “What” in reported question No 1 refers to the thing I wanted to
know.
C<!5 J e8 • ?PT SG) ‰R 8!- ./ ~N ^ “What” # .T;♦
♦ “Where” in reported question No 2 refers to the place they went to.
C< G ( AD• J 1" SG ‰R 8!- ./ ~N ^ “Where” # .T;♦
♦ “When” in reported question No 3 refers to the time at which they
were leaving.
C< J( 4. (= • _ R SG ‰R
( 8!- ./ ~N ^ “When” # .T;♦
♦ “Why” in reported question No 4 refers to the reason for not telling the
truth.
C ''I ?`e +&5 ^ [ N SG ‰R 8!- ./ ~N ^ “Why” # .T;♦
♦ “Which” in reported question No 5 refers to the countries William the
Conqueror had invaded.
C:; ‰ A@W k J & SG! ‰R 8!- ./ ~N ^ “Which” # .T;♦

Exercise ( 41 )

• “What is in you hand ?” I said to Hatim.
- I asked Hatim what was in his hand.
• “Who did you meet at the concert ?” I said to Omar.
- I asked Omar who he had met at the concert.
• “Why have you given up smoking ?” I said to him.
- I wanted to know why they had given up smoking.
• “Where can I spend the night ?” he said.
- He asked where he could spend the night.
• “How does Nada treat her mother like this ?”
- I wondered how Nada treated her mother like that.

1- “When will they take the child to hospital?” she said.
- She asked ..................................................................
2- “How can we trust you ?” they said to Ali.
- They wondered ..........................................................
3- “Where did Princess Diana die ?” she said.
- She wanted to know ...................................................
4- “Why don’t you let me in ?” I said to Majid.
- I asked Majid ..............................................................
5- “What can I do for you ?” Salem said to me.
- Salem wanted to know ................................................
6- “Which dress do you like to try on ?” she said to Samira.
- She asked Samira ........................................................
7- “Where did you study cardiology ?” they said to Samir.
- They wanted to know ..................................................
8- “How do you feel now ?” I said to my son.
- I wanted to know .........................................................
9- “Why didn’t he telephone ?” they said.
- They wondered . ...........................................................
10- “Where do you take brunch ?” I said to them.
- I asked them .....................................................................
11- “How do you make an apple pie ?” I said to her.
- I asked her . ..................................................................
12- “Why are you late for school?,” the principal said to me.
- The principal asked me .................................................
13- “What are you doing in the kitchen?” mother said Huda.
- Mother asked Huda ......................................................

B ) “Yes” or “No” Questions

They are questions starting with any of these auxiliaries :
the verb “BE”, the verb “DO”, the verb “HAVE”, or a “MODAL”.
( See page No 27 ) g ' m !w= Q
♦ Reported “Yes” or “No” Questions are started with “if” or
“whether”
C“ whether ” “ if ” FF % ./ `
!- ‰= &;♦

Exercise ( 42 )
• “Do you read yourself to sleep ?” my friend said to me.
- My friend asked me if I read myself to sleep.
• “Is the box made of cardboard ?” I said the shopkeeper.
- I asked the shopkeeper if the box was made of cardboard.
• “Are you wearing your raincoat?” she said to me.
- She asked me if I was wearing my raincoat.
• “Have you had anything to eat?” she said to the boy.
- She asked the boy whether he had had anything to eat.
• “Must I do this exercise now ?” he said to his teacher.
- He asked his teacher if he had to do that exercise then.
1- “Can I use your telephone?” he said to me.
- He asked me ..............................................................
2- “May I ask one more question?” they said to him.
- They asked him ..........................................................
3- “Have you ever touched a snake?” he said to his father.
- He asked his father .....................................................
4- “Does your teacher come from Syria ?” I said to her.
- I asked her ..................................................................
5- “Are you married or single ?” I said to Mr. Salem.
- I asked Mr. Salem .........................................................

0 # ./
0

♦ An Adjective is often used in front of a noun.
C‰ R 2 +&]M ‚ W ♦
N;

Kinds of Adjectives 2 O (=

1. Possessive Adjectives : 1" i)
my room , your house ,
our teacher , their parents ,
his office , her dress , its leg
2. Opinion Adjectives : •! i
nice shirt , hot weather ,
comfortable chair , difficult man,
3. Participal Adjectives ( “__ ing” & “__ ed” ) adjectives:
tiring day , I feel tired ,
interesting story , I am interested

Exercise ( 43 )
Rewrite the phrases putting one of the following adjectives
in front of the appropriate noun.
C[ " ‰ ` R " 2 L #$ M &5
digital PFF#R - eastern PFFR - kind [ y - easy FF)
8 !-
northern ‘ FF’ - countless &FF 7` - preventive PFFtR
cheap “ FF Y8 - risky .FFZY - domestic PFFF ” - harmful 8FFFL
strategic - civil •& ŒP A - comfortable :7 - expensive ‘ W
!
constant ‰FFFFte - diplomatic - nuclear • (FFF=- hateful <FF7
!
power produced by nuclear fission 8ZT= / …….. nuclear power.
G
• a dress you pay little money to get /.........cheap dress ........
• war among the people of one country / ........... civil war ..........
• the border to the north of the country / …….. northern border
1- an armchair you like to sit in when you are tired /.............

