2013 Green Industry Training: IPM and Pesticide Safety

 Be able to describe integrated pest
management (IPM) to your clients
 Understand the IPM tools and how to
apply them
 Learn about types of pesticides and gain
familiarity with insecticides
 Gain skills in reading and understanding
pesticide labels
 Use pesticides safely and appropriately
to protect yourselves and others

 Any organism that is detrimental to
humans
destroys crops & structures
poses threats to human health and livestock
reduces aesthetic and recreational value

Of all insect species in the world,
less than 1% are
considered to be pests

>99% are beneficial or not
considered to be pests

Pests include:
Insects
Mites
Plant pathogens
Weeds
Mollusks
Fish
Birds
Mammals
Etc.

“IPM is:
 a sustainable approach to managing pests
 by combining biological, cultural, physical
and chemical tools
 in a way that minimizes economic, health,
and environmental risks."

From: U. S. Department of Agriculture

 Pesticides alone may be ineffective
 Promotes a healthy environment
and balanced ecosystems
 Saves money
 Maintains a good public image

1. Determine the cause of the problem
2. Keep pests at an acceptable level
3. Minimize human exposure
4. Use a combination of methods
5. Reduce the use of pesticides

IPM does not rely on any one
tactic more than others

 You need to know something about the pest
(identity and biology)
 You (and your clients) need to be patient -
IPM generally takes a bit more time
 You have to be willing to tolerate some pests
at some level

 Is there a pest, a beneficial, or something else?

 Of course not!

Glyphosate
damage on
pumpkin

 Overwatering  Too much sun
 Underwatering  Too much shade
 Nutrient & mineral  Wrong plant for
deficiencies site
 Salts  Extremes in
 Pesticide injury temperature
 Mechanical injury  Wind
 Air pollution

Pest-caused Abiotic-caused
What do you Signs of a living pest – insects, No organisms consistently
see? excrement, fungi found
How does it Signs of damage move Damage symptoms
spread? progressively – starts with slight develop suddenly and do
damage in one part of the plant, not spread through a plant
spreading to cause more serious or to other plants over time
damage in days or weeks
Which plants Most insects and plant Plants of several species in
are affected? pathogens cause injury only to a planting area may be
one or a few closely related affected; damage not
species; unrelated nearby plants restricted to specific plant
are unaffected species

You can have both at the same time!

1. Monitor to determine cause
2. Identify the pest
3. Determine thresholds
4. Make an action plan
5. Evaluate how well it worked

The key to an effective integrated pest
management program is regular
monitoring to detect the pest when it
first becomes active.

 Where do you look?
Under, on, and in leaves
At interior leaves or leaves
near the bottom of the
plant because problems
often start there
If you see even one or two
holes in the leaves that you
don‟t expect, do a closer
inspection
 Do this at different times
of day/night

 The color of the plant
 Any splotches on the leaves
 Malformations of the leaves
 Eggs or insect holes

Branch beating
monitoring
technique

 Of course not! Many are beneficial
 Learn to tell pests from beneficials

Brown
lacewing
larvae
preparing to
eat aphids

 Eat pests that harm plants
 Pollinate fruit trees and berries
 Eat plant waste and break it down into
fertilizer
 Serve as food for birds and animals that also
eat pests
 Aerate and improve soil

 Not all stages of a pest look the same
 Know the host of the pest
 Use books, extension
bulletins, field guides,
Web, etc.
 Have pests examined
by specialists
◦ Handle samples carefully

MEALYBUGS on grapes

MEALYBUGS on hibiscus

TWO-SPOTTED
SPIDER MITE,
a pest of fruit
trees, maples
and roses

Flecked foliage and fine webbing
caused by spider mites

Tiny thrips puncture plants and suck up the exudate

 How bad is it?
 Is the amount of damage more than the cost
of treatment (for a grower)?
 How many plants in a garden may be
affected?
 What can your client tolerate?

This determines the threshold for action!

Have a written plan, with . . .
 Expectations for area.
 Specific goals - what is the current
situation and what needs to be changed.
 Agreed on level of protection needed.
 Practices that are going to be used.
 Timetable for getting things done.
 Variation within and among sites.
 Logbook to document any observed problem,
when it was observed

From: Linker, M. 2004. Integrated Pest Management for Landscapes.

From: Penn State University Integrated Pest Management Program

 Select pest-resistant plants
 Select plants with appropriate
hardiness
 Match plants to particular sites and
microclimates
 Select quality nursery stock
 Encourage diversity in the garden

 Test soils and amend
appropriately
 Use good planting
techniques
 Match plant and site
characteristics
 Consider similar water
needs when designing Planted too deeply

irrigation systems

 Use mulch to
maintain soil
moisture
 Prune at the right
Twine girdling tree
time and in the
correct manner
 Water during winter
when precip is not
adequate

Keep much away from tree trunk

Sanitation
Remove or incorporate excess plant
material - eliminates food & shelter for
pests
Throw out infested plants
Don‟t compost them!