2- a watch which uses figures +R to show the time /............
8
3- a man who helps the poor ?!' /.....................
4- fear 3 (Y you feel all the time /.....................
5- the border to the east of the country /................
6- good relations y R with many countries /..................
05
7- a scence !w you don’t like to see again /...................
8- life of one’s own country /.....................
9- an insect %!T4 that can kill you /................
10- an exercise you can do without any difficulty /...............
11- a car you pay much money to get /....................
12- a life which is dangerous /.................
13- a huge number tA e&5 of people /................
14- measures ?! to prevent infection X & / .....................
15- a position fR of special importance
( Y ƒ /...............

A) Short Adjectives: % '
.2 2

( One - syllable adjectives &4 fZ' D )
cheap “ Y8 - cold e8 - light s Y - rough 6TY - young 6N ./
Old 6N . Œ –&R- large . - fast f7
!FFFF - poor .F' - rich ,W
small./ - nice s Z - hard [ - P R - quick f7 F slow vZ
!
wide† 7 - clean s FF w= - clever PFF D - strong•(FR - weak s F L
!5

B) Long Adjectives 7
(Z 2

( Two - syllable adjectives o Z' D )
important ‰) - comfortable :7 - expensive ‘ W
!
interesting — - - difficult [ -common ft- -pleasant s Z
handsome ‰ - careful “ 7 -intelligent P D - polite ˜ e~
!4
gentle — R - cetain & - exciting.r -usual eM - cruel P R
8
essential P - attractive ˜ -active c T=- confident —
hesitant ee!M - distinguished ™( !

Adjective Degrees 2 8e

A) Short Adjectives % '
.2 2
Positive 2 Comparative =
8'" Superlative KM
cheap “ Y8 cheaper than 6 “ Y8 the cheapest “ Y8
cold e8 colder than 6 % ! !r
e the coldest % ! !r
e
light s Y lighter than 6 = s Y the lightest sY
rough 6TY rougher than 6 6TY the roughest = !r
(TY
young ./ younger than 6 !/ the youngest !/ `
old 6N . F –&R older than 6 š Œ +&R the oldest š Œ +&R `
happy & happier than 6 & the happiest &

B) Long Adjectives 7
(Z 2
Positive 2 Comparative =
8'" Superlative K M
important ‰) more important than 6 ‰A the most important ‰A`
comfortable:7
! more comforable than!r :7
! the most comfortable:78
expensive ‘ W more expensive than 6 … W the most expensive … W`

C) Irregular Adjectives R.W
Positive 2 Comparative =8'" Superlative KM
good & better than 6 K the best K
bad v worse than 6 ( the worst (
much .r more than 6 !r the most !r
little R less than 6 R the least R

Exercise ( 44 )
Complete the sentences, using the comparative form of theadjectives
given.
C n (R o 2 = /
8'" &]M
N #$ #
• She is ................than her sister. (beautiful)
She is more beautiful than her sister.
• He is ................. all the other students (old)
He is older than all the other students.
• This place is ........... than the other one (nice)
This place is nicer than the other one.
1- Do you think that English is..........than French ? (difficult)
2- The computer was.............than I thought. (expensive).
3- He is.................than he was a year ago. (healthy)
4- Big cars are...............than small ones. (comfortable)
5- I think the book is...............than the film (interesting)
6- He eats a lot-he is getting..........and.............. (fat)
7- It is.................here than in London. (hot)
8- Do you think Ali is....................than Samir ? (intellgent)
9- My exam was............than I thought ? (bad)
10- Something is..............than nothing (good)
11- She takes...............sugar than I do. (little)
12- I take.............sugar than she does. (much)

Exercise (45)
Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the verbs given.
C n (R o a KM / &]M
N #$ #

• This is...............in the world. (big building).
- This is the biggest building in the world.
• It was..............I have ever heard. (beautiful music)
- It was the most beautiful music I have ever heard.
• He bought..............in the shop (expensive flowers)
He bought the most expensive flowers in the shop.
1- It is the..................film I have ever seen.( bad)
2- He is................in his class ( young )
3- She is....................I have ever met. (strange person)
4- He is.....................in the company. (careful driver)
5- I did not answer.............questions. (difficult)
6- They are.................... people I have ever met. (friendly)
7- She is.......................student in the class (silly)
8- This is................school in our town. (good)
9- She is...................assistant in the shop. (helpful).

♦ # 0 # 56 7 9 :
.8
% “11 ” 2 “11 ” 0 # &

There is a large number of adjectives ending in “__ing” or “__ed ”.
Most of them are related in form to the Present Participle and the Past
Participle forms of some verbs.
J R'M -G …#N; “__ed” “__ing” FF P)M7 2 6 . e&5 & (7
C † ( " ‰ G 5 ‰ ‹ 1T q 4 6 ›

Participal Adjectives R'M
- 2
( “ __ing” Adjectives )

The Present Participles related to the following verbs can be Participal
Adjectives :
C R'M ‚ CC
-G † 5 ‰ GJ(17J 61#" 6
excite .r - exciting .r
7 bore " [ 2 7- boring œ
satisfy PL !7- satisfying PL ! die (• - dying !FFK M ”
amuse P N7- amusing P N alarm 8 7- alarming 8
amaze A 7- amazing A please !N7- pleasing 8
refresh ž 7- refreshing ž surprise ž A&7- surprising ž A&
frighten s Ÿ - frightening s confuse !7- confusing !
remain …'7- remaining PR live ¡ - living P4
move U!mM - moving U!mM
7 float ( FZ7- floating 3 y

1- It was an exciting film. ‚ ‚
.r #
2- What a boring life !! œ% 4 6 › 7
3- She has an amazing smile. TA& NMG ›
4- The nurses were attending a dying man. !K M
” 8
5- Mounir is an amusing fellow. P N

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