 Hand-pick larger pests
 Slugs, snails, caterpillars, tomato hornworms, squash
bugs, etc.
 Barriers and traps
Beer traps for slugs
Pheromone traps
Yellow sticky cards and tree bands
Mesh covers
 Washing
 Removing infested plants

Physical
Alter physical environment
humidity
temperature
air movement
water
light
T. Murray
Refresh birdbath
water weekly to
manage for
mosquitoes

 Use of devices, machines, and other physical
methods to reduce pest populations or to
alter the environment

 Disrupt soil conditions
for weeds and insects
◦ Hoes
◦ Plows
◦ Disks
 Control growth or
destroy plants
◦ Mowers

 Prevent pests from
entering or traveling
 Nets, screens, air curtains
 Caulking, steel wool
 Metal tree collars
 Sticky materials
 Sharp objects

 Captures pests in a holding device
◦ Restrains the pest
◦ Kills the pest

 First line of defense when pest
numbers increase beyond a set
threshold
 Goal is to manage, not eliminate

How biological control agents work:
 Agents may produce chemicals that
injure or kill the pest
 Some agents grow on or in the pest and
kill it
 Other agents eat the pest or suck out its
body fluids
 Others compete with pests for food or
eliminate their food supply

 Predators = eat the
pests
 Parasites = lay eggs in
or on the host; larvae
feed on the host
 Pathogens =
microscopic organisms
that cause diseases in
pests

Tomato hornworm parasitized by a
Braconid (parasitoid) wasp - the
white cocoons house the larvae
Lady beetle larva attacking and
that will emerge as adult wasps.
eating aphids on a leaf
(predator)

 Conserve beneficial organisms
◦ Minimize disturbances to the area
◦ Recognize beneficial insects & arthropods
◦ Maintain their food sources
◦ Use targeted insecticides when possible
 Encourage existing beneficials
◦ Plant flowers as a nectar & pollen source
 Augment - add beneficials

 Time controls to
target insects when
most vulnerable
 For many, this is at
first hatch or in the
adult stage before
eggs are laid
 Especially important
for insects that get
into the flowers or
fruits

 lacewings (green and brown) and dustywings
(mites)
 ladybird beetles (lots of different species)
on aphids, scales, mites
 minute pirate bugs
 big eyed bugs
 predaceous ground beetles
 damsel bugs
 syrphids or flower flies (lots of different species)
 parasitic wasps (lots of different species)
 parasitic flies (lots of different species)
 a very distant last ....preying mantids

http://www.manageNVpests.info

 Should be used only when other controls
are not effective
 Select products with the lowest impact on
natural enemies and YOU!

 Herbicide
 Fungicide
 Insecticide
 Rodenticide
 …

 A pesticide is any substance or mixture
of substances intended for:
 preventing,
 destroying,
 repelling, or
 mitigating any pest.
 Includes plant regulators, defoliants
and desiccants.

Pesticides treat symptoms,
need to address the cause!

 Identify the pest and select
the appropriate product
labeled for that site
 Avoid developing resistant
pest populations
 Use the correct application
rate (dose) and timing

 Mode of action: how they work to control the
pest
• Systemic pesticides are absorbed through
tissues and transported elsewhere where the
pest encounters it through feeding
• Contact pesticides must come in direct
contact with the target pest

 Selectivity: what range of pests they affect
• Non-selective – kills all related pests
• Selective – kills only certain weeds, insects,
plant pathogens

 Persistence: how long they remain
active in the environment
• Residual pesticides – remain active
for weeks, months, years
• Non-residual – inactivated
immediately or within a few days

 Foliar
 Soil
 Soil incorporation or injection
 Drench
 Broadcast
 Spot treatments
 Furrow
 Band
 Dip
 Chemigation

 Buying the pesticide
 Storing the pesticide
 Mixing and applying the
pesticide
 Disposing of unused
pesticide and empty
containers

 Brand name
 Formulation (liquid, solid, concentrate etc.)
 Ingredients
 Signal word
 Manufacturer‟s contact info
 EPA registration number
 Precautionary statements
 Directions for use

The brand name “PLANTGUARD 50W” indicates
the registered trade name is PLANTGUARD, it is
formulated as a wettable powder, and it contains
50% active ingredient

PLANTGUARD 5OW
ORNAMENTAL FUNGICIDE

UNIRAY
CHEMICAL

 Active ingredients (ai): chemicals responsible for
pesticidal activity or perform desired function
 Other ingredients: usually not named, but their
percentage of total contents must be shown, have
no pesticidal activity

SEVIN
COMPOSITION
Active Ingredients: (% by weight)
Carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-
methylcarbamate)......................................................20.0%
Other Ingredients............................................................80.0%
Total:............................................................................100.0%

Identifies chemical components and
structure of the active ingredient

 Short version of the chemical name
 Examples: carbaryl, imidacloprid, dichlobenil,
glyphosate, 2,4-D, permethrin, chlorothalonil
 Purchase
pesticides
according to
their common
names!

RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE
For retail sale to and use only by certified
applicators or persons under their direct
supervision and only for those uses covered by
the certified applicator‟s certification.

 Ready-to-use formulations decrease risk
of accidents during mixing

 Things you add to help
improve coverage, keep
product in solution,
decrease foaming, adjust
pH, resist weathering, etc
 Some products already
contain these (ex. Roundup
Pro)

 Clothing and devices worn to
protect you from contact with
pesticides
◦ Pesticide-resistant gloves
◦ Coveralls
◦ Footwear
◦ Aprons
◦ Respirators
◦ Eyewear
◦ Hats

Scalp 32% Forehead 36%

Ear Canal 40% Armpit 64%
Forearm 9%
Abdomen 18% Palm 12%
Back of Hand 21%
Genital Area 100%
Percent Dose
Absorbed
Chemical -
Ball of Foot 13% parathion
Maibach 1974

 Follow directions for PPE
◦ Handlers
◦ Applicators
◦ Early entry workers
 Minimum requirements
are given – can wear
more

 Read the label
◦ What clothing is specifically required

Minimum:
 Long-sleeved shirt Protect Yourself!
 Long trousers or
coveralls
 Gloves
 Shoes plus socks
 Hat

Signal Word Category Toxicity Oral LD50

Danger-Poison I High 0-50 mg/kg
Peligro

Danger/Peligro I High - Eye or skin damage
concerns greater than
acute lethal toxicity
Warning/Aviso II Moderate 50-500 mg/kg
or skin/eye
Caution III Slight >500 mg/kg
or skin/eye

 A pesticide may be
applied at a lower dose
than specified on the
label, but not at a higher
dose!
 Pesticides may be
combined with other
substances unless
prohibited by the label

1. Ready to use
2. Concentrate

0% 0%

1 2

1. Residual
2. Permanent
3. Non-residual
4. Non-persistent

0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4

1. Danger
2. Warning
3. Caution
4. Nontoxic

0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4

1. As a soil drench
2. By spraying on
the foliage
3. By spraying on
the soil
4. All of these

0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4

1. Yes
2. No

0% 0%

1 2

1. 1½ ounces per
foot of tree
height
2. ½ ounce per
inch of tree
diameter
3. ½ ounce per
inch around the
0% 0% 0%
tree trunk
1 2 3

1. Contact
2. Systemic
3. Neither

0% 0% 0%

1 2 3

1. Spring
2. Summer
3. Fall
4. Winter

0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4

 Manufacturers required to develop and
provide upon request for each product
 Get from your dealer
 Details a product‟s composition, properties,
hazards, first-aid procedures
 Companies required to keep MSDS for workers
in contact with the substance

 Don‟t mix on the same patch
of soil time after time
 Try to mix on an impervious
surface
 Be prepared for spills

 Labeled for the application site
 Least-toxic product that will do the job
◦ Signal word “Caution”
 Compatible with plant management
strategies
◦ Friendly to beneficials
 Acceptable to the public, customers
◦ Complex issue

A picture of a dead
bug on the label
does not mean that
the product killed it.

 Choose the right pesticide product
 Read and follow the product label
 Purchase/mix only what you need
 Use the product according to label
directions
 Store and dispose of the pesticide
properly

 Do an inventory of product name,
amount, and formulation
 Use PPE when handling the products!
 Call Nevada Dept. of Agriculture for an
appointment: Jon Carpenter, 353-3715
 DO NOT just drop off the products at the
office!
 There is no cost to the user

 Pests are usually secondary to other
problems:
◦ Wrong plant for the site
◦ Poor management practices
◦ Soil salts or other issues
◦ Etc.
 Don‟t use pesticides until you know there is a
pest problem, and have exhausted all the
other options

 Chemicals that kill insects
 Must verify an insect pest is present above the
threshold before using them
 Can be toxic to humans as well as beneficial
insects and pollinators

mealybug

 Timing is important – if you want to kill a leaf-
feeder, need to apply during the stage when
insects are eating leaves!

 Botanicals - plant-derived materials such as
rotenone, pyrethrum, neem oil, etc.
 Microbials – safer and more selective
 Minerals – sulfur, kaolin, etc.
 Synthetic materials – soaps and oils

 Plant derivatives (botanical
insecticides) from flowers of a
Chrysanthemum species
 Causes rapid paralysis and controls
many insects
 Can be used on most vegetables and
fruits
 Break down quickly, so multiple
applications may be needed
 Some toxicity to humans
 Pyrethroids are synthetic versions
(permethrin) with longer residuals

 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
 Common soil bacterium
 Harmful to specific insect groups
◦ Moths, butterflies, mosquitoes & flies
 Harmless to vertebrates and beneficials
 Works best on insects that have just hatched
from eggs
 Coat leaf surfaces thoroughly
 Caterpillars stop eating, insides liquify

 Smother insects
 No resistance seen
 Use on fruit trees to control
overwintering eggs or pupae
 Dormant sprays used to
control aphids, mites, scales
 Example:
„Organoside‟ is sesame oil +
fish oil + lethicin; Volck is
petroleum oil

 Neem seed oil: a vegetable
oil pressed from the fruits
and seeds of the neem tree
(Azadirachta indica)
 Active ingredient is
azadirachtin (insect growth
regulator)
 Kills (suffocates) and repels
various insects including
aphids, beetles, caterpillars,
thrips and whiteflies
 Contact killer

 Most effective on soft-
bodied insects like
aphids, mites, and
whiteflies
 Kill only on contact
 Some dissolve insect
cuticle and they dry out
 Less harmful to
beneficials

If it‟s plant-based, it‟s safe, right?

Rotenone
 Made from extracts of tropical
plants
 Used to kill unwanted fish in
reservoirs
 Linked to
Parkinson‟s Disease

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110214115442.htm

 Faster-acting but more toxic to
humans
 Systemic – absorbed by plant and
translocated through the phloem
 Contact – kill pest on contact
 Leave a residue – kill insects as they
feed on foliage, flowers, stems

 Organophosphates – malathion,
acephate (can be acutely toxic)
 Carbamates - carbaryl
 Pyrethroids - permethrin
 Nicotinoids - imidacloprid

Insecticide Contact Residual
(immediate) (long-term)
Microbials (Bt) None None
Oil, soap Moderate None
Botanicals Moderate Short
*Pyrethroids High Long
*Carbamates & High Moderate to
organophosphates long
*Neonicotinoids Moderate to Long
high

Damages Peach aphid
 Suck plant juices, produce a sticky exudate
called honeydew
 Curling, yellowing and distortion of leaves
 Feed on all types of plants and trees
 Vector for plant viruses
 Moderate levels of aphids generally don‟t cause
long-term problems
Identify
• On stem and underside of leaf

Monitor
 Turn leaves and look at the underside
 Look for evidence of natural enemies like
ladybugs or mummified skins of
parasitized aphids
 Look for lots of ants climbing trunks or
stems
 Check at least twice weekly when plants
are growing fast
 Once leaves curl, control is more difficult

Black cherry aphid

 Life cycle – multiple generations each year
 Physical controls
Use a strong jet of water early in the day
Prune out infested parts of plants
Band trunk of woody plants with sticky material to
keep ants from getting up
Use row covers on susceptible vegetables

Cultural
 Choose virus-resistant
varieties if possible
 Remove existing aphids
before planting
 High levels of nitrogen
fertilizer favor aphid
reproduction; use small
portions of less soluble
forms of nitrogen
throughout the season

Biological
 Natural enemies are important
 Parasitic wasps, ladybugs, green
lacewings, syrphid flies

Chemical:
 Insecticidal soap, narrow-range
(supreme/superior) oils
 Must cover infested foliage thoroughly
 Only kills aphids hit by the spray
 No toxic residue, so does not affect natural
predators that arrive after the spray
 Don‟t use when temps are above 90 degrees

Chemical:
 Malathion
 Permethrin
 Acephate – systemic; not registered for
food crops
 These products also kill natural enemies;
may develop resistance after repeated
applications
 Carbaryl is not very effective on aphids

 Doesn‟t advocate
complete avoidance of
pesticides
 Do your homework and
use the most specific
method you can
 Use the safest method for
the application
 Use the method that is
Applying tanglefoot
least disruptive to natural
enemies
Avoid the impulse to spray first,
ask questions later…

 Sue Donaldson
 donaldsons@unce.unr.edu
 775-336-0242

2013 Green Industry Training: IPM and Pesticide Safety

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